The risk of hospitalization for psychotic disorders following hospitalization for COVID-19: a French nationwide longitudinal study.

COVID-19, like other infectious diseases, may be a risk factor for psychotic disorders. We aimed to compare the proportions of hospitalizations for psychotic disorders in the 12 months following discharge from hospital for either COVID-19 or for another reason in the adult general population in France during the first wave of the pandemic. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal nationwide study using the national French administrative healthcare database. Psychotic disorders were first studied as a whole, and then chronic and acute disorders separately. The role of several adjustment factors, including sociodemographics, a history of psychotic disorder, the duration of the initial hospitalization, and the level of care received during that hospitalization, were also analyzed. Between 1 January 2020 and 30 June 2020, a total of 14,622 patients were hospitalized for psychotic disorders in the 12 months following discharge from hospital for either COVID-19 or another reason. Initial hospitalization for COVID-19 (vs. another reason) was associated with a lower rate of subsequent hospitalization for psychotic disorders (0.31% vs. 0.51%, odds ratio (OR) = 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.53-0.67]). This was true for both chronic and acute disorders, even after adjusting for the various study variables. Importantly, a history of psychotic disorder was a major determinant of hospitalization for psychotic disorders (adjusted OR = 126.56, 95% CI [121.85-131.46]). Our results suggest that, in comparison to individuals initially hospitalized for another reason, individuals initially hospitalized for COVID-19 present a lower risk of hospitalization for first episodes of psychotic symptoms/disorders or for psychotic relapse in the 12 months following discharge. This finding contradicts the hypothesis that there is a higher risk of psychotic disorders after a severe COVID-19.

Implementation of a Novel Epidemiological Surveillance System for Children's Mental Health and Well-Being in France: Protocol for the National "Enabee" Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Children's mental health, including their well-being, is a major public health concern, as the burden of related disorders may last throughout one's life. Although epidemiological mental health surveillance systems for children and adolescents have been implemented in several countries, they are sorely lacking in France. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the first step of the implementation of a novel surveillance system in France called Enabee (Etude nationale sur le bien-être des enfants), which focuses on the issue of mental health in children. The system aims to (1) describe the temporal trends in the population-based prevalence of the main mental health disorders and well-being in children aged 3 to 11 years, (2) explore their major determinants, and (3) assess mental health care use by this population. To do this, Enabee will rely on results from a recurrent national cross-sectional homonymous study. This paper presents the protocol for the first edition of this study (called Enabee 2022), as well as initial results regarding participation. METHODS: Enabee 2022 is a national cross-sectional study that was implemented in French schools in 2022. It used a probabilistic, multistage, stratified, and balanced sampling plan as follows: first, schools were randomly drawn and stratified according to the type of school. Up to 4 classes per school were then randomly drawn, and finally, all the pupils within each class were selected. The study covered children from preschool and kindergarten (aged 3 to 6 years, US grading system) to fifth grade (aged 6 to 11 years). Children from first to fifth grades provided a self-assessment of their mental health using 2 validated self-administered questionnaires: the Dominic Interactive (DI) and the KINDL. Parents and teachers completed a web-based questionnaire, including the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Parents also answered additional questions about their parenting attitudes; their own mental health; known social, economic, and environmental determinants of mental health in children; and their child's life habits. Health, education, and family stakeholders were involved in designing and implementing the study as part of a large consultation group. RESULTS: Data were collected from May 2, 2022, to July 31, 2022, in 399 schools across metropolitan France. Teachers completed questionnaires for 5721 pupils in preschool and kindergarten and for 15,263 pupils from first to fifth grades. Parents completed questionnaires for 3785 children in preschool and kindergarten and for 9227 children from first to fifth grades. Finally, 15,206 children from first to fifth grades completed the self-administered questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Enabee 2022 constitutes the first milestone in the development of a novel national epidemiological surveillance system, paving the way for improved children's mental health policies in France.

Lower risk of hospitalisation for depression following hospitalisation for COVID-19 versus for another reason.

INTRODUCTION: Although hospitalisation for COVID-19 is associated with a higher post-discharge risk of mood disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), this risk has not been compared to that following hospitalisation for a reason other than COVID-19. METHODS: Using data from France's National Health Data System (SNDS) database, we compared patients hospitalised for mood disorders in the 12 months following COVID-19/another reason hospitalisation. RESULTS: 96,313 adult individuals were hospitalised for COVID-19, and 2,979,775 were hospitalised for another reason. In the 12 months post-discharge, 110,976 (3.83 %) patients were hospitalised for mood disorders. In unadjusted analyses, patients initially hospitalised for COVID-19 (versus another reason) were more likely to be subsequently hospitalised for a mood disorder (4.27 % versus 3.82 % versus, respectively, p < 0.0001). These patients were also more likely to have a history of mood disorders, especially depressive disorders (6.45 % versus 5.77 %, respectively, p < 0.0001). Women, older age, lower social deprivation, a history of mood disorders, longer initial hospitalisation (COVID-19 or other), and a higher level of clinical care during initial hospitalisation were all significantly associated with the risk of subsequent hospitalisation for MDD and BD. In contrast, after adjusting for all these factors, persons initially hospitalised for COVID-19 were less likely to be subsequently hospitalised for MDD (OR = 0.902 [0.870-0.935]; p < 0.0001). No difference between both groups was observed for BD. LIMITATIONS: Other reasons were not separately studied. CONCLUSIONS: After adjusting for confounding factors, initial hospitalisation for COVID-19 versus for another reason was associated with a lower risk of hospitalisation for a mood disorder.

Complex association between post-COVID-19 condition and anxiety and depression symptoms.

BACKGROUND: To assess the associations between anxiety and depressive symptoms and post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) by exploring the direction of these associations and their relevance in the definition of PCC. METHODS: Nationwide survey among French adults, recruited between March and April, 2022, using a quota method to capture a representative sample of the general population with regard to sex, age, socioeconomic status, size of the place of residence, and region. We included all participants who met the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of PCC in addition to a random sample of participants infected with SARS-COV-2 for at least 3 months but without PCC. Self-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms, chronic anxiety and depression (for more than 3 years), and anxiety and depression were measured using the GAD-2 and PHQ-2 questionnaires, respectively. RESULTS: In a sample of 1,095 participants with PCC and 1,021 participants infected with SARS-COV-2 without PCC, 21% had self-reported anxiety and 18% self-reported depression, whereas 33% and 20% had current measured symptoms of anxiety and depression, respectively. The high prevalence of these symptoms cannot only be explained by the characterization of PCC, as only 13.4% of anxiety symptoms and 7.6% of depressive symptoms met the WHO criteria for PCC. Only one participant met the WHO criteria based on self-reported anxiety or depressive symptoms alone, as these were always combined with other symptoms in patients with PCC. Chronic symptoms were associated with PCC (aOR 1.27; 95% CI: 1.00-1.61). In addition, measured anxiety was associated with PCC (aOR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.02-1.62). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-COVID-19 chronic anxiety and depression may play a role in the development of PCC or share vulnerability factors with it. Our results challenge the inclusion of anxiety and depression in the definition of PCC.

Hospitalization for COVID-19 is associated with a higher risk of subsequent hospitalization for psychiatric disorders: A French nationwide longitudinal study comparing hospitalizations for COVID-19 and for other reasons.

INTRODUCTION: Although COVID-19 has been associated with psychiatric symptoms in patients, no study to date has examined the risk of hospitalization for psychiatric disorders after hospitalization for this disease. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the proportions of hospitalizations for psychiatric disorders in the 12 months following either hospitalization for COVID-19 or hospitalization for another reason in the adult general population in France during the first wave of the current pandemic. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective longitudinal nationwide study based on the national French administrative healthcare database. RESULTS: Among the 2,894,088 adults hospitalized, 96,313 (3.32%) were admitted for COVID-19. The proportion of patients subsequently hospitalized for a psychiatric disorder was higher for COVID-19 patients (11.09 vs. 9.24%, OR = 1.20 95%CI 1.18-1.23). Multivariable analyses provided similar results for a psychiatric disorder of any type and for psychotic and anxiety disorders (respectively, aOR = 1.06 95%CI 1.04-1.09, aOR = 1.09 95%CI 1.02-1.17, and aOR = 1.11 95%CI 1.08-1.14). Initial hospitalization for COVID-19 in intensive care units and psychiatric history were associated with a greater risk of subsequent hospitalization for any psychiatric disorder than initial hospitalization for another reason. DISCUSSION: Compared with hospitalizations for other reasons, hospitalizations for COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic in France were associated with a higher risk of hospitalization for a psychiatric disorder during the 12 months following initial discharge. This finding should encourage clinicians to increase the monitoring and assessment of psychiatric symptoms after hospital discharge for COVID-19, and to propose post-hospital care, especially for those treated in intensive care.