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1.
Pestic Biochem Physiol ; 178: 104919, 2021 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34446195

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Paraquat poisoning leads to lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis. The effect of paraquat encapsulation by previously described Pectin/Chitosan/Tripolyphosphate nanoparticles on its pulmonary toxicity was investigated in present study in a rat model of poison inhalation. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The rats inhaled nebulized different formulation of paraquat (n = 5) for 30 min in various experimental groups. Lung injury and fibrosis scores, Lung tissue enzymatic activities, apoptosis markers were determined compared among groups. RESULTS: Encapsulation of paraquat significantly rescued both lung injury and fibrosis scores. Lung MDA level was reduced by encapsulation. Paraquat poisoning led to lung tissue apoptosis as was evidenced by higher Caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl2 expressions in rats subjected to paraquat inhalation instead of normal saline or free nanoparticles. Again, nanoencapsulation reduced these apoptosis markers significantly. Alpha-SMA expression was also reduced by encapsulation. Nanoparticles per se have no or little toxicity as was evidenced by inflammatory and apoptotic markers and histological scores. CONCLUSION: In a rat model of inhalation toxicity of paraquat, loading of this herbicide on PEC/CS/TPP nanoparticles reduced acute lung injury and fibrosis. The encapsulation also led to lower apoptosis, oxidative stress and alpha-SMA expression in the lung tissue.


Asunto(s)
Quitosano , Paraquat , Animales , Apoptosis , Fibrosis , Pulmón/patología , Paraquat/toxicidad , Pectinas , Polifosfatos , Ratas
2.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol ; 71(4): 541-552, 2016 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27638716

RESUMEN

Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), such as TiO2 and CuO, are widely applied in an increasing number of products and applications, and therefore their release to the aquatic ecosystems is unavoidable. However, little is known about joint toxicity of different NPs on tissues of aquatic organisms, such as fish. This study was conducted to assess the uptake and depuration of Cu following exposure to CuO NPs in the presence of TiO2 NPs in the liver, intestine, muscle, and gill of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Carps with a mean total length of 23 ± 1.5 cm and mean weight of 13 ± 1.3 g were divided into 6 groups of 15 each (1 control group) and exposed to TiO2 NPs, CuO NPs, and a mixture of TiO2 and CuO NPs for periods of 20 days for uptake and 10 days for depuration. The determination of total Cu concentration was carried out by an ICP-OES. The order of Cu uptake in different tissues of the carps was liver > gill > muscle > intestine in both levels of CuO NPs alone; results showed that the total Cu concentrations in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles were increased and were in the sequence of liver > gill > intestine > muscle. In depuration period, Cu concentrations were decreased in all treatments in the sequence of gill > intestine > muscle > liver. Uptake of Cu in different tissues of common carp increased with increasing concentration and time and was tissues- and time-dependent. In conclusion, this study suggested that the uptake of Cu in the tissues of common carp increased in the joint presence of TiO2 NPs.


Asunto(s)
Carpas/metabolismo , Cobre/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/toxicidad , Titanio/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismo , Animales , Cobre/toxicidad , Pruebas de Toxicidad
3.
Environ Monit Assess ; 188(10): 575, 2016 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27650436

RESUMEN

The aim of this research was to investigate the coexposure of nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and copper oxide (CuO) on the alterations of the gill, intestine, kidney, and liver tissues of carps (Cyprinus carpio). In this study, carps (length 23 ± 1.5 cm; weight 13 ± 1.3 g) were divided into six groups of 15 each and exposed to 2.5 and 5.0 mg L(-1) of CuO nanoparticles (NPs), 10.0 mg L(-1) of TiO2 NPs, and 2.5 and 5.0 mg L(-1) of CuO NPs + 10.0 mg L(-1) of TiO2 NP mixture. Fish were sampled for histopathological studies after hematoxylin-eosin staining. Results indicated that the more kinds of histopathology anomalies observed with CuO NP and TiO2 NP mixture were broadly of the same type as CuO NPs and TiO2 NPs alone, but the severity or incidence of injuries of gill, intestine, liver, and kidney of carps in the mixture of CuO NPs + TiO2 NPs was higher than that of each NP alone. Moreover, behavioral changes in carps exposed to CuO NP and TiO2 NP mixture such as hyperactivity, loss of balance, and convulsions were higher than those to CuO NPs and TiO2 NPs alone. In conclusion, the presence of TiO2 NPs enhanced the effects of NPs of copper oxide in terms of histopathological changes in carps.


Asunto(s)
Carpas , Cobre/toxicidad , Nanopartículas/toxicidad , Titanio/toxicidad , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Branquias/efectos de los fármacos , Branquias/patología , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Intestinos/patología , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/patología , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/patología
4.
J Arthropod Borne Dis ; 17(1): 63-71, 2023 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37609564

RESUMEN

Background: Cockroaches are one of the most important carriers of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, the presence of cockroaches in public places, especially in hospitals, homes, and restaurants, is dangerous, and threatens the health of society, people, and the environment. The aim of this study was evaluation of bacterial contamination of cockroaches and the sensitivity of these bacteria to various antibiotics, captured from Khorramabad City, Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 150 cockroaches collected from hospital environments, homes, and restaurants in Khorramabad. The outer surface of the cockroaches was washed with physiological saline. The suspension was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2000rpm. Isolation and identification of bacteria was performed using phenotypic methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guideline. Results: A total of 100 American cockroaches (66.66%), 28 B. germanica (18.66%) and 22 Blatta orientalis (14.66%) were identified. In total, 97.33% of the collected cockroaches were infected with bacteria. The most bacterial infection of the cockroaches was Escherichia coli, coagulase-negative Staphylococci and Bacillus respectively. The overall results of the antibiogram test showed that the identified bacteria were resistant to cephalothin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, and kanamycin antibiotics, semi-sensitive to ciprofloxacin and sensitive to tetracycline, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and Chloramphenicol. Conclusion: Infection of cockroaches with pathogenic bacterial agents in hospital, residential, and restaurant environments, as well as the observation of bacterial resistance to some common antibiotics is worrying.

5.
J Agric Food Chem ; 67(20): 5736-5745, 2019 May 22.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31042035

RESUMEN

As a potent herbicide capable of contaminating water and soil environments, paraquat, which is still widely used worldwide, is toxic to mammals, algae, aquatic animals, etc. Paraquat was loaded on novel nanoparticles composed of pectin, chitosan, and sodium tripolyphosphate (PEC/CS/TPP). The size, polydispersity index, and ζ potential of nanoparticles were characterized. Further assessments were carried out by SEM, AFM, FT-IR, and DSC. The encapsulation was highly efficient, and there was a delayed release pattern of paraquat. The encapsulated herbicide was less toxic to alveolar and mouth cell lines. Moreover, the mutagenicity of the formulation was significantly lower than those of pure or commercial forms of paraquat in a Salmonella typhimurium strain model. The soil sorption of paraquat and the deep soil penetration of the nanoparticle-associated herbicide were also decreased. The herbicidal activity of paraquat for maize or mustard was not only preserved but also enhanced after encapsulation. It was concluded that paraquat encapsulation with PEC/CS/TPP nanoparticles is highly efficient and the formulation has significant herbicide activity. It is less toxic to human environment and cells, as was evidenced by less soil sorption, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity. Hence, paraquat-loaded PEC/CS/TPP nanoparticles have potential advantages for future use in agriculture.


Asunto(s)
Quitosano/química , Composición de Medicamentos/métodos , Herbicidas/química , Mutágenos/química , Nanopartículas/química , Paraquat/química , Pectinas/química , Polifosfatos/química , Adsorción , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Herbicidas/farmacología , Herbicidas/toxicidad , Humanos , Cinética , Planta de la Mostaza/efectos de los fármacos , Planta de la Mostaza/crecimiento & desarrollo , Mutágenos/farmacología , Mutágenos/toxicidad , Paraquat/farmacología , Paraquat/toxicidad , Tamaño de la Partícula , Suelo/química , Contaminantes del Suelo/química , Contaminantes del Suelo/farmacología , Contaminantes del Suelo/toxicidad , Zea mays/efectos de los fármacos , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrollo
6.
Pan Afr Med J ; 27: 284, 2017.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29187953

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Ticks are non-permanent obligate parasites that have considerable medical-veterinary and zoonosis importance. In this regard a study designed to investigate the distribution and fauna of ticks in the Alashtar county in Iran from April and March 2014. METHODS: Ticks were collected from livestock farms and facilities from selected rural and geographically location in the Alashtar county. Based morphological characteristics and reference identification keys, ticks were identified. RESULTS: A total of 549 ticks including 411 hard and 138 soft ticks were found. Ten tick species including Haemaphysalis concinna (0.36%), Haemaphysalis sulcata (0.36%), Hyalomma anatolicum (0.18%), Hyalomma dromedarii (0.18%), Hyalomma marginatum (1.45 %), Hyalomma schulzei (0.36%), Rhipicephalus annulatus (0.18%), Rhipicephalus bursa (28.1%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (43.63%) and Argas persicus (25.2%) were identified. Tick seasonal distribution were 47.26%, 22.63%, 14.96% and 15.15% in the spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The tick distribution was more from plain areas (64.96%) than the mountainous areas (35.04%). The rates of the tick contamination were 97.3% and 2.7% in the traditional and industrial livestock's, respectively. The livestock contamination ranks to the hard ticks were cattle (39.51%), sheep (34.15%) and goats (26.34 %), respectively. Chi-square analysis showed a significant difference among the seasonal distribution of the ticks in the spring, summer and autumn or winter; between the tick distribution in the plain and mountainous areas; and between the traditional and industrial livestock's tick contamination (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Present study proves to change the traditional livestock's to the industrial livestock's. These findings highlight the importance of ticks and shows need to their control and tick pest management.


Asunto(s)
Argasidae , Ixodidae , Estaciones del Año , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/epidemiología , Animales , Bovinos/parasitología , Cabras/parasitología , Irán/epidemiología , Ganado/parasitología , Ovinos/parasitología , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/veterinaria
7.
J Arthropod Borne Dis ; 9(1): 49-59, 2015 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26114143

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to obtain new data which would be valuable to develop programs for future planning of mosquito controls in in western Iran. METHODS: Larvae and adult collections were carried out from different habitats using standard dipping and animal baited trap methods during May, June and July 2012 in two provinces (Kurdistan and Kermanshah) in the west of Iran. Characteristics of breeding places were studied based on the habitat type (River edge, Ground pool), water conditions (clear or turbid, stagnant or running), vegetation (With or without vegetation), water temperature, sunlight exposure (full or partial sunlight) and so on. RESULTS: Overall, 4081 third- and fourth-instars larvae and 2013 Adult were collected. Five genera and eleven species of the family Culicidae were identified. Mosquitoes collected in larval and adult stages including, Anopheles maculipennis s.l. (4.1%, 4.42%), An. superpictus (1.35%,1.39%), An. turkhudi (1.75%,1.68%), Aedes vexans (2.5%, 8.78%), Culex hortensis (1.59%, 1.04%), Cx. mimeticus (5%, 2.38%), Cx. pipiens (16.5%, 8.15%), Cx. theileri (10%, 46.4%), Culiseta longiareolata (24%, 4.27%), and Cs. subochrea (24%, 4.27%) and Ochlerotatus caspius s.l. (9.1%, 21.46%). Culiseta longiareolata and Cs. subochrea found predominant species in larval collection, whereas Culex theileri was dominant in Adult collection. Anopheles turkhudi is reported for the first time in Kermanshah Province. CONCLUSION: Due to the geographical location of the two provinces, extensively studies with emphasis on mosquito ecology, to having comprehensive and up to date information is essential.

8.
J Res Health Sci ; 15(2): 104-8, 2015.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26175293

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the prevalent health problems in tropical and subtropical areas including Iran. Therefore, it is essential to identify the prevalence and new foci of this disease in different regions of Iran. This study aimed to determine the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis by active surveillance in elementary schools in Pakdasht City, Southeast of Tehran, Iran 2013-2014. METHODS: This cross sectional study was carried out on 4800 students from 60 elementary schools in Pakdasht during October 2013 to March 2014. After examining the students, some epidemiological data such as age, gender, date, anatomic location of the lesion(s) in the body, number and size of lesion(s), lesion type, and travel history to endemic areas was recorded in a checklist. Students with active lesions were examined using parasitological and molecular methods (PCR). RESULTS: Totally, 31 students (0.64%) had leishmaniasis, of which 15 (0.31%, 95% CI, 0.15%, 0.47%) had active lesions and 16 (0.33%, 95% CI, 0.17%, 0.49%) had leishmaniasis scars. Molecular testing showed that Leishmania major was the causative agent of leishmaniasis in all patients with active lesion. The highest frequency of cutaneous leishmaniasis was found in the age group 10-12 years (P=0.03). There was a significant difference between the frequency of the disease in different months (P=0.04) and the anatomic location of the lesion/scar (P=0.04). Moreover, t-test revealed that there was a significant relationship between number of lesions/scars and the age group (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The leishmanial type diagnosed in all patients was L. major. This finding suggests that Pakdasht might be a new focus for zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis.


Asunto(s)
Leishmaniasis Cutánea/epidemiología , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Irán/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos
9.
Iran J Parasitol ; 8(4): 617-21, 2013 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25516744

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The effect of frequent examinations on the students' learning has had inconsistent results. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of frequent announced quizzes on the learning of a representative sample of Iranian medical students. METHODS: This experimental study was conducted among 37 fifth semester medical students who had taken the course in Protozoology and Helminthology, in which the same basic information were provided about different types of protozoa and worms. Initially, in the teaching of helminthology, ten routine sessions were handled with lectures and interactive questions and answers. Then at the beginning of the protozoology topic in the beginning of all of the next 9 sessions, the students were informed that they will have a quiz at the end of each session. At the end of the semester, the total scores of quizzes were compared with the mean final scores of protozoology and helminthology using paired t and repeated measure tests. RESULTS: The mean final scores of the protozoology lesson were not significantly different from that of the helminthology (10.45 ± 2.75 vs.11.25 ± 2.56 on the scale of 20, respectively, P=0.13). There was no significant difference in the mean score of the five quizzes compared with the mean final term score of protozoology. The overall mean scores in the helminthology lesson (11.25±2.56), protozoology lesson (10.45±2.75), and the quizzes (9.16 ± 3.55) were significantly different (P <0.0001). CONCLUSION: Frequent announced quizzes were not effective on increasing the medical students' motivation and learning.

10.
J Arthropod Borne Dis ; 6(2): 112-8, 2012 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23378968

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The German cockroach, Blattella germanica is a major hygienic pest and mechanical vector for pathogenic agents in hospitals and residential areas. The development of insecticide resistance is a serious problem in controlling of this pest. Toxicity of four commonly used insecticides (permethrin, cypermethrin, malathion and chlorpyrifos) against two hospital- collected strains of the German cockroach was investigated. METHODS: Topical bioassay methods were carried out for detecting insecticide susceptibility of adult male cockroaches. For each insecticide, four to six concentrations resulting in >0% and <100% mortality were used. Three to six replicates of 10 cockroaches per concentration were conducted. The differences between LD(50) (µg/g) values were considered statistically significant only when the 95% confidence intervals did not overlap. RESULTS: Two hospital- collected strains of the German cockroach showed low to moderate levels of resistance to chlorpyrifos, permethrin, malathion and cypermethrin based on resistance ratios compared with susceptible strain. CONCLUSION: The low level chlorpyrifos resistance suggesting this insecticide may still provide adequate control of these strains. While the obsereved moderate levels of resistance to cypermethrin could imply developing resistance to this compound.

11.
Asian Pac J Trop Med ; 4(3): 220-3, 2011 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21771457

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To determine the faunal diversity of Muscidae and Fanniidae flies in Tehran, Iran. METHODS: A net-capturing by direct observing method and fly trap were used to capture adult flies. To determine the fauna of flies in different habitats, 4 biotopes including corpse (human, birds, livestock), garbage and decaying organic matters, animal carcasses and human indoor habitat were selected. Big hashing nets (95 cm in diameter) have been used for adult flies capture in these biotopes. RESULTS: In this study, totally 2 418 adult flies from 8 families including Muscidae, Fanniidae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Tachinidae, Syrphidae, Anthomyiidae and Conopidae were captured. Among these, 1 279 belong to Muscidae and Fanniidae families. Four genera and 5 medically important species captured from two above mentioned families. CONCLUSIONS: Based on scientific documentation, 2 species of Muscina stabulans (M. stabulans) and Fannia scalaris (F. scalaris) are reported for the first time in Iran. However M. stabulans is a cosmopolitan species and its presence in Iran was probable.


Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Dípteros/clasificación , Dípteros/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ecosistema , Animales , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Irán , Masculino
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