Safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of PRV-101, a multivalent vaccine targeting coxsackie B viruses (CVBs) associated with type 1 diabetes: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled Phase I trial.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Infection with coxsackie B viruses (CVBs) can cause diseases ranging from mild common cold-type symptoms to severe life-threatening conditions. CVB infections are considered to be prime candidates for environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes. This, together with the significant disease burden of acute CVB infections and their association with chronic diseases other than diabetes, has prompted the development of human CVB vaccines. The current study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the first human vaccine designed against CVBs associated with type 1 diabetes in a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled Phase I trial. METHODS: The main eligibility criteria for participants were good general health, age between 18 and 45 years, provision of written informed consent and willingness to comply with all trial procedures. Treatment allocation (PRV-101 or placebo) was based on a computer-generated randomisation schedule and people assessing the outcomes were masked to group assignment. In total, 32 participants (17 men, 15 women) aged 18-44 years were randomised to receive a low (n=12) or high (n=12) dose of a multivalent, formalin-inactivated vaccine including CVB serotypes 1-5 (PRV-101), or placebo (n=8), given by intramuscular injections at weeks 0, 4 and 8 at a single study site in Finland. The participants were followed for another 24 weeks. Safety and tolerability were the primary endpoints. Anti-CVB IgG and virus-neutralising titres were analysed using an ELISA and neutralising plaque reduction assays, respectively. RESULTS: Among the 32 participants (low dose, n=12; high dose, n=12; placebo, n=8) no serious adverse events or adverse events leading to study treatment discontinuation were observed. Treatment-emergent adverse events considered to be related to the study drug occurred in 37.5% of the participants in the placebo group and 62.5% in the PRV-101 group (injection site pain, headache, injection site discomfort and injection site pruritus being most common). PRV-101 induced dose-dependent neutralising antibody responses against all five CVB serotypes included in the vaccine in both the high- and low-dose groups. Protective titres ≥8 against all five serotypes were seen in >90% of participants over the entire follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The results indicate that the tested multivalent CVB vaccine is well tolerated and immunogenic, supporting its further clinical development. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04690426. FUNDING: This trial was funded by Provention Bio, a Sanofi company.

Fluticasone Propionate Orally Disintegrating Tablet (APT-1011) for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Topical steroids are effective treatments for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). The FLUTE (Fluticasone in EoE) trial evaluated safety and efficacy of APT-1011 (fluticasone propionate oral disintegrating tablet) vs placebo for treatment of EoE. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, phase 2b trial, 106 adults with EoE received 1 of 4 APT-1011 doses or placebo for a 12-week induction period and 40 weeks of maintenance. Primary outcome was histologic response (≤6 eosinophils per high-power field) at Week 12. Secondary outcomes included endoscopic features and dysphagia frequency. RESULTS: Histologic response rates were 0% for placebo, 80% for APT-1011 3 mg twice daily (BID), 67% for 3 mg at bedtime (HS), 86% for 1.5 mg BID, 48% for 1.5 mg HS (P < .001 for all groups vs placebo). At Week 12, mean Edema/Rings/Exudates/Furrows/Strictures (EoE Endoscopic Reference Score) total score (max, 9.0) improved from 4.5 to 2.3 for 3 mg BID, 5.3 to 2.1 for 3 mg HS, 4.6 to 1.7 for 1.5 mg BID, 5.3 to 2.9 for 1.5 mg HS vs 5.2 to 4.5 for placebo. Mean dysphagia frequency over 14 days improved from baseline to Week 12 with all active groups improving more than placebo. Improvements were sustained to Week 52. APT-1011 was safe and well-tolerated, with higher incidence of candidiasis noted at the higher twice daily doses. CONCLUSION: APT-1011 dosing regimens were superior for histologic and endoscopic responses, and for reduction in dysphagia frequency vs placebo. Based on the symptom improvement and assessment of adverse events together with the histologic response rate, 3 mg once daily at bedtime dose showed the most favorable risk-benefit profile. CLINICALTRIALS: gov, Number: NCT03191864.

Randomised trial and open-label extension study of an anti-interleukin-6 antibody in Crohn's disease (ANDANTE I and II).

OBJECTIVE: Neutralising pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) may effectively treat Crohn's disease (CD). Effects of PF-04236921, an anti-IL-6 antibody, in adults with CD are reported. DESIGN: Parallel-group, dose-ranging, double-blind trial with 4-week screening and 12-week treatment periods. After induction, patients entered 28-week follow-up or 48-week open-label extension (OLE) with 28-week follow-up. Adults with confirmed CD and inadequate response to anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy were included. Induction study: 249 patients randomised 1:1:1:1 to placebo, PF-04236921 10, 50 or 200 mg by subcutaneous injection on days 1 and 28. OLE study: PF-04236921 50 mg every 8 weeks up to six doses followed by 28-week follow-up. RESULTS: 247 patients were randomised and received treatment in the induction study. The 200 mg dose was discontinued due to safety findings in another study (NCT01405196) and was not included in the primary efficacy analysis. Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI)-70 response rates with PF-04236921 50 mg were significantly greater than placebo at weeks 8 (49.3% vs 30.6%, P<0.05) and 12 (47.4% vs 28.6%, P<0.05) and met the primary end point. Week 12 CDAI remission rates with PF-04236921 50 mg and placebo were 27.4% and 10.9%, respectively (16.5% difference; P<0.05). 191 subjects received treatment in the OLE. Common treatment-emergent and serious adverse events in both studies included worsening CD, abdominal pain and nasopharyngitis. CONCLUSIONS: PF-04236921 50 mg induced clinical response and remission in refractory patients with moderate-to-severe CD following failure of anti-TNF therapy. GI abscess and perforation were observed, a specific focus of attention during future clinical development. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01287897 and NCT01345318.

Variation in Endoscopic Activity Assessment and Endoscopy Score Validation in Adults With Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is assessed endoscopically (endoscopic activity), based on grades of edema, rings, exudates, furrows, and strictures (EREFS). We examined variations in endoscopic assessments of severity, developed and validated 3 EREFS-based scoring systems, and assessed responsiveness of these systems using data from a randomized placebo-controlled trial of patients with EoE. METHODS: For the development set, 5 gastroenterologists reviewed EREFS findings from 266 adults with EoE and provided endoscopist global assessment scores (EndoGA, scale of 0 to 10); variation (ΔEndoGA) was assessed using linear regression. We evaluated simple scores (features given arbitrary values from 0 to 3) and developed 2 scoring systems (adjusted score range, 0-100). We then fitted our linear regression model with mean EndoGA to data from 146 adults recruited in centers in Switzerland and the United States between April 2011 and December 2012. For the validation set, we collected data from 120 separate adults (recruited in centers in Switzerland and the United States between May 2013 and July 2014), assessing regression coefficient-based scores using Bland-Altman method. We assessed the responsiveness of our scoring systems using data from a randomized trial of patients with EoE given fluticasone (n=16) or placebo (n=8). RESULTS: The distribution of EndoGA values differed among endoscopists (mean ΔEndoGA, 2.6±1.8; range 0-6.6). We developed 2 regression-based scoring systems to assess overall and proximal and distal esophageal findings; variation in endoscopic features accounted for more than 90% of the mean EndoGA variation. In the validation group, differences between mean EndoGA and regression-based scores were small (ranging from -4.70 to 2.03), indicating good agreement. In analyses of data from the randomized trial, the baseline to end of study change in patients given fluticasone was a reduction of 24.3 in simple score (reduction of 4.6 in patients given placebo, P=.052); a reduction of 23.5 in regression-based overall score (reduction of 6.56 in patients given placebo, P=.12), and a reduction of 23.8 (reduction of 8.44 in patients given placebo, P=.11). CONCLUSION: Assessments of endoscopic activity in patients with EoE vary among endoscopists. In an analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial, we found that newly developed scoring systems are no better than simple scoring system in detecting changes in endoscopic activity. These results support the use of a simple scoring system in evaluation of endoscopic activity in patients with EoE. clinicaltrials.gov no: NCT00939263 and NCT01386112.

Anrukinzumab, an anti-interleukin 13 monoclonal antibody, in active UC: efficacy and safety from a phase IIa randomised multicentre study.

OBJECTIVE: Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is thought to play a key role as an effector cytokine in UC. Anrukinzumab, a humanised antibody that inhibits human IL-13, was evaluated for the treatment of UC. DESIGN: In a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, patients with active UC (Mayo score ≥4 and <10) were randomised to anrukinzumab 200, 400 or 600 mg or placebo. Patients received five intravenous administrations over 14 weeks. The primary endpoint was fold change from baseline in faecal calprotectin (FC) at Week 14. Secondary endpoints included safety, pharmacokinetics and IL-13 levels. RESULTS: The modified intention-to-treat population included 84 patients (21 patients/arm). Fold change of FC from baseline at Week 14 was not significantly different for any treatment groups compared with the placebo. The study had a high dropout rate, in part, related to lack of efficacy. The exploratory comparisons of each dose were not significantly different from placebo in terms of change from baseline in total Mayo score, clinical response, clinical remission and proportion of subjects with mucosal healing. An increase in serum total IL-13 (free and bound to anrukinzumab) was observed for all anrukinzumab groups but not with placebo. This suggests significant binding of anrukinzumab to IL-13. The safety profile was not different between the anrukinzumab and placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS: A statistically significant therapeutic effect of anrukinzumab could not be demonstrated in patients with active UC in spite of binding of anrukinzumab to IL-13. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01284062.

Plecanatide, an oral guanylate cyclase C agonist acting locally in the gastrointestinal tract, is safe and well-tolerated in single doses.

PURPOSE: Plecanatide, an analogue of uroguanylin, activates the guanylate cyclase C (GC-C) receptor found on the GI mucosal epithelial cells, leading to secretion of fluid, facilitating bowel movements. Plecanatide is being investigated as a potential treatment for constipating GI disorders. The aim of this investigation was to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of single doses of plecanatide in healthy volunteers. METHODS: A total of 72 healthy volunteers at a single site were randomized in 9 cohorts to receive oral plecanatide or placebo from 0.1 to 48.6 mg. Plasma PK samples were collected pre-dose and post-dose. PD assessments included time to first stool, stool frequency, and stool consistency using the Bristol Stool Form Scale. All adverse events were documented. RESULTS: Plecanatide was safe and well-tolerated at all dose levels. A total of 17 of 71 subjects (23.9%) reported 25 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) during the study. The number of TEAEs reported by subjects who received plecanatide or placebo was comparable (24.5 vs. 22.2%, respectively). There were no dose-related increases in TEAEs or any SAEs reported. No measurable systemic absorption of oral plecanatide was observed at any of the oral doses studied, utilizing an assay sensitive down to 1 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Plecanatide, an oral GC-C agonist, acting locally within the GI tract without measurable systemic exposure, was safe and well-tolerated in single doses up to 48.6 mg. The study was not powered for statistical analyses, but trends in PD parameters supported continued clinical development.

Pharmacodynamics and safety of pantoprazole in neonates, preterm infants, and infants aged 1 through 11 months with a clinical diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

BACKGROUND: Limited data on proton pump inhibitors in infants led regulatory agencies to request sponsors to conduct pediatric studies. AIM: To determine the pharmacodynamic response to pantoprazole in infants with GERD to aid the dose selection for an efficacy study. METHODS: In two open-label studies, neonates and preterm infants (study 1, ~1.2 mg/kg [high dose]) and infants 1 through 11 months (study 2, ~0.6 [low dose] or ~1.2 mg/kg [high dose]) received once-daily pantoprazole. Twenty-four-hour dual-electrode pH-metry parameters were compared between predose and steady state (≥5 days) (two-sided paired t test). Treatment was administered for ≤6 weeks. RESULTS: In studies 1 and 2, 21 and 24 patients, respectively, were enrolled for pharmacodynamic evaluation. The high dose provided similar responses in the two studies and improved these parameters significantly: mean gastric pH and percent time gastric pH > 4 increased (p < 0.05 both studies), normalized area under the curve (AUC) of gastric H(+) activity decreased (p < 0.05 study 2), and normalized AUC of esophageal H(+) activity decreased (p < 0.05 both studies). The AUC of esophageal pH < 4 decreased. Normalized AUC of esophageal H(+) activity decreased (p < 0.05 both studies), indicating refluxate pH increased, although this was not reflected in any change in mean esophageal pH or reflux index. The normalized AUC of esophageal H(+) activity was a more sensitive measure of changes in esophageal pH. CONCLUSIONS: In neonates, preterm infants, and infants aged 1 through 11 months, pantoprazole (high dose) improved pH-metry parameters after ≥5 consecutive daily doses, and was generally well tolerated for ≤6 weeks.

Efficacy and safety of pantoprazole delayed-release granules for oral suspension in a placebo-controlled treatment-withdrawal study in infants 1-11 months old with symptomatic GERD.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of pantoprazole in infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Infants ages 1 through 11 months with GERD symptoms after 2 weeks of conservative treatment received open-label (OL) pantoprazole 1.2 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) for 4 weeks followed by a 4-week randomized, double-blind (DB), placebo-controlled, withdrawal phase. The primary endpoint was withdrawal due to lack of efficacy in the DB phase. Mean weekly GERD symptom scores (WGSSs) were calculated from daily assessments of 5 GERD symptoms. Safety was assessed. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-eight patients entered OL treatment, and 106 made up the DB modified intent-to-treat population. Mean age was 5.1 months (82% full-term, 64% male). One third of patients had a GERD diagnostic test before OL study entry. WGSSs at week 4 were similar between groups. WGSSs decreased significantly from baseline during OL therapy (P < 0.001), when all patients received pantoprazole. The decrease in WGSSs was maintained during the DB phase in both treatment groups. There was no difference in withdrawal rates due to lack of efficacy (pantoprazole 6/52; placebo 6/54) or time to withdrawal during the DB phase. The greatest between-group difference in WGSS was slightly worse with placebo at week 5 (P = 0.09), mainly due to episodes of arching back (P = 0.028). No between-group differences in adverse event frequency were noted. Serious adverse events in 8 patients were considered unrelated to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Pantoprazole significantly improved GERD symptom scores and was well tolerated. However, during the DB treatment phase, there were no significant differences noted between pantoprazole and placebo in withdrawal rates due to lack of efficacy.

Single-dose, multiple-dose, and population pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole in neonates and preterm infants with a clinical diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

PURPOSE: The pharmacokinetic profile of pantoprazole granules was assessed in neonates and preterm infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in a multicenter, randomized, open-label trial. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to either the pantoprazole 1.25 mg (approx. 0.6 mg/kg) or 2.5 mg (approx. 1.2-mg/kg) group and treated for > or =5 consecutive days. Blood was sampled either at 0, 2, 8, and 18 h postdose or at 0, 1, 4, and 12 h postdose on day 1 and at 3 and 6 h postdose after > or =5 consecutive doses. Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) and CYP3A4 genotypes were determined. Safety was monitored. Population pharmacokinetics (popPK) analyses were conducted using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. RESULTS: The popPK modeling of the pantoprazole 1.25 mg and 2.5 mg groups obtained mean (+/-standard deviation) estimates for the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) of 3.54 (+/-2.82) and 7.27 (+/-5.30) microg h/mL, respectively, and mean estimates for half-life of 3.1 (+/-1.5) and 2.7 (+/-1.1) h, respectively. Pantoprazole did not accumulate following multiple-dose administration. The two patients with the CYP2C19 poor metabolizer genotype had a substantially higher AUC than extensive metabolizers. No safety-related discontinuations occurred. CONCLUSIONS: In preterm infants and neonates, pantoprazole granules were generally well tolerated, mean exposures with pantoprazole 2.5 mg were slightly higher than that in adults who received 40 mg. While the half-life was longer, accumulation did not occur.

Effect of Food Intake and Body Position on the Pharmacokinetics of Swallowed APT-1011, a Fluticasone Orally Disintegrating Tablet, in Healthy Adult Volunteers.

Eosinophilic esophagitis is a common atopic disease of the esophagus. APT-1011 is an orally disintegrating tablet formulation of fluticasone propionate under development for the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of APT-1011 under fed or fasted conditions in the morning (am) or at bedtime (hs) in the supine position. The study was a randomized, single-dose, 3-way, crossover design in healthy adult volunteers. In each study period participants received 2 3-mg orally disintegrating APT-1011 tablets. Serial plasma samples were collected before dosing and up to 72 hours after each dose. Twenty-two participants completed the study. The fluticasone propionate peak concentration (Cmax ) ranged from 5.97 to 200 pg/mL. Compared with am-fasted dosing, am-fed dosing was associated with a modestly higher Cmax (∼21%) but lower net exposure (area under the concentration-time curve ∼56% difference) and shorter time to reach Cmax (Tmax ) (Tmax fasted = 10 hours, fed = 5 hours). Dosing at hs resulted in an 18% and 32% decrease in Cmax relative to am-fasted and am-fed conditions, respectively. Dosing at hs led to an exposure that was higher than am-fed but lower than am-fasted dosing. Tmax with hs dosing (14 hours) was later than that with am dosing (Tmax fasted = 10 hours, fed = 5 hours). Adverse events were mild. There is low systemic exposure of fluticasone propionate with APT-1011. The rate of absorption was increased with a high-fat meal but decreased with hs dosing, suggesting the potential for longer dwell times in the esophagus.

Randomised clinical trial: the safety and tolerability of fluticasone propionate orally disintegrating tablets versus placebo for eosinophilic oesophagitis.

BACKGROUND: APT-1011, a fluticasone propionate orally disintegrating tablet formulation, is under investigation for the treatment of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE). AIMS: To evaluate the safety and tolerability of APT-1011 administered to patients with EoE and to assess the effect on clinical symptoms of EoE, endoscopic appearance and oesophageal eosinophilia. METHODS: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, phase 1b/2a study was conducted at seven medical centres in the US to evaluate the safety and tolerability of APT-1011 over 8 weeks in adults and adolescents with EoE. Participants were randomised to placebo (n = 8), 1.5 mg APT-1011 BID (n = 8) or 3.0 mg APT-1011 QD (n = 8). Safety and tolerability were assessed as the primary outcome; histologic and endoscopic measures were assessed as exploratory outcomes. RESULTS: There were no deaths, serious treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), severe TEAEs or discontinuations from the study related to a TEAE. In one participant randomised to 1.5 mg APT-1011 BID, a reduction in cortisol was observed, but without evidence of adrenal insufficiency. Compared with placebo, treatment with APT-1011 resulted in greater reductions in oesophageal eosinophil counts, EoE Endoscopic Reference Score, patient global assessment and symptom-based EoE activity index from baseline to end of treatment (Week 8). CONCLUSIONS: APT-1011 was safe and well tolerated in adolescents and adults with EoE. Exploratory efficacy outcomes demonstrated improvement in histologic and endoscopic findings as well evidence of symptom improvement. The results of this study support the continued development of APT-1011 for the treatment of EoE (NCT-01386112).

Effect of PF-00547659 on Central Nervous System Immune Surveillance and Circulating ß7+ T Cells in Crohn's Disease: Report of the TOSCA Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy [PML], a brain infection associated with anti-integrin drugs that inhibit lymphocyte translocation from bloodstream to tissue, can be fatal. Decreased central nervous system [CNS] immune surveillance leading to this infection has been reported in patients with multiple sclerosis or Crohn's disease treated with anti-integrin antibody natalizumab. PF-00547659 is an investigational human monoclonal antibody for inflammatory bowel disease, targeted against α4ß7-mucosal addressin cell-adhesion molecule-1 [the integrin ligand selectively expressed in the gut]. We hypothesised that this selective agent would not affect central nervous system immune surveillance. METHODS: Cerebrospinal fluid from five healthy volunteers, and from 10 patients with Crohn's disease previously treated with immunosuppressants, was evaluated to assess the feasibility of the study. Subsequently, 39 patients with active Crohn's disease and previous immunosuppression were evaluated over 12 weeks of PF-00547659-induction therapy. We measured total lymphocytes, T cell subsets in cerebrospinal fluid, and circulating ß7+ memory cells. Disease activity was assessed using the Harvey-Bradshaw Index. RESULTS: Patients treated with PF-00547659 had no reduction of cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytes, T-lymphocyte subsets, or CD4:CD8 ratio, whereas circulating ß7+ memory cells increased significantly. A total of 28/35 [80%] patients had a clinical response and 27/34 [79%] had disease remission. Treatment-related adverse events, none serious, were reported in 23/49 [47%] patients. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with active Crohn's disease, natalizumab therapy increases the risk for PML, and the increased risk is thought to be associated with iatrogenic leukopenia within the CNS. PML under PF-00547659 may be a lesser concern, as this agent did not reduce lymphocytes or T cell subsets in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Multicenter, randomized, double-blind study comparing 20 and 40 mg of pantoprazole for symptom relief in adolescents (12 to 16 years of age) with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

An age-appropriate questionnaire (GASP-Q) was used to assess the frequency and severity of the gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms: abdominal/belly pain, chest pain/heartburn, pain after eating, nausea, burping/belching, vomiting/regurgitation, choking when eating, and difficulty swallowing, in adolescents age 12 to 16 years. The primary objective was to compare the mean composite symptom score (CSS) at week 8 with baseline after treatment with 20 or 40 mg of pantoprazole. Statistically significant (p < 0.001) improvement in CSS occurred in both groups. Safety was comparable between the 2 groups. Pantoprazole was safe, well tolerated, and effective in reducing symptoms of GERD in adolescents.

Gastrointestinal tolerance of a new infant milk formula in healthy babies: an international study conducted in 17 countries.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that the gastrointestinal tolerance of a new infant formula equals or exceeds the tolerance of other milk-based infant formulas and compared the tolerance of this new formula with that of human milk. METHODS: This prospective, phase IV, open-label study was conducted in 17 countries. Healthy, full-term infants, 28 to 98 d old, were enrolled on their current feeding (no treatment assigned). Feeding regimens included human milk (HM), a new infant formula (NF; Similac Advance), other infant formula (OF), HM + NF, and HM + OF. Data for stool frequency, stool consistency, and gastrointestinal symptoms were collected in study diaries for 2 wk. RESULTS: Gastrointestinal tolerance was evaluated in 6999 infants: 979 (14.0%) received HM, 1695 (24.2%) received HM + NF, 635 (9.1%) received HM + OF, 2677 (38.2%) received NF, and 1013 (14.5%) received OF. Infants fed HM had softer and more frequent stools than did those who received NF, HM + NF, or OF (P < 0.001). Infants fed NF had softer and more frequent stools than did those fed OF (P < 0.001), including those fed Enfalac or S-26 (P < 0.001). Regurgitation (P < 0.001) and colic (P = 0.006) were more frequent with OF than with NF. All feeding regimens were well tolerated and only 3.5% of subjects experienced adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: This global study demonstrated that stools of infants fed NF are softer and more frequent than stools from infants fed OF and are closer to those of breast-fed infants. Infants consuming NF also experienced less regurgitation and colic than did infants in other feeding groups.

Effect of supplementing a high-fat, low-carbohydrate enteral formula in COPD patients.

OBJECTIVE: One of the goals in treating patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who suffer from hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and malnutrition is to correct the malnutrition without increasing the respiratory quotient and minimize the production of carbon dioxide. This 3-wk study evaluated the efficacy of feeding a high-fat, low-carbohydrate (CHO) nutritional supplement as opposed to a high-carbohydrate diet in COPD patients on parameters of pulmonary function.S METHODS: Sixty COPD patients with low body weight (<90% ideal body weight) were randomized to the control group, which received dietary counseling for a high-CHO diet (15% protein, 20% to 30% fat, and 60% to 70% CHO), or the experimental group, which received two to three cans (237 mL/can) of a high-fat, low-CHO oral supplement (16.7% protein, 55.1% fat, and 28.2% CHO) in the evening as part of the diet. Measurements of lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s or volume of air exhaled in 1 s of maximal expiration, minute ventilation, oxygen consumption per unit time, carbon dioxide production in unit time, and respiratory quotient) and blood gases (pH, arterial carbon dioxide tension, and arterial oxygen tension) were taken at baseline and after 3 wk. RESULTS: Lung function measurements decreased significantly and forced expiratory volume increased significantly in the experimental group. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that pulmonary function in COPD patients can be significantly improved with a high-fat, low-CHO oral supplement as compared with the traditional high-CHO diet.

Effect of oral supplementation on catch-up growth in picky eaters.

Ninety-two subjects ages 36 to 60 months who had picky-eater behavior and evidence of growth faltering were randomized to receive either nutrition counseling alone, or nutrition counseling plus a nutritional supplement (Study) for 90 days. The Study group had significantly greater increases in weight and height. There were no significant differences between groups in changes in appetite or activity levels, or in gastrointestinal symptom scores. The percent of subjects who developed upper respiratory tract infections was significantly lower in the Study group. These data suggest that a nutritional supplement in addition to nutrition counseling promote catch-up growth and may contribute to lower rates of infectious disease in children with picky eater behavior.

Anti-IL21 receptor monoclonal antibody (ATR-107): Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic evaluation in healthy volunteers: a phase I, first-in-human study.

Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of ATR-107, a fully human monoclonal anti-IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) antibody, administered as ascending single doses, subcutaneously or intravenously, was evaluated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in healthy subjects. The dose levels were 3-300 mg by SC and 30-120 mg by IV. The most important adverse events were hypersensitivity reactions occurring in three out of six subjects in 300 mg SC cohort and considered as dose limiting toxicity. More than 75% of the subjects who received ATR-107 developed anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), which had no discernible impact on PK or safety. The PK of ATR-107 appeared to be dose -proportional. T1/2 was shorter than typical therapeutic antibodies. Bioavailability of ATR-107 was about 30%. IL-21R occupancy was measured in circulating B cells in the 60 and 120 mg IV cohort. The data indicated that single dose of ATR-107 was able to maximally occupy IL-21Rs through at least Day 42. Further escalation in the FIH study was halted partially due to the high rates of ADA formation. In conclusion, ATR-107 had a prolonged PD effect measured by IL-21R occupancy; was highly immunogenic after single dose administration and had PK properties with rapid clearance and low bioavailability.

Randomized, open-label, multicentre pharmacokinetic studies of two dose levels of pantoprazole granules in infants and children aged 1 month through <6 years with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of pantoprazole delayed-release granules in infants and children aged 1 month to <6 years with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). The studies described in this manuscript were conducted to fulfil the requirements of the paediatric written request for pantoprazole by the US FDA. METHODS: Two randomized, open-label, multicentre studies were conducted in infants aged 1 month to <12 months (study 1) and children aged 1 year through <6 years (study 2) with GORD. Patients were randomly assigned to either the low-dose pantoprazole group (0.6 mg/kg equivalent) or the high-dose pantoprazole group (1.2 mg/kg equivalent) in a 1 : 1 fashion. Pantoprazole granules were administered approximately 30 minutes before breakfast for at least five consecutive doses. Blood samples were obtained at prespecified intervals. Plasma pantoprazole concentration-time data were analysed by non-compartmental methods. Descriptive statistics were calculated for pharmacokinetic parameters. Patients in study 2 additionally received pantoprazole for 28 days. Safety was monitored throughout. RESULTS: In study 1, 43 patients were randomized; 42 were included in the single-dose pharmacokinetic evaluation (15 females, 27 males; mean postnatal age 6.3 months). In study 2, 17 patients were randomized, and all were included in the single-dose pharmacokinetic evaluation (6 females, 11 males; mean age 3.2 years). In both studies, exposure increased with dose. Mean (standard deviation) maximum (peak) plasma concentration values for the low and high doses were 503 (506) ng/mL and 1318 (1307) ng/mL, respectively, in study 1, and 229 (196) ng/mL and 653 (645) ng/mL, respectively, in study 2. Area under the plasma concentration-time curve values for the low and high doses were 1046 (1043) ng · h/mL and 3602 (3269) ng · h/mL, respectively, in study 1, and 293 (146) ng · h/mL and 2448 (2170) ng · h/mL, respectively, in study 2. There was a trend for increasing clearance with increasing age across the ages 1 month through <6 years. There was no evidence of drug accumulation after multiple doses. On-treatment adverse events (AEs) occurred in 19 of 43 patients in study 1 and in 11 of 17 patients in study 2. Serious AEs occurred in two patients in study 1 (gastroenteritis in one patient and acute gastroenteritis from rotavirus infection resulting in discontinuation of one patient); the serious AEs resolved and were not considered by the investigators to be drug related. No other safety-related discontinuations occurred in either study. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure increased with increasing doses of pantoprazole granules, even though wide interindividual variability was observed. Compared with that in adults receiving pantoprazole 40 mg, exposure obtained with the 1.2 mg/kg dose was similar in study 1 and slightly lower in study 2. Pantoprazole was generally well tolerated in infants and children aged 1 month through <6 years with GORD. Trial registration numbers (ClinicalTrials.gov): NCT00259012 (study 1) and NCT00141817 (study 2).

A multicenter, randomized, open-label, pharmacokinetics and safety study of pantoprazole tablets in children and adolescents aged 6 through 16 years with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Children with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may benefit from gastric acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors such as pantoprazole. Effective treatment with pantoprazole requires correct dosing and understanding of the drug's kinetic profile in children. The aim of these studies was to characterize the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of single and multiple doses of pantoprazole delayed-release tablets in pediatric patients with GERD aged 6 to 11 years (study 1) and 12 to 16 years (study 2). Patients were randomly assigned to receive pantoprazole 20 or 40 mg once daily. Plasma pantoprazole concentrations were obtained at intervals through 12 hours after the single dose and at 2 and 4 hours after multiple doses for PK evaluation. PK parameters were derived by standard noncompartmental methods and examined as a function of both drug dose and patient age. Safety was also monitored. Pantoprazole PK was dose independent (when dose normalized) and similar to PK reported from adult studies. There was no evidence of accumulation with multiple dosing or reports of serious drug-associated adverse events. In children aged 6 to 16 years with GERD, currently available pantoprazole delayed-release tablets can be used to provide systemic exposure similar to that in adults.