Issues and special features of animal health research.

In the rapidly changing context of research on animal health, INRA launched a collective discussion on the challenges facing the field, its distinguishing features, and synergies with biomedical research. As has been declared forcibly by the heads of WHO, FAO and OIE, the challenges facing animal health, beyond diseases transmissible to humans, are critically important and involve food security, agriculture economics, and the ensemble of economic activities associated with agriculture. There are in addition issues related to public health (zoonoses, xenobiotics, antimicrobial resistance), the environment, and animal welfare.Animal health research is distinguished by particular methodologies and scientific questions that stem from the specific biological features of domestic species and from animal husbandry practices. It generally does not explore the same scientific questions as research on human biology, even when the same pathogens are being studied, and the discipline is rooted in a very specific agricultural and economic context.Generic and methodological synergies nevertheless exist with biomedical research, particularly with regard to tools and biological models. Certain domestic species furthermore present more functional similarities with humans than laboratory rodents.The singularity of animal health research in relation to biomedical research should be taken into account in the organization, evaluation, and funding of the field through a policy that clearly recognizes the specific issues at stake. At the same time, the One Health approach should facilitate closer collaboration between biomedical and animal health research at the level of research teams and programmes.

An individual modelling tool for within and between lactation consecutive cases of clinical mastitis in the dairy cow: an approach based on a survival model.

Clinical mastitis in dairy cows has for many years been the subject of numerous epidemiological surveys to determine the main risk factors. In most cases this data has been analysed using a standard Poisson model without taking into consideration possible dependence between consecutive pathological events. These analyses have brought to light a great many potential risk factors without making it possible to clarify a certain amount of confusion surrounding the effects. The extension of an individual within a lactation model, considering dependence between clinical cases of mastitis within lactation so as to take into account inter-lactation dependence (which has already been published) is presented in the form of mixed distributions within the same survival model framework. By introducing new parameters, infection rate at calving and the identification of a higher exogenous infection rate indoors than at pasture, it is possible to take into consideration what had previously appeared to be a lactation stage factor, a calving month factor or even part of a parity factor. By considering these two types of dependence within the same model, it appears to be possible to obtain a simpler model in terms of the factors to be taken into account, and one that is based on generally acknowledged and easily understandable biological considerations. Lastly, a possible way of extending the model is to consider the dry period before calving and this is presented. This would make it possible to envisage developing a complete model of the animal's lifetime in the not-too-distant future. It is still necessary, however, to determine the farming system factors in the general sense of the term, which specifically affect one or the other of the different model parameters, before one can draw conclusions as to the potential extension of this type of model. A national survey is currently being carried out on approximately 600 French breeding farms that will help meet this last objective.