[Recommendations for the management of pancreatic cancer type adenocarcinoma: A consensus statement reached during the 2015 Latin American Symposium on Gastroenterological Oncology]. / Recomendaciones sobre el manejo del cáncer de páncreas tipo adenocarcinoma en Latinoamérica: Reunión del Consenso del Simposio Latinoamericano de Gastroenterología Oncológica (SLAGO) y de la Asociación Ibero Latinoamericana de Terapia Radiante (ALATRO), Viña del Mar, Chile 2015.

Pancreatic cancer is a malignancy of great impact in developed countries and is having an increasing impact in Latin America. Incidence and mortality rates are similar for this cancer. This is an important reason to offer to the patients the best treatments available. During the Latin American Symposium of Gastroenterology Oncology (SLAGO) held in Viña del Mar, Chile, in April 2015, a multidisciplinary group of specialists in the field met to discuss about this disease. The main conclusions of this meeting, where practitioners from most of Latin American countries participated, are listed in this consensus that seek to serve as a guide for better decision making for patients with pancreatic cancer in Latin America.

Regional differences in gallbladder cancer pathogenesis: insights from a comparison of cell cycle-regulatory, PI3K, and pro-angiogenic protein expression.

BACKGROUND: The variable incidence of gallbladder cancer (GBCA) suggests regional pathogenetic differences. This study compares cell cycle-regulatory, angiogenesis-related, and PI3K pathway protein expression in GBCAs from three continents. METHODS: Immunohistochemical expression of several proteins was assessed, correlated with clinicopathologic variables, and compared among centers from Chile (Fundación Arturo López Pérez [FALP]), Japan (Yokohama City University [YCU]), and the United States (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC]). Hierarchical clustering was used to partition the data based on protein-expression and treatment center. RESULTS: Tissue from 117 patients (MSKCC = 76; FALP = 22; YCU = 19) was analyzed. Mdm2 overexpression was seen only at MSKCC (p < 0.0001). Absence of p21 (p = 0.03) and VEGFR2 (p = 0.018) were more common and p27 expression was less frequent (p = 0.047) in tumors from YCU. Ki-67 labeling index in YCU tumors (median = 10) was two-thirds lower than at other centers. On hierarchical clustering analysis, all YCU patients (p = 0.017) and those with early tumors (p = 0.017) clustered separately from MSKCC. Median disease-specific survival after curative intent (R0) resection was 27 months and was similar among centers (p = 0.9). Median disease-specific survival of patients with early tumors was 28.4 months and was higher at YCU (not reached, p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Cell cycle-regulatory protein expression patterns of YCU tumors differed from those treated at FALP and MSKCC. The differential clustering of protein expression and survival in patients with early tumors suggest regional differences in pathogenesis and disease biology.

Combined total gastrectomy, total esophagectomy, and D2 lymph node dissection with transverse colonic interposition for adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction.

The surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) is complex. A large tumor involving a substantial portion of both the esophagus and stomach requires complete resection with negative proximal and distal margins as well as D2 lymph node dissection. Some investigators have found that patients who do not undergo radical resection have a worse prognosis; however, more aggressive surgical treatments are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We describe our operative technique designed for complete resection of tumors of the GEJ. We used this technique to operate on nine patients, none of whom suffered anastomotic leakage or necrosis of the colonic interposition graft.

Incidental gallbladder cancer: analysis of surgical findings and survival.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Incidental gallbladder cancer (IGBCA) has risen worldwide and its prognosis depends on complete radical cholecystectomy (CRC). This study evaluated surgical findings during re-operation and survival of patients with IGBCA. METHODS: Demographics, surgical treatment, staging, and survival data for all IGBCA patients who underwent surgery at Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez (FALP) between 2000 and 2008 were analyzed. Differences between groups were analyzed by Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney, chi-square, or Fisher log-rank tests. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients were studied (38 women/11 men, median age = 58 years). Pathology reports from cholecystectomy showed that 32 patients had a T2 tumor and 12 had positive resection margin. Thirty-six patients underwent surgical re-exploration and 20 underwent CRC; 10 with (+) residual disease and 10 with (-). For patients with at least T1b tumor, median survival was 28 months and 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) was 29%. The 3-year DSS was 64% for CRC (-), 30% for CRC (+), and 8% for non-resected cases (P < 0.007). The 3-year DSS was better for patients with stage Ib than those with stages II and IV (P < 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with IGBCA have a high chance of intra-abdominal metastases or local residual disease. In CRC patients, intra-abdominal metastases were associated with a worse prognosis.

[Complications and mortality of extended gastrectomy for gastric cancer]. / Gastrectomía extendida en cáncer gástrico. Evaluación de la morbilidad y mortalidad postoperatoria.

BACKGROUND: Extended gastrectomy allows a complete tumor excision in patients with advanced gastric cancer. AIM: To compare the surgical results of extended (ER) and non-extended gastrectomy (NER) among patients with gastric cancer, and determine factors associated with complications and mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of medical records of patients with gastric cancer who underwent complete resection between 2002 and 2008 in an oncological hospital. Demographics, patient-related and therapeutic features were compared between groups, and independent factors were established with multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Seventy four patients, (44 men, median age 62 years) underwent an ER and 103 patients, (56 men, median age 61 years) a NER. Specifically, ER included splenectomy alone in 27 patients, splenectomy associated with other procedure in 24, partial esophagectomy in 18, distal pancreatectomy in 13, hemicolectomy in 8, total esophagectomy in 7, partial hepatectomy in 4, and adrenalectomy in 1. Postoperative complications were observed in 19 patients treated with an ER (26%) and in 11 patients treated with a NER (11%), p < 0.05. Serious complications were higher in patients who underwent an ER compared with NER (6 patients (8%) vs. 4 (4%), respectively) p < 0.05. In the same way, mortality was higher in patients treated with ER when it was compared with NER (4 patients (5%) vs two (2%), respectively), p < 0.05. ER and serum albumin levels were independent factors associated to a higher risk of mortality and rate of complications. CONCLUSIONS: ER was associated with a higher rate of general and severe complications, and mortality.

The role of PET-CT in patients with incidental gallbladder cancer.

INTRODUCTION: After a cholecystectomy, incidental gallbladder cancer (IGC) requires accurate imaging studies to determine the actual extent of the disease to properly tailor subsequent treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography ((18)FDG PET-CT) to provide optimal pre-treatment staging in patients with IGC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between January 2006 and August 2008, all patients with IGC and at least muscular layer invasion were studied with (18)FDG PET-CT. The examination was considered positive when the standardized uptake values (SUV) were >/=2.5. In all instances patients were offered to undergo definitive exploration and possible radical resection. RESULTS: The series included 32 patients, 26 women and 6 men, with a median age of 57 years (range 30-81 years). The examination was performed at a median time of 6 weeks after cholecystectomy (range 2-52 weeks). (18)FDG PET-CT was negative in 13 patients and positive in 19 patients: 9 with localized potentially resectable disease (PRD) and in 10 with disseminated disease. Of the 13 patients with negative PET-CT, 9 refused surgery and 4 underwent formal exploration: 3 patients were resected with no disease identified in the final pathology report (FPR) and 1 was not resected as a result of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Of the 9 with PRD, 4 patients refused reoperation and 5 underwent exploration: 3 were resected with residual disease noted in the FPR and 2 did not undergo resection because of dissemination. Two patients with disseminated disease were reoperated and in both instances disseminated disease was confirmed. The median survival for the entire group was 20.3 months (range 1.6-32.9 months). The median survival for those patients with negative PET-CT was 13.5 months (range 5.6-32.9 months), 6.2 months (range 1.6-18.7 months) for localized potentially resectable disease and 4.9 months (range 2-14.1 months) for disseminated disease (P < 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: For patients presenting with stage T1b or greater IGC, the use of (18)FDG PET-CT will help reduce the number of patients undergoing non-therapeutic re-exploration and may help to determine the likely prognosis. (18)FDG PET-CT might be a useful tool for the selection of patients for potentially curative treatment.

Association of Chronic Pancreatitis and Malignant Main Duct IPMN: A Rare but Difficult Clinical Problem.

We report the case of a 70-year-old woman who consulted for recurrent short episodes of mild-to-moderate abdominal pain. Dilated main pancreatic duct was seen on CAT scan and magnetic resonance, with multiple calcifications and intraductal stones, typical in CP. However, for a more pronounced cystic dilatation in the pancreatic head, we could not exclude the coexistence of a main duct IPMN. ERCP was performed, with pancreatic sphincterotomy and extraction of pancreatic stones, but, at the same time, mucin extrusion was seen from the dilated duct through the papilla. Pancreatoduodenectomy was performed. Surgery and histology confirmed malignant IPMN with the typical image of chronic pancreatitis and intraductal stones in the vicinity. The patient is doing well 4 years after the surgery, without recurrence of the malignant disease, with changes of chronic pancreatitis in the pancreatic remnant. This paper discusses the possible relationships between the two entities and emphasizes the need of differential diagnosis.

Gallbladder cancer: differences in presentation, surgical treatment, and survival in patients treated at centers in three countries.

BACKGROUND: Gallbladder cancer (GBCA) is a rare malignancy with a variable incidence worldwide. This study analyzed GBCA patients treated at centers in 3 countries. The aim was to assess for location-specific differences in presentation and outcomes, which might suggest differences in pathogenesis or disease biology. STUDY DESIGN: Data for consecutive patients submitted to operation at Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez (FALP, Chile), Yokohama City University (YCU, Japan), and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC, USA) between 1999 and 2007 were studied retrospectively. Patient demographics, disease- and treatment-related variables and outcomes were analyzed by chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and log-rank test. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-one patients (MSKCC, 130; FALP, 85; YCU, 46) underwent exploration, and 160 (MSKCC, 91; FALP, 33; YCU, 36) underwent R0 resection. Patients treated at FALP were younger (median 57 years, p < 0.001) and more often female (80%, p < 0.005); at YCU there were fewer patients with incidental tumors (19.5% compared with more than 60% at FALP and MSKCC, p < 0.001). En bloc liver and bile duct resections were performed more commonly at MSKCC and YCU (p < 0.001). Patients treated at FALP had more advanced tumor stage compared with those treated at MSKCC and YCU (p < 0.001). Disease-specific survival (DSS) was not different among the groups when patients submitted to an R0 resection were analyzed (p = 0.12). On multivariate analysis, T-stage, nodal involvement, and bile duct involvement were predictors of DSS; center was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some differences in presentation, disease extent, and surgical treatment, DSS after curative intent resection was similar among all 3 groups. The most important predictors of outcomes were related to tumor extent rather than country of origin.

Recomendaciones sobre el manejo del cáncer de páncreas tipo adenocarcinoma en Latinoamérica: Reunión del Consenso del Simposio Latinoamericano de Gastroenterología Oncológica (SLAGO) y de la Asociación Ibero Latinoamericana de Terapia Radiante (ALATRO), Viña del Mar, Chile 2015 / Recommendations for the management of pancreatic cancer type adenocarcinoma: A consensus statement reached during the 2015 Latin American Symposium on Gastroenterological Oncology

Pancreatic cancer is a malignancy of great impact in developed countries and is having an increasing impact in Latin America. Incidence and mortality rates are similar for this cancer. This is an important reason to offer to the patients the best treatments available. During the Latin American Symposium of Gastroenterology Oncology (SLAGO) held in Viña del Mar, Chile, in April 2015, a multidisciplinary group of specialists in the field met to discuss about this disease. The main conclusions of this meeting, where practitioners from most of Latin American countries participated, are listed in this consensus that seek to serve as a guide for better decision making for patients with pancreatic cancer in Latin America.

[Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction: retrospective analysis of 39 patients]. / Cáncer de la unión gastroesofágica: Evaluación de los resultados quirúrgicos, sobrevida alejada y factores pronósticos en enfermos con terapia resectiva.

BACKGROUND: The long-term survival of adenocarcinoma of the esophago-gastric junction is poor and depends on the possibility of performing a complete surgical excision and the absence of lymph node involvement. AIM: To report surgical results and survival of patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophago-gastric junction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review of medical records of patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophago-gastric junction, subjected to a curative surgical procedure between 2000 and 2008. Deaths that occurred within 60 days of the operation were considered operative mortality. Tumor stage was determined using TNM and Siewert pathological classifications. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients aged 40 to 80years (27 men), were operated. According to Siewert classification, seven patients had type I, six type II and 26 type III tumors. Twenty-two patients were subjected to a total gastrectomy with partial excision of distal esophagus and mediastinal reconstruction, 10patients were subjected to a trans-hiatal esophagectomy and seven to a total esophagogastrectomy. According to postoperative staging, five patients were in stage I, 12 in stage II, nine in stage III and 13 in stage IV. Median, three and five year's survival figures were 21.4 months, 33 and 25%, respectively. Lymph node and perineural involvement was associated with a lower survival. Well differentiated and stage I tumors had a better survival. Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of a type III tumor, N3 lymph node involvement and vascular permeation were independent predictors' ofa lower survival. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophago-gastric junction, type III tumors, lymph node involvement and vascular permeations are associated with a lower survival.

[Esophageal melanoma: report of two cases]. / Melanoma primario del esófago tratado con esofagectomía: Casos clínicos.

Esophageal melanomas correspond to 0.1 to 0.2% of esophageal tumors. We report two patients with the disease. The first patient is a 51 year-old woman pre-sentingwith dysphagia and weight loss. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a polypoid ulcerated lesion in the middle third of the esophagus. The pathological study ofthe biopsy disclosed a malignant melanoma. The patient was subjected to an esophagectomy with a satisfactory postoperative evolution. Four months later, liver metastases were detected and the patient died eleven months after the operation. The second patient is a 59 year-old mole that consulted by dysphagia. An endoscopy showed a pigmented esophageal lesion whose pathological diagnosis was a malignant melanoma. The patient was subjected to an esophagectomy and sixteen months after surgery there was no evidence of relapse.

Ileal intussusception secondary to small bowel metastases from melanoma.

A 54-year-old man on palliative treatment for disseminated cutaneous malignant melanoma presented with abdominal pain and abdominal distention. A computed tomography scan showed an area in the distal ileum suggesting intussusceptions. In an exploratory laparotomy, a 10-cm mass was found comprised of the distal ileum that had intussuscepted secondary to the small bowel metastases of melanoma. A palliative resection of 2 segments of the small bowel was performed.

[Detection of neuroendocrine tumors by positron emission tomography-computed tomography with 68Ga-DOTATATE: report of one case]. / Una nueva modalidad diagnóstica para la detección de tumores neuroendocrinos con 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT: caso clínico.

We report a 74-year-old male with liver metastases from a neuroendocrine tumor (NET) of unknown origin. Conventional imaging studies with ultrasound, computed tomography colonoscopy and Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) with 18Fluor odeoxyglucose did not identify the site of origin of the primary tumor. The patient was submitted for a PET/CT scan with a new radiopharmaceuticai, the somatostatin analogue 68Ga-DOTATATE. This new technique demonstrated increased focal uptake at the ileocecal valve. This lesion and other two liver metastases were surgically removed. The histopathology and immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the diagnosis of NET (carcinoid). This case illustrates the advantages of the PET/CT scan with 68Ga-DOTATATE.

[Fibrolamellar liver carcinoma: report of two cases and review of the literature]. / Carcinoma hepatocelular variedad fibrolamelar metastásico en menores de 20 años: Reporte de 2 casos tratados con intención curativa y revisión de la literatura.

Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FLC) is a rare histologic variant of hepatocellular carcinoma that appears most commonly in teenagers and young adults. The diagnosis is often made incidentally and surgical resection is the only curative treatment. Here we report two cases of incidental FLC involving a 19 year-old male, initially diagnosed with screening abdominal ultrasound, and a 14 year-old female that presented with abdominal pain. Diagnostic workup consisted of abdominal PET/CT and MR1 Imaging studies and tissue diagnosis was confirmed with percutaneous liver biopsy. Both patients were treated with radical liver resection/tumor excision. However, tumor recurrence was observed in both during short-term follow-up. The male patient was treated successfully with surgical treatment however the female patient succumbed top regression of disease.

Thyroid metastases from gallbladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Gallbladder cancer is an aggressive malignancy and radical resection is the only curative therapy available. Metastatic disease in the thyroid is rarely seen; however, different studies have confirmed that the most common primary tumor source is the kidney. CASE REPORT: Thyroid metastases from tumors originating in the gastrointestinal tract have been reported. We report a patient with gallbladder cancer (T2N1M0) treated with radical resection and postoperative chemoradiation who developed thyroid metastases.

Cáncer de la unión gastroesofágica: Evaluación de los resultados quirúrgicos, sobrevida alejada y factores pronósticos en enfermos con terapia resectiva / Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction: Retrospective analysis of 39 patients

Background: The long-term survival of adenocarcinoma of the esophago-gastric junction is poor and depends on the possibility of performing a complete surgical excision and the absence of lymph node involvement. Aim: To report surgical results and survival of patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophago-gastric junction. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophago-gastric junction, subjected to a curative surgical procedure between 2000 and 2008. Deaths that occurred within 60 days of the operation were considered operative mortality. Tumor stage was determined using TNM and Siewert pathological classifications. Results: Thirty-nine patients aged 40 to 80years (27 men), were operated. According to Siewert classification, seven patients had type I, six type II and 26 type III tumors. Twenty-two patients were subjected to a total gastrectomy with partial excision of distal esophagus and mediastinal reconstruction, 10patients were subjected to a trans-hiatal esophagectomy and seven to a total esophagogastrectomy. According to postoperative staging, five patients were in stage I, 12 in stage II, nine in stage III and 13 in stage IV. Median, three and five year's survival figures were 21.4 months, 33 and 25 percent, respectively. Lymph node and perineural involvement was associated with a lower survival. Well differentiated and stage I tumors had a better survival. Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of a type III tumor, N3 lymph node involvement and vascular permeation were independent predictors' ofa lower survival. Conclusions: Among patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophago-gastric junction, type III tumors, lymph node involvement and vascular permeations are associated with a lower survival.

Melanoma primario del esófago tratado con esofagectomía: Casos clínicos / Esophageal melanoma: Report of two cases

Esophageal melanomas correspond to 0.1 to 0.2 percent of esophageal tumors. We report two patients with the disease. The first patient is a 51 year-old woman pre-sentingwith dysphagia and weight loss. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a polypoid ulcerated lesion in the middle third of the esophagus. The pathological study ofthe biopsy disclosed a malignant melanoma. The patient was subjected to an esophagectomy with a satisfactory postoperative evolution. Four months later, liver metastases were detected and the patient died eleven months after the operation. The second patient is a 59 year-old mole that consulted by dysphagia. An endoscopy showed a pigmented esophageal lesion whose pathological diagnosis was a malignant melanoma. The patient was subjected to an esophagectomy and sixteen months after surgery there was no evidence of relapse.

Gastrectomía extendida en cáncer gástrico: Evaluación de la morbilidad y mortalidad postoperatoria / Complications and mortality of extended gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Background: Extended gastrectomy allows a complete tumor excision in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Aim: To compare the surgical results of extended (ER) and non-extended gastrectomy (NER) among patients with gastric cancer, and determine factors associated with complications and mortality. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of patients with gastric cancer who underwent complete resection between 2002 and 2008 in an oncological hospital. Demographics, patient-related and therapeutic features were compared between groups, and independent factors were established with multivariate analysis. Results: Seventy four patients, (44 men, median age 62 years) underwent an ER and 103 patients, (56 men, median age 61 years) a NER. Specifically, ER included splenectomy alone in 27 patients, splenectomy associated with other procedure in 24, partial esophagectomy in 18, distal pancreatectomy in 13, hemicolectomy in 8, total esophagectomy in 7, partial hepatectomy in 4, and adrenalectomy in 1. Postoperative complications were observed in 19 patients treated with an ER (26 percent) and in 11 patients treated with a NER (11 percent), p < 0.05. Serious complications were higher in patients who underwent an ER compared with NER (6 patients (8 percent) vs. 4 (4 percent), respectively) p < 0.05. In the same way, mortality was higher in patients treated with ER when it was compared with NER (4 patients (5 percent) vs two (2 percent), respectively), p < 0.05. ER and serum albumin levels were independent factors associated to a higher risk of mortality and rate of complications. Conclusions: ER was associated with a higher rate of general and severe complications, and mortality.

Carcinoma hepatocelular variedad fibrolamelar metastásico en menores de 20 años: Reporte de 2 casos tratados con intención curativa y revisión de la literatura / Fibrolamellar liver carcinoma: Report of two cases

Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FLC) is a rare histologic variant of hepatocellular carcinoma that appears most commonly in teenagers and young adults. The diagnosis is often made incidentally and surgical resection is the only curative treatment. Here we report two cases of incidental FLC involving a 19 year-old male, initially diagnosed with screening abdominal ultrasound, and a 14 year-old female that presented with abdominal pain. Diagnostic workup consisted of abdominal PET/CT and MRI Imaging studies and tissue diagnosis was confirmed with percutaneous liver biopsy. Both patients were treated with radical liver resection/tumor excision. However, tumor recurrence was observed in both during short-term follow-up. The male patient was treated successfully with surgical treatment however the female patient succumbed top regression of disease.