Fracture pain in children in the emergency department: the impact of a new pain management procedure.

PURPOSE: To compare compliance with the French national guidelines before and after the implementation (in 2018) of a new protocol on acute fracture pain management in the pediatric emergency department of a French university medical center. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, before-after study in patients aged below 16 years presenting at the pediatric emergency department with a fracture. We compared pain management before (in 2017) and after (in 2019 and 2020) implementation of the new procedure. The primary endpoint was appropriate pain management, defined as (i) an appropriate initial assessment of pain, (ii) appropriate treatment with analgesic drugs (acetaminophen for mild pain, acetaminophen and ibuprofen for moderate pain, ibuprofen and morphine for severe pain) and (iii) reassessment of the pain intensity. RESULTS: 572 patients were included (mean age: 6.5 years; male: 60%). 190 in 2017 and 382 in 2019-2020. Pain management was appropriate for 40% of the patients in 2017 and 52% in 2019-2020 (p = 0.004). Pain was rated for 98% of patients in 2017 vs. 100% in 2019-2020 (p = 0.04). The frequency of appropriate treatment for mild pain and moderate pain increased significantly from 52 to 76% and from 0 to 44%, respectively. The administration of ibuprofen increased by 26% points (from 3 to 20 patients treated) and the administration of morphine increased by 29% points (from 1 to 17 patients treated). Pain reassessment rose significantly from 21 to 43%. Levels of compliance with the guidelines were similar in 2019 and 2020. Analgesia was significantly more effective in 2019-2020 than in 2017 (in 20% vs. 14% of the patients, respectively; p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: After the implementation of a new protocol for the management of acute fracture pain, we observed an increase in compliance with the guidelines. Although the use of ibuprofen and morphine rose significantly as did the frequency of pain reassessment, further improvements are required.

[New analgesics in paediatrics]. / Actualités des antalgiques en pédiatrie.

There are a number of different types of analgesics in paediatrics. They must be used in accordance with the situation, the type of pain and the characteristics of the child. In all cases, strict compliance with the posology and the instructions for use is essential to avoid any risk of error. Finally, pharmacological, physical and psychological treatments are employed in a complementary manner, for the biopsychosocial management of the child's care.

Comparative Effectiveness of Natalizumab Versus Anti-CD20 in Highly Active Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis After Fingolimod Withdrawal.

In France, two therapeutic strategies can be offered after fingolimod (FNG) withdrawal to highly active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients: natalizumab (NTZ) or anti-CD20. We compared the effectiveness of these two strategies as a switch for FNG within the OFSEP database. The primary endpoint was the time to first relapse. Other outcomes were the relapse rates over 3-month periods, time to worsening the EDSS score, proportion of patients with worsened 24-month MRI, time to treatment discontinuation, and incidence rates of serious adverse events. The dynamics of event rates over time were modeled using multidimensional penalized splines, allowing the possibility to model the effects of covariates in a flexible way, considering non-linearity and interactions. A total of 740 patients were included (337 under anti-CD20 and 403 under NTZ). There was no difference between the two treatments regarding the dynamic of the first occurrence of relapse, with a monthly probability of 5.0% at initiation and 1.0% after 6 months. The rate of EDSS worsening increased in both groups until 6 months and then decreased. No difference in the proportion of patients with new T2 lesions at 24 months was observed. After 18 months of follow-up, a greater risk of NTZ discontinuation was found compared to anti-CD20. This study showed no difference between NTZ and anti-CD20 after the FNG switch regarding the clinical and radiological activity. The effect of these treatments was optimal after 6 months and there was more frequent discontinuation of NTZ after 18 months, probably mainly related to JC virus seroconversions.

Assessment of Procedural Pain in Children Using Analgesia Nociception Index: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVES: The Analgesia Nociception Index (ANI), based on heart rate (HR) variability analysis, is known to decrease after a painful stimulus during surgery under general anesthesia in adults. It is measured continuously and noninvasively. We studied ANI response to procedural pain in a pediatric population and ANI measurement's feasibility in this context, across age. METHODS: A prospective, noninterventional pilot study was performed. All children (between 6 mo and under 18 y) undergoing muscle biopsy conducted under analgesia and light sedation were included. Medical staff was blind to the ANI monitor. HR and ANI were recorded and analyzed during 2 periods: T1 before incision and T2 after incision. Pain was assessed by the FLACC scale at T2. We observed ANI and HR variations after incision. ANI, HR, and FLACC were compared between children younger or older than 6 years. Enrollment or technical issues were reported. RESULTS: A total of 26 children were included (median age, 6 y; ranging from 6 mo to 16 y; 16 male). ANI decreased from T1 to T2. HR, ANI, or FLACC values were not different in children younger or older than 6 years. No parents or children refused to take part in the study. No technical issues was reported. DISCUSSION: In this pilot study, ANI measurement seems relevant in pediatric procedural pain, across age. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.

Impact of a pharmacist-led warfarin self-management program on quality of life and anticoagulation control: a randomized trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a pharmacist-led warfarin patient self-management program on quality of life and anticoagulation control compared with management in a physician-led specialized anticoagulation clinic. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled, open-label trial. SETTING: Tertiary care academic medical center. PATIENTS: A total of 114 patients aged 18-75 years who were followed at a specialized anticoagulation clinic, had received warfarin for at least 6 months, and were expected to continue warfarin for a minimum of 4 months. INTERVENTION: All patients attended an educational session on anticoagulation provided by a pharmacist. Patients randomized to the self-management group (58 patients) also received practical training to use the CoaguChek XS device and a self-management dosing algorithm. Patients in the control group (56 patients) continued to undergo standard management at the anticoagulation clinic. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients completed a validated quality-of-life questionnaire and the validated Oral Anticoagulation Knowledge test at the beginning and end of the study. The quality of anticoagulation control was evaluated by using the time spent in therapeutic range. After 4 months of follow-up, a significant improvement in the self-management group was observed compared with the control group in four of the five quality-of-life topics (p<0.05). Improvements in knowledge were observed in both groups after the training session and persisted after 4 months (p<0.05 for all). The time spent in the therapeutic range (80.0% in the self-management group vs 75% in the control group, p=0.79) and in the extended therapeutic range ([target international normalized ratio ± 0.3] 93.2% in the self-management group vs 91.1% in the control group, p=0.30) were similar between groups. CONCLUSION: A self-management warfarin program led by pharmacists resulted in significant improvement in the quality of life of patients receiving warfarin therapy as well as a reduction in the time required for anticoagulation monitoring, while maintaining a level of anticoagulation control similar to a high-quality specialized anticoagulation clinic.