Adrenal Neoplasms: Lessons from Adrenal Multidisciplinary Tumor Boards.

The radiologic diagnosis of adrenal disease can be challenging in settings of atypical presentations, mimics of benign and malignant adrenal masses, and rare adrenal anomalies. Misdiagnosis may lead to suboptimal management and adverse outcomes. Adrenal adenoma is the most common benign adrenal tumor that arises from the cortex, whereas adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant tumor of the cortex. Adrenal cyst and myelolipoma are other benign adrenal lesions and are characterized by their fluid and fat content, respectively. Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor of the adrenal medulla. Metastases to the adrenal glands are the most common malignant adrenal tumors. While many of these masses have classic imaging appearances, considerable overlap exists between benign and malignant lesions and can pose a diagnostic challenge. Atypical adrenal adenomas include those that are lipid poor; contain macroscopic fat, hemorrhage, and/or iron; are heterogeneous and/or large; and demonstrate growth. Heterogeneous adrenal adenomas may mimic ACC, metastasis, or pheochromocytoma, particularly when they are 4 cm or larger, whereas smaller versions of ACC, metastasis, and pheochromocytoma and those with washout greater than 60% may mimic adenoma. Because of its nonenhanced CT attenuation of less than or equal to 10 HU, a lipid-rich adrenal adenoma may be mimicked by a benign adrenal cyst, or it may be mimicked by a tumor with central cystic and/or necrotic change such as ACC, pheochromocytoma, or metastasis. Rare adrenal tumors such as hemangioma, ganglioneuroma, and oncocytoma also may mimic adrenal adenoma, ACC, metastasis, and pheochromocytoma. The authors describe cases of adrenal neoplasms that they have encountered in clinical practice and presented to adrenal multidisciplinary tumor boards. Key lessons to aid in diagnosis and further guide appropriate management are provided. © RSNA, 2023 Online supplemental material is available for this article. Quiz questions for this article are available through the Online Learning Center.

Ovarian Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor: Are You Central or Peripheral?

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) of the ovary are rare, highly aggressive neoplasms with fewer than 100 cases described. PNETs of the ovary can be classified as either peripheral or central types. The peripheral PNETs have small round cells with or without rosette formation, and the central PNETs can be further delineated based on the CNS tumor they morphologically resemble. We present a case of a central type ovarian PNET in a young female presenting with a pelvic mass and elevated serum tumor markers.

A diagnostic review of carcinomas and sarcomas of the mediastinum: making the diagnosis on fine-needle aspiration and core needle biopsy specimens.

The mediastinum is a complex anatomic region that can pose many diagnostic challenges on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy (CNB). With the recent technological advancements in EBUS-TBNA and EUS-guided procedures, FNA/CNB is being increasingly utilized to obtain the initial and, in many cases, the only diagnosis. As a result, it is imperative to have an understanding of the pearls and pitfalls associated with both the more common and rarer malignancies that occur at this site. Although the vast majority of mediastinal malignancies encountered in routine clinical practice are metastatic carcinomas to mediastinal lymph nodes, primary tumors and tumors that directly extend into the mediastinum are also encountered. As always, a multimodal approach with clinical and radiographic correlation, a targeted IHC panel, and molecular testing when indicated are indisposable and necessary tools in the diagnostic workup of mediastinal malignancies. This review focuses on the salient diagnostic features of malignancies of epithelial and mesenchymal origin, excluding tumors of neurogenic, thymic, hematolymphoid, and germ cell origins, which are discussed in separate articles of this issue.

DEK-AFF2 Carcinoma of the Sinonasal Region and Skull Base: Detailed Clinicopathologic Characterization of a Distinctive Entity.

A novel DEK-AFF2 fusion was recently reported in 4 nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinomas of the sinonasal region and skull base, including 1 with exceptional response to immunotherapy, but it is not yet clear if this rearrangement defines a unique clinicopathologic category or represents a rare event. This study aims to characterize a larger cohort of carcinomas with DEK-AFF2 fusions to assess whether they truly constitute a distinctive entity. Among 27 sinonasal and skull base nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma that were negative for human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus, RNA sequencing identified DEK-AFF2 fusions in 13 cases (48%). Nine were centered in the nasal cavity, 2 in the middle ear/temporal bone, 1 in the nasopharynx, and 1 in the orbit. These tumors displayed recurrent histologic features including (1) complex endophytic and exophytic, frequently papilloma-like growth, (2) transitional epithelium with eosinophilic to amphophilic cytoplasm, (3) absent or minimal keratinization with occasional compact keratin pearls, (4) monotonous nuclei, and (5) prominent tumor-infiltrating neutrophils or stromal lymphocytes. This appearance not only overlaps with high-grade basaloid sinonasal carcinomas but also with benign papillomas and tumors reported as low-grade papillary Schneiderian carcinoma. However, DEK-AFF2 carcinomas showed frequent local recurrence, cervical lymph node metastases, and distant metastasis with 2 deaths from disease, confirming they are aggressive malignancies despite relatively bland histology. Overall, the distinctive molecular, histologic, and clinical features of DEK-AFF2 carcinomas suggest they represent a unique entity in the sinonasal region. This tumor merits increased pathologic recognition to better understand its prognostic and therapeutic implications.

Metastatic ductal carcinoma of the breast to the thyroid gland diagnosed with fine needle aspiration: A case report with emphasis on morphologic and immunophenotypic features.

Metastases to the thyroid are uncommon [<0.2% of thyroid fine needle aspirations (FNA)]. Of metastases to the thyroid, breast carcinoma is relatively common. The diagnosis of metastasis to the thyroid has important therapeutic and prognostic implications. To our knowledge, a morphologic and immunophenotypic comparison of metastatic ductal carcinoma of the breast and primary thyroid carcinomas has not been reported. Here, we report the case of a 37-year-old female with a history of metastatic ductal carcinoma of the breast (modified Bloom-Richardson grade 2; ER+, PgR+, HER2+) diagnosed 6 years prior. She developed hoarseness, prompting a CT scan. Multiple thyroid nodules were found, including a 1.5 cm hypoechoic, solid, irregularly-shaped nodule. On FNA, cells were arranged singly and in crowded groups, varied in size and degree of pleomorphism, and exhibited rare nuclear grooves, inconspicuous nucleoli, and rare intracytoplasmic lumina with no nuclear pseudoinclusions or colloid (Figs. 1A and B). These findings raised the differential of papillary thyroid carcinoma (Fig. 1C), follicular neoplasm (Fig. 1D), medullary carcinoma (Fig. 1E), parathyroid (Fig. 1F), and metastatic breast carcinoma. Immunostaining for GATA-3 (+), ER (+), PAX-8 (-), and TTF-1 (-) was consistent with metastatic breast carcinoma (Fig. 2). We conclude that metastatic breast carcinoma to the thyroid may morphologically mimic primary thyroid carcinoma on FNA; a panel of immunomarkers, such as GATA-3, hormonal marker(s), PAX-8, and TTF-1, may be useful in some cases. GATA-3 immunostaining for metastatic breast carcinoma was helpful in our case and has not been previously reported in a thyroid metastasis sampled by FNA. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:530-534. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Differential expression of ribosomal proteins in myelodysplastic syndromes.

Aberrations of ribosomal biogenesis have been implicated in several congenital bone marrow failure syndromes, such as Diamond-Blackfan anaemia, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome and Dyskeratosis Congenita. Recent studies have identified haploinsufficiency of RPS14 in the acquired bone marrow disease isolated 5q minus syndrome, a subtype of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, the expression of various proteins comprising the ribosomal subunits and other proteins enzymatically involved in the synthesis of the ribosome has not been explored in non-5q minus MDS. Furthermore, differences in the effects of these expression alterations among myeloid, erythroid and megakaryocyte lineages have not been well elucidated. We examined the expression of several proteins related to ribosomal biogenesis in bone marrow biopsy specimens from patients with MDS (5q minus patients excluded) and controls with no known myeloid disease. Specifically, we found that there is overexpression of RPS24, DKC1 and SBDS in MDS. This overexpression is in contrast to the haploinsufficiency identified in the congenital bone marrow failure syndromes and in acquired 5q minus MDS. Potential mechanisms for these differences and aetiology for these findings in MDS are discussed.