Inferring intelligence of ancient people based on modern genomic studies.

Quantification of ancient human intelligence has become possible with recent advances in polygenic prediction. Intelligence is a complex trait that has both environmental and genetic components and high heritability. Large-scale genome-wide association studies based on ~270,000 individuals have demonstrated highly significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with intelligence in present-day humans. We utilized those previously reported 12,037 SNPs to estimate a genetic component of intelligence in ancient Funadomari Jomon individual from 3700 years BP as well as four individuals of Afanasievo nuclear family from about 4100 years BP and who are considered anatomically modern humans. We have demonstrated that ancient individuals could have been not inferior in intelligence compared to present-day humans through assessment of the genetic component of intelligence. We have also confirmed that alleles associated with intelligence tend to spread equally between ancestral and derived origin suggesting that intelligence may be a neutral trait in human evolution.

Macrophage activation syndrome in juvenile dermatomyositis: a systematic review.

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a potentially fatal complication of a number of rheumatological conditions, but few studies assessed it in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). Indeed, MAS is not considered as a frequent complication of JDM, but its occurrence could be under-estimated. In order to address this issue, we performed a revision of the available medical literature, describing and assessing patients with both MAS and JDM. After retrieving 253 records initially, 11 papers were selected as appropriate for our research objective, which provided a total of 12 patients affected with both MAS and JDM. Our pooled case series suggested that MAS in JDM may not be very rare, even though no final conclusion about its incidence and mortality rate can be made. However, JDM-related MAS seems to be difficult to treat, since methylprednisolone pulse therapy alone was not sufficient in most cases. Moreover, MAS in JDM patients often occurred at the onset of the rheumatic disease, before the final diagnosis of JDM could be established. Finally, MAS criteria validated for systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (sJIA) resulted to be a very useful guidance to diagnose MAS in JDM patients as well, but their reliability may not be absolute. Therefore, cohort and multicenter studies are needed to assess the incidence and improve the diagnostic criteria for MAS in JDM patients.

Adalimumab in the treatment of pediatric Behçet's disease: case-based review.

Behçet's disease (BD) is a systemic vasculitis affecting prominently the veins, which is usually diagnosed in adulthood, but can occur in children younger than 16 years in about 4-26% of cases. The therapy is based on several immune-suppressive drugs; in case of inadequate control and/or complications, the biologic therapy with anti-TNF drugs has been successfully used in adults. Here, we reported one pediatric case of BD with systemic (persistent/recurrent high fever), skin and mucosal manifestations (recurrent aphthous stomatitis, anal/penile ulcers, erythema nodosum and papulo-pustules), that were unresponsive to the conventional treatment with steroids and colchicine; however, he was successfully treated with adalimumab. Compared to adult patients, the experience with adalimumab in the treatment of pediatric BD is very limited. Indeed, through a systematic search in the medical literature, we retrieved 4 case reports and 2 case series, describing BD pediatric patients treated with adalimumab, in addition to three clinical studies including some BD children. The analysis and discussion of these available clinical experiences may indicate adalimumab as an effective and safe option to treat several forms of BD, in addition to BD-related chronic uveitis.

Neuro-Clinical Signatures of Language Impairments after Acute Stroke: A VBQ Analysis of Quantitative Native CT Scans.

OBJECTIVES: Ischemic stroke affects language production and/or comprehension and leads to devastating long-term consequences for patients and their families. Previous studies have shown that neuroimaging can increase our knowledge of the basic mechanisms of language recovery. Currently, models for predicting patients' outcomes have limited use in the clinic for the evaluation and optimization of rehabilitative strategies mostly because that are often based on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, which are not always possible to carry out in the clinical routine. Here, we investigate the use of Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM), multivariate modelling and native Computed Tomography (nCT) scans routinely acquired in the acute stage of stroke for identifying biological signatures that explicate the relationships between brain anatomy and types of impairments. METHODS: 80 stroke patients and 30 controls were included. nCT-scans were acquired in the acute ischemia stage and bedside clinical assessment from board-certified neurologist based on the NIH stroke scale. We use a multivariate Principal Component Analyses (PCA) to identify the brain signatures group the patients according to the presence or absence of impairment and identify the association between local Grey Matter (GM) and White Matter (WM) nCT values with the presence or absence of the impairment. RESULTS: Individual patient's nCT scans were compared to a group of controls' with no radiological signs of stroke to provide an automated delineation of the lesion. Consistently across the whole group the regions that presented significant difference GM and WM values overlap with known areas that support language processing. CONCLUSION: In summary, the method applied to nCT scans performed in the acute stage of stroke provided robust and accurate information about brain lesions' location and size, as well as quantitative values. We found that nCT and VBQ analyses are effective for identifying neural signatures of concomitant language impairments at the individual level, and neuroanatomical maps of aphasia at the population level. The signatures explicate the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying aetiology of the stroke. Ultimately, similar analyses with larger cohorts could lead to a more integrated multimodal model of behaviour and brain anatomy in the early stage of ischemic stroke.

Longitudinal expression profiling of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in patients with active to quiescent giant cell arteritis.

BACKGROUND: Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common form of vasculitis affecting elderly people. It is one of the few true ophthalmic emergencies but symptoms and signs are variable thereby making it a challenging disease to diagnose. A temporal artery biopsy is the gold standard to confirm GCA, but there are currently no specific biochemical markers to aid diagnosis. We aimed to identify a less invasive method to confirm the diagnosis of GCA, as well as to ascertain clinically relevant predictive biomarkers by studying the transcriptome of purified peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in patients with GCA. METHODS: We recruited 16 patients with histological evidence of GCA at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, and aimed to collect blood samples at six time points: acute phase, 2-3 weeks, 6-8 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after clinical diagnosis. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were positively selected at each time point through magnetic-assisted cell sorting. RNA was extracted from all 195 collected samples for subsequent RNA sequencing. The expression profiles of patients were compared to those of 16 age-matched controls. RESULTS: Over the 12-month study period, polynomial modelling analyses identified 179 and 4 statistically significant transcripts with altered expression profiles (FDR < 0.05) between cases and controls in CD4+ and CD8+ populations, respectively. In CD8+ cells, two transcripts remained differentially expressed after 12 months; SGTB, associated with neuronal apoptosis, and FCGR3A, associatied with Takayasu arteritis. We detected genes that correlate with both symptoms and biochemical markers used for predicting long-term prognosis. 15 genes were shared across 3 phenotypes in CD4 and 16 across CD8 cells. In CD8, IL32 was common to 5 phenotypes including Polymyalgia Rheumatica, bilateral blindness and death within 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first longitudinal gene expression study undertaken to identify robust transcriptomic biomarkers of GCA. Our results show cell type-specific transcript expression profiles, novel gene-phenotype associations, and uncover important biological pathways for this disease. In the acute phase, the gene-phenotype relationships we have identified could provide insight to potential disease severity and as such guide in initiating appropriate patient management.