Quality assurance in the 22991 EORTC ROG trial in localized prostate cancer: dummy run and individual case review.

INTRODUCTION: EORTC trial 22991 was designed to evaluate the addition of concomitant and adjuvant short-term hormonal treatments to curative radiotherapy in terms of disease-free survival for patients with intermediate risk localized prostate cancer. In order to assess the compliance to the 3D conformal radiotherapy protocol guidelines, all participating centres were requested to participate in a dummy run procedure. An individual case review was performed for the largest recruiting centres as well. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT-data of an eligible prostate cancer patient were sent to 30 centres including a description of the clinical case. The investigator was requested to delineate the volumes of interest and to perform treatment planning according to the protocol. Thereafter, the investigators of the 12 most actively recruiting centres were requested to provide data on five randomly selected patients for an individual case review. RESULTS: Volume delineation varied significantly between investigators. Dose constraints for organs at risk (rectum, bladder, hips) were difficult to meet. In the individual case review, no major protocol deviations were observed, but a number of dose reporting problems were documented for centres using IMRT. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, results of this quality assurance program were satisfactory. The efficacy of the combination of a dummy run procedure with an individual case review is confirmed in this study, as none of the evaluated patient files harboured a major protocol deviation. Quality assurance remains a very important tool in radiotherapy to increase the reliability of the trial results. Special attention should be given when designing quality assurance programs for more complex irradiation techniques.

EORTC 22972-26991/MRC BR10 trial: fractionated stereotactic boost following conventional radiotherapy of high grade gliomas. Clinical and quality-assurance results of the stereotactic boost arm.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The EORTC trial No. 22972 investigated the role of an additional fractionated stereotactic boost (fSRT) to conventional radiotherapy for patients with high grade gliomas. A quality-assurance (QA) programme was run in conjunction with the study and was the first within the EORTC addressing the quality of a supposedly highly accurate treatment technique such as stereotactic radiotherapy. A second aim was to investigate a possible relation between the clinical results of the stereotactic boost arm and the results of the QA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The trial was closed in 2001 due to low accrual. In total, 25 patients were randomized: 14 into the experimental arm and 11 into the control arm. Six centres randomized patients, 8 centres had completed the dummy run (DR) for the stereotactic boost part. All participating centres (9) were asked to complete a quality-assurance questionnaire. The DR consisted of treatment planning according to the guidelines of the protocol on 3 different tumour volumes drawn on CT images of a humanized phantom. The SRT technique to be used was evaluated by the questionnaire. Clinical data from patients recruited to the boost arm from 6 participating centres were analysed. RESULTS: There was a full compliance to the protocol requirements for 5 centres. Major and minor deviations in conformality were observed for 2 and 3 centres, respectively. Of the 8 centres which completed the DR, one centre did not comply with the requirements of stereotactic radiotherapy concerning accuracy, dosimetry and planning. Median follow-up and median overall survival were 39.2 and 21.4 months, respectively. Acute and late toxicities of the stereotactic boost were low. One radiation necrosis was seen for a patient who has not received the SRT boost. Three reported serious adverse events were all seizures and probably therapy-related. CONCLUSIONS: Overall compliance was good but not ideal from the point of view of this highly precise radiation technique. Survival in the subgroup of patients with small volume disease was encouraging, but the study does not provide sufficient information about the potential value of fSRT boost in patients with malignant glioma.Toxicity due to an additional stereotactic boost of 20 Gy in 4 fractions was low and may be considered as a safe treatment option for patients with small tumours.

Combined photon and electron three-dimensional conformal versus intensity-modulated radiotherapy with integrated boost for adjuvant treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma after pleuropneumonectomy.

PURPOSE: The optimal technique for postoperative radiotherapy (RT) after extrapleural pleuropneumonectomy (EPP) of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) remains debated. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The data from 8 right-sided and 9 left-sided consecutive cases of MPM treated with RT after radical EPP were reviewed. Of the 17 patients, 8 had been treated with three-dimensional (3D) conformal RT (3D-CRT) and 9 with intensity-modulated RT (IMRT) with 6-MV photons. The clinical outcome and adverse events were assessed. For comparative planning, each case was replanned with 3D-CRT using photons and electrons or with IMRT. Homogeneity, doses to the organs at risk, and target volume coverage were analyzed. RESULTS: Both techniques yielded acceptable plans. The dose coverage and homogeneity of IMRT increased by 7.7% for the first planning target volume and 9.7% for the second planning target volume, ensuring >or=95% of the prescribed dose compared with 3D-CRT (p < 0.01). Compared with 3D-CRT, IMRT increased the dose to the contralateral lung, with an increase in the mean lung dose of 7.8 Gy and an increase in the volume receiving 13 Gy and 20 Gy by 20.5% and 7.2%, respectively (p < 0.01). A negligible dose increase to the contralateral kidney and liver was observed. No differences were seen for the spinal cord and ipsilateral kidney. Two adverse events of clinical relevant lung toxicity were observed with IMRT. CONCLUSION: Intensity-modulated RT and 3D-CRT are both suitable for adjuvant RT. IMRT improves the planning target volume coverage but delivered greater doses to the organs at risk. Rigid dose constraints for the lung should be respected.

[18FDG] PET-CT-based intensity-modulated radiotherapy treatment planning of head and neck cancer.

PURPOSE: To define the best threshold for tumor volume delineation of the (18) fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography ((18)FDG-PET) signal for radiotherapy treatment planning of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in head and neck cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In 25 patients with head-and-neck cancer, CT-based gross tumor volume (GTV(CT)) was delineated. After PET-CT image fusion, window level (L) was adapted to best fit the GTV(CT), and GTV(PET) was delineated. Tumor maximum (S) and background uptake (B) were measured, and the threshold of the background-subtracted tumor maximum uptake (THR) was used for PET signal segmentation. Gross tumor volumes were expanded to planning target volumes (PTVs) and analyzed. RESULTS: The mean value of S was 40 kBq/mL, S/B ratio was 16, and THR was 26%. The THR correlated with S (r = -0.752), but no correlation between THR and the S/B ratio was seen (r = -0.382). In 77% of cases, S was >30 kBq/mL, and in 23% it was 30% +/- 1.6% kBq/mL and 40% in tumors with S

3D-segmentation of the 18F-choline PET signal for target volume definition in radiation therapy of the prostate.

Volumetric assessment of PET signals becomes increasingly relevant for radiotherapy (RT) planning. Here, we investigate the utility of 18F-choline PET signals to serve as a structure for semi-automatic segmentation for forward treatment planning of prostate cancer. 18F-choline PET and CT scans of ten patients with histologically proven prostate cancer without extracapsular growth were acquired using a combined PET/CT scanner. Target volumes were manually delineated on CT images using standard software. Volumes were also obtained from 18F-choline PET images using an asymmetrical segmentation algorithm. PTVs were derived from CT 18F-choline PET based clinical target volumes (CTVs) by automatic expansion and comparative planning was performed. As a read-out for dose given to non-target structures, dose to the rectal wall was assessed. Planning target volumes (PTVs) derived from CT and 18F-choline PET yielded comparable results. Optimal matching of CT and 18F-choline PET derived volumes in the lateral and cranial-caudal directions was obtained using a background-subtracted signal thresholds of 23.0+/-2.6%. In antero-posterior direction, where adaptation compensating for rectal signal overflow was required, optimal matching was achieved with a threshold of 49.5+/-4.6%. 3D-conformal planning with CT or 18F-choline PET resulted in comparable doses to the rectal wall. Choline PET signals of the prostate provide adequate spatial information amendable to standardized asymmetrical region growing algorithms for PET-based target volume definition for external beam RT.

Dynamic intensity-modulated non-coplanar arc radiotherapy (INCA) for head and neck cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To define the potential advantages of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) applied using a non-coplanar dynamic arc technique for the treatment of head and neck cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) was planned in ten patients with head and neck cancer using coplanar IMRT and non-coplanar arc techniques, termed intensity modulated non-coplanar arc EBRT (INCA). Planning target volumes (PTV1) of first order covered the gross tumor volume and surrounding clinical target volume treated with 68-70 Gy, whereas PTV2 covered the elective lymph nodes with 54-55 Gy using a simultaneous internal boost. Treatment plan comparison between IMRT and INCA was carried out using dose-volume histogram and "equivalent uniform dose" (EUD). RESULTS: INCA resulted in better dose coverage and homogeneity of the PTV1, PTV2, and reduced dose delivered to most of the organs at risk (OAR). For the parotid glands, a reduction of the mean dose of 2.9 (+/- 2.0) Gy was observed (p = 0.002), the mean dose to the larynx was reduced by 6.9 (+/- 2.9) Gy (p = 0.003), the oral mucosa by 2.4 (+/- 1.1) Gy (p < 0.001), and the maximal dose to the spinal cord by 3.2 (+/- 1.7) Gy (p = 0.004). The mean dose to the brain was increased by 3.0 (+/- 1.4) Gy (p = 0.002) and the mean lung dose increased by 0.2 (+/- 0.4) Gy (p = 0.87). The EUD suggested better avoidance of the OAR, except for the lung, and better coverage and dose uniformity were achieved with INCA compared to IMRT. CONCLUSION: Dose delivery accuracy with IMRT using a non-coplanar dynamic arc beam geometry potentially improves treatment of head and neck cancer.

Assessment of 18F PET signals for automatic target volume definition in radiotherapy treatment planning.

INTRODUCTION: Positron emission tomography (PET) alone or in combination with computer tomography (PET/CT) is increasingly used in target volume assessment. A standardized way of converting PET signals into target volumes is not available at present. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Assuming a uniform signal emission from a tumour and surrounding normal tissues, a model-based method was developed to determine a relative threshold level (Th(rel)) for gross tumour volume delineation. Two phantoms consisting of cylindrical and spherical sources of diameter ranging from 4.5 to 43 mm in a tank and (18)F activities ranging from 0.001 to 0.15 MBq/ml for tank and sources, respectively, were used for PET/CT imaging. A Th(rel) was calculated that best corresponded to the physical diameter of the cylindrical sources. Software (SW) was generated to automatically delineate volumes based on this threshold. The SW was validated for in vitro and in vivo PET signals. RESULTS: The Th(rel) best representing the source diameter was 41+/-2.5% (95% confidence level) of the background-subtracted signal. The mean deviation for sources of diameter > or =12.5 mm was < or =1.5 mm. The Th(rel) was constant for diameters > or =12.5 mm. For source diameters <12.5 mm, the 41% level over-estimated the real source diameter by a factor depending on the diameter. In an in vitro set-up the SW was capable of segmenting solitary PET volumes to within 1.4 mm (1SD). For non-homogeneous signals in a clinical set-up minimal manual intervention is presently required to separate target from non-target signals. The SW may slightly underestimate target volumes when compared with CT-based volumes, but works well as a first approximation. The volume can be manually adapted to give the ultimate target volume. CONCLUSIONS: SW-based automatic delineation of the volume of (18)F activity is feasible and highly reproducible. Volumes can be subsequently modified by the clinician if necessary. This approach will increase the efficiency of the planning process.

Automated functional image-guided radiation treatment planning for rectal cancer.

PURPOSE: Computer tomography-based (CT-based) tumor-volume definition is time consuming and is subject to clinical interpretation. CT is not accessible for standardized algorithms for the purpose of treatment-volume planning. We have evaluated the accuracy of target-volume definition based on the positron emission tomography (PET) data from an integrated PET/CT system with 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) for standardized target-volume delineation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven patients with rectal cancer who were undergoing preoperative radiation therapy (RT) were studied. A standardized region-growing algorithm was tested to replace the CT-derived gross tumor volume by the PET-derived gross tumor volume (PET-GTV) or the biologic target volume (BTV). A software tool was developed to automatically delineate the appropriate tumor volume as defined by the FDG signal, the PET-GTV, and the planning target volume (PTV). The PET-derived volumes were compared with the target volumes from CT. RESULTS: The BTV defined for appropriate GTV assessment was set at a single peak threshold of 40% of the signal of interest. Immediate treatment volume definition based on the choice of a single-tumor volume-derived PET-voxel resulted in a tumor volume that strongly correlated with the CT-derived GTV (r(2) = 0.84; p < 0.01) and the volume as assessed on subsequent anatomic-pathologic analysis (r(2) = 0.77; p < 0.01). In providing sufficient extension margins from the CT-derived GTV and the PET-derived GTV, to PTV, respectively, the correlation of the CT-derived and PET-derived PTV was sufficiently accurate for PTV definition for external-beam therapy (r(2) = 0.96; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Automated segmentation of the PET signal from rectal cancer may allow immediate and sufficiently accurate definition of a preliminary working PTV for preoperative RT. If required, correction for anatomic precision and geometric resolution may be applied in a second step. Computed PET-based target-volume definition could be useful for the definition of standardized simultaneous internal-boost volumes for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) based on biologic target volumes.

Repositioning accuracy of fractionated stereotactic irradiation: assessment of isocentre alignment for different dental fixations by using sequential CT scanning.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To quantify the accuracy and reproducibility of patient repositioning in fractionated stereotactic conformal radiotherapy (SCRT) using dental fixations in conjunction with a stereotactic head mask. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and fourteen verification CT scans were performed on 57 patients in order to check set-up alignment. The first scan was done immediately after the first treatment. Twelve patients were checked for alignment accuracy with weekly CT scans over a period of 3-6 weeks, all others had 1-2 scans. Two different dental fixations were used in combination with a non-invasive mask system: an upper jaw support (35 patients) and a customised bite-block (17 patients). Five patients were treated with no additional fixation. Co-registration to the planning CT was used to assess alignment of the isocentre to the reference markers. Additionally, the intra-operator variability of image co-registration was assessed. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement of the overall alignment in using the bite-block instead of the upper jaw support (P<0.001). The mean deviation was for the bite-block 2.2+/-1.1 mm (1 SD), for the upper jaw support 3.3+/-1.8 mm and 3.7+/-2.8 mm for the mask alone. Overall isocentre deviations independent of the method of fixation were 2.8 mm (1.7 mm, 1 SD). Displacements in CC direction were significantly less for the bite-block compared to the upper jaw support (P=0.03). The addition of an upper jaw support significantly reduced lateral rotations compared to the mask system alone (P=0.03). The intra-operator variability of image co-registration was 1.59+/-0.49 mm (1 SD). CONCLUSION: The reproducibility of patient positioning using a re-locatable head mask system combined with a bite-block is within the reported range for similar devices and is preferable to a simple upper jaw support. In order to further reduce the margin for the planning target volume an intra-oral dental fixation is recommended.

High conformality radiotherapy in Europe: thirty-one centres participating in the quality assurance programme of the EORTC prostate trial 22991.

Today, conformality in radiotherapy is at the centre of many investments in equipment and staffing. To estimate the current situation within the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) conformal radiotherapy trial for prostate cancer, a technology questionnaire was designed to assess whether participating centres can comply with the required radiotherapy procedures of EORTC trial 22991, where a high dose is prescribed to the prostate. Questions covered various items of computed tomography, data acquisition, treatment planning, delivery and verification. All centres (n=31) replied to the questionnaire. All generate beam's eye views and dose volume histograms. All, but two, centres use digitally reconstructed radiographs to display images. The vast majority of the centres perform at least weekly treatment verification and half have access to individual in vivo dosimetry. The results of the questionnaire indicate that participating centres have access to the equipment and apply the procedures that are essential for conformal prostate radiotherapy. The technology questionnaire is the first step in the extensive quality assurance programme dedicated to this high-tech radiotherapy trial.

Intensity-modulated stereotactic radiotherapy vs. stereotactic conformal radiotherapy for the treatment of meningioma located predominantly in the skull base.

PURPOSE: This study evaluates a possible advantage of intensity-modulated stereotactic radiotherapy (IMSRT) over stereotactic conformal radiotherapy (SCRT) in the treatment of lesions in the base of the skull. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Ten patients (7 with a skull base meningioma) planned for routine SCRT were replanned for IMSRT. The criteria for comparison were the same for both methods: optimal dose to the planning target volume (PTV) and optimal sparing of the organs at risk (OAR). For SCRT, sparing of OAR was achieved by conformal avoidance using 5-6 fields. The IMSRT inverse planning process used optimized OAR sparing through user-defined dose constraints. Dose to the PTV and OAR were assessed by dose-volume histograms, maximum dose, 2 conformity indices, and volumes of relevant isodoses. RESULTS: The conformity index is consistently higher for IMSRT, the largest improvement being for the multifocal and irregular cases. Volumes of the 90% and 80% isodoses were smaller for IMSRT, whereas the volume of the 30% isodose was larger for IMSRT in 6 cases. The maximum dose was consistently higher for IMSRT (mean values 102% and 108% for SCRT and IMSRT, respectively). Sparing of OAR was better with IMSRT, especially for those OARs situated in or near a concave PTV. CONCLUSIONS: In terms of PTV coverage, there is an advantage in using IMSRT for all target shapes, but especially for irregular and concave targets. The dose to OAR is lower with IMSRT, although the volume of normal tissue receiving a low dose can be larger than for SCRT.

Dose conformation of intensity-modulated stereotactic photon beams, proton beams, and intensity-modulated proton beams for intracranial lesions.

PURPOSE: This study evaluates photon beam intensity-modulated stereotactic radiotherapy (IMSRT) based on dynamic leaf motion of a micromultileaf collimator (mMLC), proton beams, and intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) with respect to target coverage and organs at risk. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Dose plans of 6 stereotactically treated patients were recalculated for IMSRT by use of the same field setup and an inverse planning algorithm. Proton and IMPT plans were calculated anew. Three different tumor shapes, multifocal, ovoid, and irregular, were analyzed, as well as dose to organs-at-risk (OAR) in the vicinity of the planning target volume (PTV). Dose distributions were calculated from beam-setup data for a manual mMLC for stereotactically guided conformal radiotherapy (SCRT), a dynamic mMLC for IMSRT, the spot-scanning technique for protons, and a modified spot-scanning technique for IMPT. SCRT was included for a part of the comparison. Criteria for assessment were PTV coverage, dose-volume histograms (DVH), volumes of specific isodoses, and the dose to OAR. RESULTS: Dose conformation to the PTV is equally good for all three techniques and tumor shapes considered. The volumes of the 90% and 80% isodose were comparable for all techniques. For the 50% isodose volume, a divergence between the two modes was seen. In 3 cases, this volume is smaller for IMSRT, and in the 3 other cases, it is smaller for IMPT. This difference was even more pronounced for the volumes of the 30% isodose; IMPT shows further improvement over conventional protons. OAR in concavities (e.g., the brainstem) were similarly well spared by protons and IMSRT. IMPT spares critical organs best. Fewer proton beams are required to achieve similar results. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of intensity modulation improves the conformality of mMLC-based SCRT. Conformation of dose to the PTV is comparable for IMSRT, protons, and IMPT. Concerning the sparing of OAR, IMSRT is equivalent to IMPT, and IMPT is superior to conventional protons. The advantage of protons lies in the lower integral dose.

Radiation treatment planning with an integrated positron emission and computer tomography (PET/CT): a feasibility study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the usefulness of hardware coregistered PET/CT images for target volume definition. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty-nine patients presenting with various solid tumors were investigated. CT and a FDG-PET were obtained in treatment position in an integrated PET/CT scanner, and coregistered images were used for treatment planning. First, volume delineation was performed on the CT data. In a second step, the corresponding PET data were used as an overlay to the CT data to define the target volume. Delineation was done independently by two investigators. RESULTS: Coregistered PET/CT showed good fusion accuracy. The GTV increased by 25% or more because of PET in 17% of cases with head-and-neck (2/12) and lung cancer (1/6), and in 33% (7/21) in cancer of the pelvis. The GTV was reduced > or =25% in 33% of patients with head-and-neck cancer (4/12), in 67% with lung cancer (4/6), and 19% with cancer of the pelvis (4/21). Overall, in 56% (22/39) of cases, GTV delineation was changed significantly if information from metabolic imaging was used in the planning process. The modification of the GTV translated into altered PTV changes exceeding >20% in 46% (18/39) of cases. With PET, volume delineation variability between two independent oncologists decreased from a mean volume difference of 25.7 cm(3) to 9.2 cm(3) associated with a reduction of the standard deviation from 38.3 cm(3) to 13.3 cm(3) (p = 0.02). In 16% of cases, PET/CT revealed distant metastasies, changing the treatment strategy from curative to palliative. CONCLUSION: Integrated PET/CT for treatment planning for three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy improves the standardization of volume delineation compared with that of CT alone. PET/CT has the potential for reducing the risk for geographic misses, to minimize the dose of ionizing radiation applied to non-target organs, and to change the current practice to three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy planning by taking into account the metabolic and biologic features of cancer. The impact on treatment outcome remains to be demonstrated.

Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy boost after post-operative radiotherapy in patients with high-grade gliomas.

PURPOSE: To determine the value and the toxicity of an additional fractionated stereotactic boost as used in the joint randomized EORTC-22972/MRC-BR10 study in patients with malignant gliomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen patients (11 male, six female) with a high-grade glioma (two WHO III, 15 WHO IV) < or =4 cm in maximum diameter, with a good performance status (WHO > or =2), were treated with a fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) boost to 20 Gy in four fractions following partial brain irradiation to a dose of 60 Gy in 30 fractions. This patient group was compared with historical data in a matched-pair analysis. RESULTS: All patients were treated by conventional radiotherapy and a SRT boost (15 patients received 20 Gy and two patients 10 Gy). Acute side effects included fatigue (two), impairment of short-term memory (one) and worsening of pre-existing symptoms (one). No patient developed steroid dependence after SRT. One patient was re-operated for radiation necrosis. At a median follow-up of 25 months (9-50 months) 14 patients recurred locally. Survival was 77% at 1 year and 42% at 2 years; progression-free survival was 70% at 1 year and 35% at 2 years for all patients, respectively. Median survival for the whole patient group is 20 months. Comparison with a matched historical group showed a significantly better survival for the group treated with a stereotactic boost (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: A fractionated stereotactic boost after standard external beam radiotherapy in selected patients with high-grade glioma is feasible and well tolerated with low toxicity. Compared to historical data survival is significantly better with an additional SRT boost. However, its effectiveness has to be proven in a randomized trial.

Quality assurance of the EORTC trial 22911. A phase III study of post-operative external radiotherapy in pathological stage T3N0 prostatic carcinoma: the dummy run.

INTRODUCTION: A dry run of a clinical trial (EORTC 22911) is presented in which 12 centres have participated. These are the centres which have contributed the largest number of patients to the trial. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Each participating centre received data from a suitable patient. Investigators were asked to plan and 'treat' the patient according to the protocol guidelines and return the data for evaluation of compliance. RESULTS: The results show that compliance to the protocol guidelines was generally good. There were a few minor deviations in the dose and fractionation schedule, in the volume reduction for the booster dose and in the dose prescription point. None of these deviations will affect the outcome of the study. The most important observation is the large inter-centre variation in target volumes. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study underlines the need for a strict definition of the target volume and the adoption of the ICRU 50 recommendations in future protocols.

The use of a leg holder immobilisation device in 3D-conformal radiation therapy of prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of a leg holder immobilisation device on patient positioning accuracy in the treatment of prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty patients of similar age and stage of disease treated with curative external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer were included prospectively. Ten patients were sequentially allocated to one of the two groups, and treated either with or without a leg holder. Treatment set-up alignment accuracy was assessed with an electronic portal imaging device (EPID). RESULTS: Set-up accuracy was 0.3, 0.3 and 0.2 cm for patients with a leg holder, and 0.3, 0.4 and 0.2 cm for patients without a leg holder in the cranio-caudal, anterior-posterior and in the lateral positions, respectively. The difference is not significant. The repositioning accuracy of combined (sagittal and lateral) in-plane rotations on the other hand, was significantly improved with a leg holder device (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Set-up accuracy can be improved using a leg holder immobilisation device in terms of rotational movement accuracy, thus making on-line corrections more accurate using EPID in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Early improvements in vision after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for primary optic nerve sheath meningioma.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To report on the efficacy and follow-up of 23 patients with primary optic nerve sheath meningioma (ONSM) with fractionated stereotactic conformal radiotherapy (SCRT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1996 and 2003, 23 patients ( = 23 eyes) with ONSM were treated. Indications for primary stereotactic radiotherapy were tumour progression documented by imaging or symptoms (loss of vision, pain). All patients received SCRT with a median dose of 50.4Gy in 6 weeks. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 20 months (1-68 months) a 95% (21 of 22) visual control was seen: vision improved in 16 patients and remained stable in 5. For 13/16 patients improvement was documented already within 1-3 months after SCRT. Vision became worse in one patient. An improvement of pain was observed after radiotherapy in 6 patients as well as of proptosis in 1 patient. For 1 patient pain was persistent after SCRT. In one patient 4 years after SCRT a radiation retinitis and vitreous haemorrhage was seen. CONCLUSIONS: Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy improves vision, often shortly after treatment, and is thus a viable treatment option for this tumour entity.

PET/CT staging followed by Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) improves treatment outcome of locally advanced pharyngeal carcinoma: a matched-pair comparison.

BACKGROUND: Impact of non-pharmacological innovations on cancer cure rates is difficult to assess. It remains unclear, whether outcome improves with 2- [18-F]-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography and integrated computer tomography (PET/CT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for curative treatment of advanced pharyngeal carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty five patients with stage IVA oro- or hypopharyngeal carcinoma were staged with an integrated PET/CT and treated with definitive chemoradiation with IMRT from 2002 until 2005. To estimate the impact of PET/CT with IMRT on outcome, a case-control analysis on all patients with PET/CT and IMRT was done after matching with eighty six patients treated between 1991 and 2001 without PET/CT and 3D-conformal radiotherapy with respect to gender, age, stage, grade, and tumor location with a ratio of 1:2. Median follow-up was eighteen months (range, 6-49 months) for the PET/CT-IMRT group and twenty eight months (range, 1-168 months) for the controls. RESULTS: PET/CT and treatment with IMRT improved cure rates compared to patients without PET/CT and IMRT. Overall survival of patients with PET/CT and IMRT was 97% and 91% at 1 and 2 years respectively, compared to 74% and 54% for patients without PET/CT or IMRT (p = 0.002). The event-free survival rate of PET/CT-IMRT group was 90% and 80% at 1 and 2 years respectively, compared to 72% and 56% in the control group (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: PET/CT in combination with IMRT and chemotherapy for pharyngeal carcinoma improve oncological therapy of pharyngeal carcinomas. Long-term follow-up is needed to confirm these findings.

The impact of radiotherapy in the treatment of desmoid tumours. An international survey of 110 patients. A study of the Rare Cancer Network.

PURPOSE: A multi-centre study to assess the value of combined surgical resection and radiotherapy for the treatment of desmoid tumours. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and ten patients from several European countries qualified for this study. Pathology slides of all patients were reviewed by an independent pathologist. Sixty-eight patients received post-operative radiotherapy and 42 surgery only. Median follow-up was 6 years (1 to 44). The progression-free survival time (PFS) and prognostic factors were analysed. RESULTS: The combined treatment with radiotherapy showed a significantly longer progression-free survival than surgical resection alone (p smaller than 0.001). Extremities could be preserved in all patients treated with combined surgery and radiotherapy for tumours located in the limb, whereas amputation was necessary for 23% of patients treated with surgery alone. A comparison of PFS for tumour locations proved the abdominal wall to be a positive prognostic factor and a localization in the extremities to be a negative prognostic factor. Additional irradiation, a fraction size larger than or equal to 2 Gy and a total dose larger than 50 Gy to the tumour were found to be positive prognostic factors with a significantly lower risk for a recurrence in the univariate analysis. This analysis revealed radiotherapy at recurrence as a significantly worse prognostic factor compared with adjuvant radiotherapy. The addition of radiotherapy to the treatment concept was a positive prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Postoperative radiotherapy significantly improved the PFS compared to surgery alone. Therefore it should always be considered after a non-radical tumour resection and should be given preferably in an adjuvant setting. It is effective in limb preservation and for preserving the function of joints in situations where surgery alone would result in deficits, which is especially important in young patients.

Target motion variability and on-line positioning accuracy during external-beam radiation therapy of prostate cancer with an endorectal balloon device.

PURPOSE: To prospectively define the setup error and the interfraction prostate localization accuracy of the planning target volume (PTV) in the presence of an endorectal balloon (ERB) device. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Weekly portal images (PIs) of 15 patients undergoing external-beam radiotherapy were analyzed. Displacements of the isocenter and the center of the ERB were measured. The setup and target motion variability were assessed with regard to the position variability of the ERB. RESULTS: The setup error was random and target motion variability was largest in the craniocaudal direction. The mean displacement of the isocenter was 2.1 mm (+/-1.2 mm SD [standard deviation]), 2.4 mm (+/-2.2 mm SD), and 3.8 mm (+/-4.0 mm SD) in the left-right, craniocaudal, and anteroposterior directions, respectively (p=0.1). The mean displacement of the ERB was 2.0 mm (+/-1.4 mm SD), 4.1 mm (+/-2.0 mm SD), and 3.8 mm (+/-3.3 mm SD; p=0.03). Setup margin and internal margin contributed equally to the PTV margin. Cumulative placement insecurity of the field and the ERB together was 4.0 mm (+/-2.1 mm SD) laterally, 6.4 mm (+/-2.5 mm SD) craniocaudally, and 7.7 mm (+/-7.0 mm SD) anteroposteriorly. The 95% CIs (confidence intervals) were 2.9-5.2 mm, 5.1-7.8 mm, and 3.8-11.5 mm. In 35% of cases, the estimation of the dorsal margin exceeded 1 cm. CONCLUSION: Margin estimate dorsally may exceed 1 cm and on-line position verification with an ERB cannot be recommended for dose escalation>70 Gy.