Socioeconomic and geographic disparities of breast cancer incidence according to stage at diagnosis in France.

PURPOSE: Low socioeconomic background (SB) has been associated with lower breast cancer (BC) incidence and higher BC mortality. One explanation of this paradox is the higher frequency of advanced BC observed in deprived women. However, it is still unclear if SB affects similarly BC incidence. This study investigated the link between SB and early/advanced BC incidence from Loire-Atlantique/Vendee Cancer registry data (France). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen thousand three hundred fifty three women living in the geographic area covered by the registry and diagnosed with a primary BC in 2008-2015 were included. SB was approached by a combination of two ecological indexes (French European Deprivation Index and urban/rural residence place). Mixed effects logistic and Poisson regressions were used, respectively, to estimate the odds of advanced (stage ≥ II) BC and the ratio of incidence rates of early (stage 0-I) and advanced BC according to SB, overall and by age group (< 50, 50-74, ≥ 75). RESULTS: Compared to women living in affluent-urban areas, women living in deprived-urban and deprived-rural areas had a higher proportion of advanced BC [respectively, OR = 1.11 (1.01-1.22), OR = 1.60 (1.25-2.06)] and lower overall (from - 6 to - 15%) and early (from - 9 to - 31%) BC incidences rates Advanced BC incidence rates were not influenced by SB. These patterns were similar in women under 75 years, especially in women living in deprived-rural areas. In the elderly, no association between SB and BC frequency/incidence rates by stage was found. CONCLUSION: Although advanced BC was more frequent in women living in deprived and rural areas, SB did not influence advanced BC incidence. Therefore, differences observed in overall BC incidence according to SB were only due to higher incidence of early BC in affluent and urban areas. Future research should confirm these results in other French areas.

Is survival rate lower after breast cancer in deprived women according to disease stage?

BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic deprivation has been associated with lower breast cancer (BC) survival, but the influence of stage at diagnosis on this association merits further study. Our aim was to investigate this association using the Loire-Atlantique/Vendee Cancer Registry (France). METHODS: Twelve-thousand seven-hundred thirty-eight women living in the area covered by the registry and diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma between 2008 and 2015 were included in the study. They were censored at maximal 6 years. Deprivation was measured by the French European Deprivation Index. Excess hazard and net survival were estimated for deprivation level, stage and age at diagnosis using a flexible excess mortality hazard model. RESULTS: After adjustment by stage, women living in the most deprived areas had a borderline non-significant higher excess mortality hazard (+25% (95% CI: -3%; +62%)) compared to those living in the least deprived areas. Stage-adjusted 5-year net survival differed significantly between these two subgroups (respectively, 88.2% (95% CI:85.2%-90.5%) and 92.5% (95% CI:90.6%-93.9%)). CONCLUSION: BC survival remained lower in deprived areas in France, despite universal access to cancer care. Intensification of prevention measures could help to reduce advanced BC, responsible for the majority of deaths from BC. A better understanding of remaining social disparities is crucial to implement specific interventions.

Effects of fertility on breast cancer incidence trends: comparing France and US.

PURPOSE: Breast cancer incidence rates are now higher in France than most other European countries as well as the United States (US). Increasing breast cancer incidence rates globally have often been attributed to declining fertility rates. METHODS: We compared temporal trends in breast cancer incidence in France and the US, and examined the extent temporal trends in national fertility rates can explain the temporal trends in breast cancer incidence. This study of temporal trends used estimates of annual percent change (APC) from cancer registry data in France and the US (1978-2016) and national fertility data (1958-2011). We estimated the APCs for all ages (overall APC) and for specific age groups (under 50, 50-64 years, and 65 years and over). RESULTS: The overall APC was over three times higher in France than the US (France APC = 1.63%, 95% CI 1.43-1.84; US APC = 0.51, 95% CI 0.31-0.72). The overall APCs remained positive and statistically significant after adjusting for fertility trends irrespective of assumptions on fertility lags (France APC = 1.61-0.91 for a 5-year to 20-year lag, respectively; US APC = 0.37-0.36 for a 5-year to 20-year lag, respectively). Similarly, among women under 50, the APC was over 3.5 times higher in France than the US (France APC = 1.22, 95% CI 1.07-1.37; US APC = 0.33, 95% CI 0.22-0.44), and APCs remained positive after adjusting for fertility (France APC = 1.21-1.28 for a 5-year to 20-year lag, respectively; US APC = 0.38-0.26 for a 5-year to 20-year lag, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Based on these trend analyses, changes in fertility rate trends do not fully explain the increase incidence in breast cancer seen in both France and the US, nor the magnitude of difference between the two countries. This was seen overall and in age-specific groups.

Evaluation of long-term living conditions in patients treated for localised prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the evolution of living conditions (LC) in long-term survivors of localised prostate cancer 10 years after treatment compared with those of a same-age control group from the general population. METHODS: Two hundred and eighty-seven patients diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2001 were selected in 11 French cancer registries. They were matched with controls randomly selected for age and residency. Both patients and controls completed a self-administered LC questionnaire concerning their familial, social and professional life, and general and specific quality of life (QoL) and anxiety and depression questionnaires. RESULTS: Compared with controls, patients reported more sexual modifications (p < .0001), but without any difference in marital status. Patients' circle of friends was more stable than that of the controls (91% vs. 63%; p < .0001) and patients reported fewer friendship modifications than controls (p < .0006). Their professional and physical activities were also preserved. They reported more anxiolytic intake (p = .002) but did not consult their general practitioner more often. Type of specialist consulted differed in the two groups. CONCLUSION: Patients treated for localised prostate cancer had the same living conditions as men of the same age. Their social life was satisfying on the whole, albeit they reported more sexual difficulties than their counterparts.

Using ecological socioeconomic position (SEP) measures to deal with sample bias introduced by incomplete individual-level measures: inequalities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis as an example.

BACKGROUND: When studying the influence of socioeconomic position (SEP) on health from data where individual-level SEP measures may be missing, ecological measures of SEP may prove helpful. In this paper, we illustrate the best use of ecological-level measures of SEP to deal with incomplete individual level data. To do this we have taken the example of a study examining the relationship between SEP and breast cancer (BC) stage at diagnosis. METHODS: Using population based-registry data, all women over 18 years newly diagnosed with a primary BC in 2007 were included. We compared the association between advanced stage at diagnosis and individual SEP containing missing data with an ecological level SEP measure without missing data. We used three modelling strategies, 1/ based on patients with complete data for individual-SEP (n = 1218), or 2/ on all patients (n = 1644) using an ecological-level SEP as proxy for individual SEP and 3/ individual-SEP after imputation of missing data using an ecological-level SEP. RESULTS: The results obtained from these models demonstrate that selection bias was introduced in the sample where only patients with complete individual SEP were included. This bias is redressed by using ecological-level SEP to impute missing data for individual SEP on all patients. Such a strategy helps to avoid an ecological bias due to the use of aggregated data to infer to individual level. CONCLUSION: When individual data are incomplete, we demonstrate the usefulness of an ecological index to assess and redress potential selection bias by using it to impute missing individual SEP.

Short-term and long-term survival of interval breast cancers taking into account prognostic features.

PURPOSE: The aim of this population-based study was to estimate short-term and long-term survival of interval breast cancers and to compare them to clinically detected cancers, taking into account prognostic features. METHODS: This study included all interval cancers and clinically detected cancers diagnosed in the Loire-Atlantique population-based cancer registry from 2000 to 2010 in women aged 50-76 years. We used the Pohar-Perme method to estimate 5- and 10 year net survival rates and a flexible parametric model to compare interval cancer and clinically detected cancer prognosis with and without adjustment for the main prognostic factors (age, stage, histological grade, and phenotype). RESULTS: This study included 813 interval cancers and 1,354 clinically detected cancers. Interval cancers were diagnosed at a significantly less advanced stage than clinically detected cancers, but more often with a triple-negative phenotype. Interval cancer age-standardised net survival was 88.0% at 5 years (95% CI 84.9-91.2) and 81.7% at 10 years (95% CI 76.9-86.9), whereas clinically detected cancer age-standardised net survival was 77.8% (95% CI 75.1-80.6) and 64.6% (95% CI 60.7-68.7), respectively. After adjustment for covariates, survival no longer differed between interval cancers and clinically detected cancers at 5 and 10 years. CONCLUSION: Although the interval cancer net survival rate was higher, interval cancers had a similar short-term and long-term prognosis than clinically detected cancers after taking into account the main prognostic factors.

Effect of Physician Notification Regarding Nonadherence to Colorectal Cancer Screening on Patient Participation in Fecal Immunochemical Test Cancer Screening: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Increasing participation in fecal screening tests is a major challenge in countries that have implemented colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs. Objective: To determine whether providing general practitioners (GPs) a list of patients who are nonadherent to CRC screening enhances patient participation in fecal immunochemical testing (FIT). Design, Setting, and Participants: A 3-group, cluster-randomized study was conducted from July 14, 2015, to July 14, 2016, on the west coast of France, with GPs in 801 practices participating and involving adult patients (50-74 years) who were at average risk of CRC and not up-to-date with CRC screening. The final follow-up date was July 14, 2016. Interventions: General practitioners were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: 496 received a list of patients who had not undergone CRC screening (patient-specific reminders group, 10 476 patients), 495 received a letter describing region-specific CRC screening adherence rates (generic reminders group, 10 606 patients), and 455 did not receive any reminders (usual care group, 10 147 patients). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was patient participation in CRC screening 1 year after the intervention. Results: Among 1482 randomized GPs (mean age, 53.4 years; 576 women [38.9%]), 1446 participated; of the 33 044 patients of these GPs (mean age, 59.7 years; 17 949 women [54.3%]), follow-up at 1 year was available for 31 229 (94.5%). At 1 year, 24.8% (95% CI, 23.4%-26.2%) of patients in the specific reminders group, 21.7% (95% CI, 20.5%-22.8%) in the generic reminders group, and 20.6% (95% CI, 19.3%-21.8%) in the usual care group participated in the FIT screening. The between-group differences were 3.1% (95% CI, 1.3%-5.0%) for the patient-specific reminders group vs the generic reminders group, 4.2% (95% CI, 2.3%-6.2%) for the patient-specific reminders group vs the usual care group, and 1.1% (95% CI, -0.6% to 2.8%) for generic reminders group vs the usual care group. Conclusions and Relevance: Providing French GPs caring for adults at average risk of CRC with a list of their patients who were not up-to-date with their CRC screening resulted in a small but significant increase in patient participation in FIT screening at 1 year compared with patients who received usual care. Providing GPs with generic reminders about regional rates of CRC screening did not increase screening rates compared with usual care. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02515344.

Socioeconomic Deprivation and Invasive Breast Cancer Incidence by Stage at Diagnosis: A Possible Explanation to the Breast Cancer Social Paradox.

In this study, we assessed the influence of area-based socioeconomic deprivation on the incidence of invasive breast cancer (BC) in France, according to stage at diagnosis. All women from six mainland French departments, aged 15+ years, and diagnosed with a primary invasive breast carcinoma between 2008 and 2015 were included (n = 33,298). Area-based socioeconomic deprivation was determined using the French version of the European Deprivation Index. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) by socioeconomic deprivation and stage at diagnosis were compared estimating incidence rate ratios (IRRs) adjusted for age at diagnosis and rurality of residence. Compared to the most affluent areas, significantly lower IRRs were found in the most deprived areas for all-stages (0.85, 95% CI 0.81-0.89), stage I (0.77, 95% CI 0.72-0.82), and stage II (0.84, 95% CI 0.78-0.90). On the contrary, for stages III-IV, significantly higher IRRs (1.18, 95% CI 1.08-1.29) were found in the most deprived areas. These findings provide a possible explanation to similar or higher mortality rates, despite overall lower incidence rates, observed in women living in more deprived areas when compared to their affluent counterparts. Socioeconomic inequalities in access to healthcare services, including screening, could be plausible explanations for this phenomenon, underlying the need for further research.

Brain tumors and hormonal factors: review of the epidemiological literature.

BACKGROUND: To date, the etiology of primary tumors of the central nervous system (mainly gliomas and meningiomas) is poorly understood. The role of sex hormones has been suggested, based on clinical, experimental, biological, and epidemiological data. OBJECTIVE: To review the epidemiological studies on the relation between hormonal factors and the occurrence of glioma and meningioma, in order to identify new research developments. METHODS: Articles published until September 2010 were selected by considering exogenous and endogenous exposures and specific brain tumors. Standardized information was collected from 20 articles: 15 concerning gliomas and 13 meningiomas. RESULTS: An increased glioma risk was observed with later menarche and menopause, while a reduced glioma risk was observed with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and oral contraceptive use, despite duration of use had no effect on risk. Meningioma risk increased after menopause and with HRT use. No clear association was found with pregnancy and breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: Results are globally concordant with the biologic hypothesis assuming that female sex hormones are protective against glioma and may increase the risk of meningioma. However, new epidemiological studies should be conducted in order to confirm these associations and to refine the role of hormonal factors in brain etiology.

Cancer Among Adolescents and Young Adults Between 2000 and 2016 in France: Incidence and Improved Survival.

Purpose: This study was undertaken to determine cancer survival and describe the spectrum of cancers diagnosed among French adolescent and young adult (AYA) population. Methods: All cases of cancer diagnosed in 15-24 years, recorded by all French population-based registries (18% of the French population), over the 2000-2016 period, were included. Age-standardized incidence rates, conventional annual percentage change (cAPC) of incidence over time, and 5-year overall survival (5yOS) were calculated. Results: We analyzed 2734 cancer diagnoses in adolescents and 4199 in young adults. Overall incidence rates were 231.9/106 in 15-19 year olds and 354.0/106 in 20-24 year olds. The most frequently diagnosed cancers in male AYA were malignant gonadal germ-cell tumors (GCT), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), and malignant melanoma and were HL, thyroid carcinoma, and malignant melanoma in females. Cancer incidence was stable over time with a cAPC of 0.8% (p = 0.72). For all cancers combined, 5yOS was 86.6% (95% CI: 85.8-87.4), >85% for HL, non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), GCT, thyroid carcinomas, and malignant melanomas, and around 60% and lower for osteosarcomas, Ewing tumors, hepatic carcinomas, and rhabdomyosarcomas. The 5yOS has significantly improved from 2000-2007 to 2008-2015 for all cancers pooled, with a substantial gain of 4% for 15-19 year olds and 3% for 20-24 year olds. Conclusion: Notwithstanding the encouraging results for some cancers, and overall, persistent poorer survivals in AYA were shown compared to children for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, osteosarcoma, Ewing tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, and malignant hepatic tumors. These disparities require further investigation to identify and address the causes of these inferior outcomes.

[Descriptive epidemiology of cancer in metropolitan France: Incidence, survival and prevalence]. / Épidémiologie descriptive des cancers en France métropolitaine : incidence, survie et prévalence.

INTRODUCTION: Incidence, mortality, survival and prevalence are key indicators to assess public health policies and estimate the needs of the population for cancer management. The aim of this article is to provide the more current estimates of these indicators, in line with the fifteenth operational objective of the 2014-2019 Cancer Plan "Collect data/Support Public Health". METHODS: Incidence and survival data came from cancer registries. Mortality data came from the French epidemiology center on medical causes of death. Prevalence was estimated by using incidence and survival estimates. RESULTS: In metropolitan France in 2017, the estimated number of new cancer cases and cancer deaths was respectively 399,500 and 150,000. The most frequent cancers (breast, prostate) had highest net survivals: 78 and 84% at 10 years. Several cancers (including lung, liver and pancreatic cancers) had worse prognosis (5-year survival≤33%). In 2017, 1,396,000 men and 1,359,000 women had cancer in the previous 15 years, representing respectively 5.4% and 4.8% of the population aged 15 and over. DISCUSSION: Despite the decrease of cancer mortality, the prognosis of some cancers remains poor and the cancer prevalence is high. These results highlight the need for intensifying the efforts already made in cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment and justify the interest in the post-cancer period.

Compliance with clinical guidelines for breast cancer management: A population-based study of quality-of-care indicators in France.

BACKGROUND: The European Society of Breast Cancer Specialists (EUSOMA), which aims to standardize the quality of patient care in Europe, has defined quality indicators (QIs) for breast cancer (BC) care to assess compliance to current care standards. These QIs are a useful tool to evaluate care organizations. Only population-based studies are able to assess health system performance in "real-life" situations. This population-based study aimed to describe compliance with several EUSOMA QIs overall and according to patient and organizational factors in France. METHODS: 1 560 adult women with primary invasive non-metastatic BC diagnosed in 2012 were randomly selected among all incident BC from 16 French geographical areas covered by cancer registries. Twelve EUSOMA QIs were selected regarding diagnosis, treatment and staging. RESULTS: The minimum standard as proposed by EUSOMA was met for nine QIs related to pre-operative definitive diagnosis, multidisciplinary discussion and treatment (single surgery, breast conserving surgery (BCS) for small BC (<3cm), radiotherapy after BCS or mastectomy for regional BC (pN≥2a), hormonotherapy, adjuvant chemotherapy and trastuzumab). Low compliance was observed for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and staging imaging. Adherence to guidelines was usually lower in older patients and in patients with comorbidities. Multidisciplinary discussion was positively related to adherence to guidelines for diagnosis, staging practices (SNLB, imaging) and systemic treatments. Compliance also varied by area of residence and by place of first treatment. CONCLUSION: This study provides the first current, comprehensive overview of BC quality care at a population level in France. The guidelines were correctly applied in percentage satisfying the EUSOMA standards for the diagnosis and treatment of BC, although staging practices (SLNB, imaging) can be improved. These results highlight the need for continuous measurement of adherence to guidelines to improve BC care.

Gastric MALT lymphoma in a population-based study in France: clinical features, treatments and survival.

BACKGROUND: Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a rare disease, and most available data on gastric MALT lymphoma (GML) come from clinical studies of selected patients treated in centres of excellence. AIMS: To analyse the clinical features, management and survival of GML patients in a population-based study in France METHODS: All new cases of GML diagnosed between 2002 and 2010 in 11 French areas covered by cancer registries were included. Pathology reports were verified and, if necessary, reviewed by an expert pathologist. All clinical data were retrospectively collected from medical files and analysed using stata V. 14 software. RESULTS: Four hundred and sixteen patients with confirmed GML (50% male, median age 67 years) were identified. Among them, 44 showed an early transformation into diffuse large B cell lymphoma and were considered to have had an initially missed high-grade lymphoma. At diagnosis, 76% of patients were at stage IE/II, and 24% at stage III/IV of the disease. Helicobacter pylori infection was found in 57% of the patients. Eradication treatment was administered to 76% of patients and complete remission (CR) was obtained in 39%. One hundred and ninety patients received at least one other treatment, including 10 already in CR after eradication. Altogether, CR was obtained in 70% of patients and the 5-year overall survival was 79% (95% CI [75-83]). CONCLUSIONS: In comparison to clinical series, in the general population, GMLs are more frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage, their clinical management is heterogeneous, and there is a risk of misdiagnosis and overtreatment. These results highlight the necessity of following currently available guidelines in this field.

Survival of solid cancer patients in France, 1989-2013: a population-based study.

This study provides updates of net survival (NS) estimates at 5, 10, and 15 years as well as survival trends for 35 solid cancers in France using data from 19 population-based cancer registries. The study considered all cases of solid cancer diagnosed between 1989 and 2010 in patients older than 15 years of age who were actively followed up until 30 June 2013. NS was estimated using the Pohar-Perme method. The age-standardized NS used the international cancer survival standard weights. The 5-year age-standardized NSs ranged from 4% (pleural mesothelioma) to 93% (prostate) in men and from 10% (pancreas) to 97% (thyroid) in women. The 10-year age-standardized NSs ranged from 2% (pleural mesothelioma) in both sexes to 95% (testis) in men and 91% (thyroid) in women. The most frequent cancers (namely, breast and prostate cancers) had the highest NSs: 87 and 93% at 5 years and 78 and 84% at 10 years, respectively. Several cancers (especially lung, pancreas, and liver cancer) had very poor prognoses (5-year NSs under 20%). Fifteen-year NSs remained high for testis cancer. In most cancers, 5- and 10-year age-standardized NSs increased between 1989 and 2010. Advanced age was associated with a poor prognosis and little improvement in survival. The increases in cancer survival are probably related to earlier diagnosis and therapeutic advances over the last decade. However, poor prognoses are still found in some alcohol-related and tobacco-related cancers and in elderly patients, highlighting the need for more prevention, diagnosis, and treatment efforts.

Diagnostic and prognostic value of BCL2 rearrangement in 53 patients with follicular lymphoma presenting as primary skin lesions.

OBJECTIVES: To study the diagnostic value of BCL2 rearrangement in follicle center lymphoma (FCL) presenting as primary skin lesions, evaluate its prevalence and the prognostic value in primary cutaneous FCL (PCFCL), and assess prognostic factors in PCFCL. METHODS: Fifty-three patients with a cutaneous presentation of FCL without a history of nodal lymphoma were selected retrospectively. Clinical and histologic data were collected together with staging and follow-up data. A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test for BCL2 split probes was performed on skin biopsy specimens. RESULTS: Initial staging procedures identified 47 PCFCLs and six cases of secondary skin involvement of FCL (SSIFCL). FISH detected seven cases carrying a BCL2 rearrangement: four (8.5%) of 47 PCFCLs and three (50%) of six SSIFCLs. These seven cases coexpressed BCL2 and CD10. In PCFCL, cutaneous relapse rate was 42.6%. A small/medium centrocytic cell population was associated with a higher probability of skin relapse in univariate (P = .008) and multivariate (P = .028) analysis, and BCL2 rearrangement detection was associated with secondary extracutaneous spreading (P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: We observed that BCL2 rearrangement in PCFCL is rare, associated with initial positivity of staging (diagnostic value) or with secondary extracutaneous spreading (prognostic value). In selected cases with BCL2-CD10 coexpression, FISH testing could detect patients with poor outcome and require closer monitoring.