Rhizopus microsporus Infections Associated with Surgical Procedures, Argentina, 2006-2014.

Rhizopus spp. fungi are ubiquitous in the environment and a rare but substantial cause of infection in immunosuppressed persons and surgery patients. During 2005-2017, an abnormally high number of Rhizopus infections in surgery patients, with no apparent epidemiologic links, were reported in Argentina. To determine the likelihood of a common source of the cluster, we performed whole-genome sequencing on samples collected during 2006-2014. Most isolates were separated by >60 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and we found no evidence for recombination or nonneutral mutation accumulation; these findings do not support common source or patient-to-patient transmission. Assembled genomes of most isolates were ≈25 Mbp, and multiple isolates had substantially larger assembled genomes (43-51 Mbp), indicative of infections with strain types that underwent genome expansion. Whole-genome sequencing has become an essential tool for studying epidemiology of fungal infections. Less discriminatory techniques may miss true relationships, possibly resulting in inappropriate attribution of point source.

Cleaning patient shower facilities: a novel approach to reducing patient exposure to aerosolized Aspergillus species and other opportunistic molds.

We previously have demonstrated that the hospital water-distribution system could be a reservoir for airborne molds that leads to secondary aerosolization of these molds in patient shower facilities. In this report, we show that cleaning the floors of patient shower facilities in a bone marrow transplantation unit reduced the mean air concentrations of molds, including Aspergillus species (from 12 cfu/m3 to 4 cfu/m3; P=.0047).

Epidemiology of invasive fungal diseases on the basis of autopsy reports.

Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients and cost to health services. They are difficult to prevent, diagnose, and treat. This difficulty in diagnosis leads us to treat them empirically by using several tools, including epidemiological data, non-culture methods and images. Most of the available epidemiological information may not be accurate because we are dealing with a disease that only has an estimated 50% chance of being diagnosed before death. Therefore, autopsy reports become a valuable tool, not only to define the real epidemiology, but also to address the trend in pre-mortem diagnosis, which is the best marker available to prove the efficiency of the research in IFD. This article reviews and analyzes the data on IFD obtained from 11 single-center, multi-center and nationwide autopsy reports published between 2008 and 2013, and also discusses the issues we need to address in order to improve the quality of the epidemiological data on invasive fungal disease obtained from autopsy reports.

Pandemic 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients; a multicenter observational study.

BACKGROUND: During March 2009 a novel Influenza A virus emerged in Mexico. We describe the clinical picture of the pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Influenza in cancer patients during the 2009 influenza season. METHODS: Twelve centers participated in a multicenter retrospective observational study of cancer patients with confirmed infection with the 2009 H1N1 Influenza A virus (influenza-like illness or pneumonia plus positive PCR for the 2009 H1N1 Influenza A virus  in respiratory secretions). Clinical data were obtained by retrospective chart review and analyzed.  RESULTS: From May to August 2009, data of 65 patients were collected. Median age was 51 years, 57 % of the patients were female. Most patients (47) had onco-hematological cancers and 18 had solid tumors. Cancer treatment mainly consisted of chemotherapy (46), or stem cell transplantation (SCT) (16). Only 19 of 64 patients had received the 2009 seasonal Influenza vaccine. Clinical presentation included pneumonia (43) and upper respiratory tract infection (22). Forty five of 58 ambulatory patients were admitted. Mechanical ventilation was required in 12 patients (18%). Treatment included oseltamivir monotherapy or in combination with amantadine for a median of 7 days. The global 30-day mortality rate was 18%. All 12 deaths were among the non-vaccinated patients. No deaths were observed among the 19 vaccinated patients. Oxygen saturation <96% at presentation was a predictor of mortality (OR 19.5; 95%CI: 2.28 to 165.9). CONCLUSIONS: In our cancer patient population, the pandemic 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) virus was associated with high incidence of pneumonia (66%), and 30-day mortality (18.5%). Saturation <96% was significantly associated with death. No deaths were observed among vaccinated patients.

Osteomielitis por mucorales (OMM) asociada a artroscopia de reparación de ligamento cruzado anterior: investigación epidemiológica y recomendaciones para su prevención / Mucor osteomyelitis after arthroscopic repair of ACL. Epidemiological investigation

OBJETIVO: Describir la investigación epidemiológica de osteomielitis por Mucorales (OMM) post reparación artroscópica de LCA (RA-LCA) en Argentina. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: 1) Revisión de los casos; 2) Relevamiento de 3 instituciones; 3) Cultivo micológico de materiales quirúrgicos; 4) Encuesta a instrumentadoras; 5) Secuenciación de las cepas de Rhizopus y 6) Redacción de recomendaciones. RESULTADOS: Del 2005 al 2017 se identificaron 40 casos de OMM (Rhizopus sp.) post reparación artroscópica de LCA en pacientes inmunocompetentes de 12 jurisdicciones de Argentina. El diagnóstico fue por cultivo (22/31), y por anatomía patológica (9). La edad promedio fue 29 años. El 84% de 38 casos eran varones. Intervinieron 13 ortopedias. El implante fue importado en 8/20 casos y nacional en 12. En las 3 instituciones se observó: manejo inadecuado del aire de quirófano, variabilidad en la limpieza del artroscopio, en el taladro utilizado, y en el manejo de materiales que llegan de las ortopedias y falta de trazabilidad de los implantes. Los cultivos micológicos de los materiales fueron negativos. La encuesta a instrumentadores confirmó los hallazgos de los relevamientos. La secuenciación de las cepas de Rhizopus demostró predominio de policlonalidad. CONCLUSIÓN: La OMM es una complicación posible luego de la RA-LCA en instituciones privadas de Argentina. No se identificó un origen único. Se detectaron múltiples prácticas que favorecen la contaminación de la cirugía con hongos filamentosos (manejo del aire de quirófano, del artroscopio, de los materiales provenientes de ortopedia, etc.). En base a estos hallazgos la Asociación Argentina de Artroscopía sugiere medidas de prevención. Implicancia clínica: Prevención de osteomielitis por Mucorales post- cirugía artroscópica para ligamento cruzado anterior. Tipo de estudio: Serie de casos. Nivel de Evidencia: IV.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological investigation of Mucor osteomyelitis (MO) after arthroscopic repair of ACL (ARACL) in Argentina. MATERIAL Y METHODS: 1) Review of cases; 2) Survey of 3 institutions; 3) Mycological culture of surgical materials; 4) Survey of instrumentists; 5) Sequencing of Rhizopus strains and 6) Writing of recommendations. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2017, 40 cases of MO (Rhizopus sp.) Post AR-ACL were identified in immunocompetent patients from 12 jurisdictions of Argentina. The diagnosis was made by culture (22/31), and by pathology (9). The average age was 29 years. 84% of 38 cases were male. Thirteen orthopedics intervened. The implant was imported in 8/20 cases and national in 12. In the 3 institutions it was observed: inadequate handling of the operating room air, variability in the cleaning of the arthroscope, in the drill used, and in the handling of materials that come from the orthopedics and lack of traceability of the implants. The mycological cultures of the materials were negative. The survey of instrumentists confirmed the findings of the surveys. The sequencing of Rhizopus strains showed a predominance of polyclonality. CONCLUSION: MO is a possible complication after AR-ACL in private institutions in Argentina. A unique origin was not identified. Multiple practices that favor the contamination of surgery with filamentous fungi (handling of operating room air, arthroscope, materials from orthopedics, etc.) were detected. Based on these findings, the Argentine Association of Arthroscopy suggests prevention measures. Clinical relevance: Prevention of Mucor osteomyelitis after arthroscopic surgery for anterior cruciate ligament. Type study: Cases series. Level of evidence: IV.

[Genotyping of clinical isolates of Aspergillus flavus and its relationship with environmental isolates of an oncohematological center]. / Genotipificación de aislamientos clínicos de Aspergillus flavus y su relación con aislamientos ambientales de un centro oncohematológico.

BACKGROUND: During 4 months, and while conducting an environmental sampling of air, 2 cases of aspergillosis by Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) were diagnosed at an oncohematological center in Buenos Aires, Argentina. AIMS: The aim of this study was to know the variability and the genetic relationship between the clinical and environmental isolates, obtained in the oncohematological center. METHODS: Two genotyping techniques of different discriminatory power (RAPD and AFLP) were used. A genetic similarity matrix was calculated using Jaccard method and was the basis for the construction of a dendrogram by UPGMA. The level of genetic variability was assessed by measuring the percentage of polymorphic loci, number of effective allele, expected heterocygozity and association index test (I(A)). RESULTS: The dendrogram reveals that the A. flavus isolates recovered from the patients were not genetically related to those gotten from the rooms occupied by the patients. The environmental isolates had higher values of genetic diversity than the clinical isolates. The I(A) estimated for all the isolates suggest that recombination events occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Patients 1 and 2 were not infected with isolates from the nosocomial environment. Clinical and environmental isolates of A. flavus showed high genetic variability among them.

Genotipificación de aislamientos clínicos de Aspergillus flavus y su relación con aislamientos ambientales de un centro oncohematológico / Genotyping of clinical isolates of Aspergillus flavus and its relationship with environmental isolates of an oncohematological center

Antecedentes. Durante un período de 4 meses, y mientras se llevaba a cabo un muestreo ambiental de aire, se diagnosticaron 2 casos de aspergilosis por Aspergillus flavus en un centro oncohematológico de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Objetivos. Conocer la variabilidad y la relación genética entre los aislamientos clínicos y los ambientales obtenidos en el centro oncohematológico. Métodos. Se utilizaron 2 técnicas de genotipificación con diferente poder discriminatorio (RAPD y AFLP). Una matriz de similitud genética fue calculada usando el método de Jaccard y fue la base para la construcción de un dendrograma por el método de UPGMA. Se estimó el nivel de variabilidad genética por medio del porcentaje de loci polimórficos, número de alelos efectivos y heterocigosidad esperada, y el índice de asociación (IA). Resultados. El dendrograma mostró que los aislamientos de A. flavus recuperados de los pacientes no se relacionaron genéticamente con los del ambiente nosocomial. Los valores más altos de diversidad genética correspondieron a los aislamientos ambientales. El IA estimado para todos los aislamientos sugiere eventos de recombinación. Conclusiones. Los pacientes 1 y 2 no fueron infectados con los aislamientos obtenidos del ambiente hospitalario. Los aislamientos clínicos y ambientales de A. flavus mostraron alta variabilidad genética entre ellos(AU)

Background. During 4 months, and while conducting an environmental sampling of air, 2 cases of aspergillosis by Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) were diagnosed at an oncohematological center in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Aims. The aim of this study was to know the variability and the genetic relationship between the clinical and environmental isolates, obtained in the oncohematological center. Methods. Two genotyping techniques of different discriminatory power (RAPD and AFLP) were used. A genetic similarity matrix was calculated using Jaccard method and was the basis for the construction of a dendrogram by UPGMA. The level of genetic variability was assessed by measuring the percentage of polymorphic loci, number of effective allele, expected heterocygozity and association index test (IA). Results. The dendrogram reveals that the A. flavus isolates recovered from the patients were not genetically related to those gotten from the rooms occupied by the patients. The environmental isolates had higher values of genetic diversity than the clinical isolates. The IA estimated for all the isolates suggest that recombination events occurred. Conclusions. Patients 1 and 2 were not infected with isolates from the nosocomial environment. Clinical and environmental isolates of A. flavus showed high genetic variability among them(AU)

Ocho años de experiencia en una sola institución en transplante autólogo de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas en enfermedades hematológicas malignas y en tumores sólidos / Eight years of experience in a single institution in hematopoietic stem cell autologous transplantation in malignant hematological diseases and in solid tumors

Entre agosto 1991 y diciembre 1998, 400 pacientes (linfoma: 197, leucemia aguda: 86, mieloma múltiple: 70 y tumores sólidos 47) recibieron un trasplante autólogo. Todos los pacientes fueron movilizados con quimioterapia más G-CSF. Luego de la infusión se utilizó G-CSF. La recuperación de neutrófilos fue similar en todos los grupos; en pacientes con leucemia aguda y mieloma múltiple la recuperación de plaquetas fue más lenta. La muerte relacionada al tranplante fue 4.5 por ciento. El estado de la enfermedad al momento del procedimiento fue el principal factor pronóstico. Con una mediana de seguimiento de 23 meses la SLE a 60 meses fue de 46 por ciento para linfomas de bajo grado, 44 por ciento para linfomas de grado alto e intermedio, 58 por ciento para enfermedad de Hodgkin, 45 por ciento para leucemia mieloblástica aguda, 38 por ciento para tumores sólidos y 15 por ciento para mieloma múltiple. A 60 meses la probabilidad actuarial de supervivencia fue 67 por ciento para linfomas de bajo grado, 47 por ciento para linfomas de grado alto e intermedio, 75 por ciento para enfermedad de Hodgkin, 52 por ciento para leucemia mieloblástica aguda, 54 percent para tumores sólidos y 25 por ciento para mieloma múltiple. Se concluye que el trasplante autólogo de progenitores hematopoyéticos indujo una recuperación hematopoyética rápida y completa. Los resultados obtenidos son similares a los publicados en la literatura, siendo discutido el rol en pacientes con tumores sólidos. La muerte relacionada fue baja sin fallos tardíos del injerto.