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IL-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), members of the IL-6 family of cytokines, play recognized paradoxical roles in skeletal muscle mass regulation, being associated with both growth and atrophy. Overload or muscle contractions can induce a transient increase in muscle IL-6 and LIF expression, which has a regulatory role in muscle hypertrophy. However, the cellular mechanisms involved in this regulation have not been completely identified. The induction of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-dependent myofiber protein synthesis is an established regulator of muscle hypertrophy, but the involvement of the IL-6 family of cytokines in this process is poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the acute effects of IL-6 and LIF administration on mTORC1 signaling and protein synthesis in C2C12 myotubes. The role of glycoprotein 130 (gp130) receptor and downstream signaling pathways, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mTORC1 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), was investigated by administration of specific siRNA or pharmaceutical inhibitors. Acute administration of IL-6 and LIF induced protein synthesis, which was accompanied by STAT3 activation, Akt-mTORC1 activation, and increased SOCS3 expression. This induction of protein synthesis was blocked by both gp130 siRNA knockdown and Akt inhibition. Interestingly, STAT3 inhibition or Akt downstream mTORC1 signaling inhibition did not fully block the IL-6 or LIF induction of protein synthesis. SOCS3 siRNA knockdown increased basal protein synthesis and extended the duration of the protein synthesis induction by IL-6 and LIF. These results demonstrate that either IL-6 or LIF can activate gp130-Akt signaling axis, which induces protein synthesis via mTORC1-independent mechanisms in cultured myotubes. However, IL-6- or LIF-induced SOCS3 negatively regulates the activation of myotube protein synthesis.
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Interleucina-6/fisiología , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/metabolismo , Mioblastos/metabolismo , Biosíntesis de Proteínas/fisiología , Animales , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/fisiología , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/farmacología , Citocinas/fisiología , Interleucina-6/farmacología , Factor Inhibidor de Leucemia/farmacología , Factor Inhibidor de Leucemia/fisiología , Ratones , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/efectos de los fármacos , Mioblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Biosíntesis de Proteínas/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date information regarding the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise training on the traditional blood lipid and lipoprotein profile. In addition, emerging coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors, such as postprandial lipemia (PPL) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), are reviewed. Numerous studies report that aerobic exercise combined with weight loss significantly reduces blood cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) while improving high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Both aerobic and resistance training demonstrated a reduction in non-HDL-C independent of changes in body weight. Transient beneficial effects of a single session of aerobic exercise are observed for PPL. Nonetheless further research is needed to provide a better understanding of the potential mechanisms for reducing PPL. Exercise as an intervention for patients with MetS leads to improved CAD risk factors including atherogenic dyslipidemia, blood pressure, body composition, insulin sensitivity, and fat metabolism.
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HDL-Colesterol/sangre , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , VLDL-Colesterol/sangre , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Entrenamiento de Fuerza/tendencias , Triglicéridos/sangre , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/sangre , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/terapia , Humanos , Síndrome Metabólico/sangre , Síndrome Metabólico/diagnóstico , Síndrome Metabólico/terapia , Entrenamiento de Fuerza/métodosRESUMEN
A need exists to better understand the relationships between COVID-19, coping behaviors, physical activity and stress, and COVID-19's impact on way of life. A cross-sectional study design was used to examine adult physical activity, hope, depression, anxiety, and coping status by gender during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to determine the impact of these variables on the coping process. The study also examined the effect of gender on the relation between physical activity and dependent variables. A global survey instrument was used in this study, including 1,400 Turkish adults. This study identified significant gender-based differences regarding physical activity, hope, depression, anxiety, and coping status of adults, although no significant gender-based difference was found regarding hope scores. Furthermore, physical activity directly influenced coping (ß = 0.10), hope (ß = 0.12), and anxiety (ß = -0.08). Hope directly and positively influenced coping (ß = 0.45) and directly and negatively influenced anxiety (ß = -0.25) and depression (ß = -0.28). Moreover, gender did not directly affect physical activity, but it was associated with decreased coping and increased depression and anxiety. Finally, gender had no effect on the relation between physical activity and hope, coping, depression, and anxiety (p > 0.01). These outcomes support the critical importance of physical activity and hope when coping with COVID-19 regardless of gender.
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Adaptación Psicológica , Ansiedad , COVID-19 , Depresión , Ejercicio Físico , Humanos , COVID-19/psicología , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , Turquía , Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Adulto , Depresión/psicología , Ansiedad/psicología , Factores Sexuales , Persona de Mediana Edad , SARS-CoV-2 , Adulto Joven , Pandemias , Esperanza , Adolescente , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , AncianoRESUMEN
During COVID-19 pandemic, quality of living was impacted by social isolation, loneliness, and altered sleep habits. The aims of this study were (1) to examine the relationship between physical activity (PA) levels with insomnia and loneliness among adults during Spain's first COVID-19 wave of lockdown and its impact on women and (2) to examine the digital technologic resources used to support both PA and other recreational activities in women. A cross-sectional design was used. An anonymous 15-min online survey was conducted in Spain to adults (≥ 18 years old) during the first COVID-19 lockdown, a 40-day period. A snowball distribution method was employed using personal email and social networks (Facebook, Whatsapp, Linkedin, Twitter). Variables studied included: socio-demographic items, insomnia, loneliness, PA, and digital technologic resources. A total of 996 adults (females = 663, 66.6%) completed the survey. Higher education levels were associated with greater PA levels (p-value < 0.001). Women presented with higher insomnia risk than men with low PA levels (OR = 1.9, CI = 1.25; 2.95). Living with family members or other individuals was related to lower insomnia risk. A strong correlation between medium-high PA levels was found with greater digital technology resources (DTS) than individuals with low PA levels. Females used significantly more DTS than males (p-value < 0.001). No significant associations between DTS were found with age or academic education level. PA levels, sex, and loneliness were related to insomnia risk. A strong correlation between PA and DTS use was observed. Participants with medium-high PA levels and females use them more than those with low PA levels and males. We recommend promoting the PA through digital technologies for women. This recommendation would also improve sleep disorders in women who present higher insomnia risks than men.
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COVID-19 , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño , Masculino , Adulto , Humanos , Femenino , Adolescente , COVID-19/epidemiología , Soledad , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño/epidemiología , Pandemias , Estudios Transversales , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles , Ejercicio FísicoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that lipoprotein subclass particles are critical markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Older women have increased CVD risk related to age. The purpose of this study was to determine whether low and moderate doses of exercise influence lipoprotein subclasses. METHODS: Women (60-75 years) were randomized into groups for 16 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training at a low or moderate dose (33.6 and 58.8 kJ/kg body weight weekly, respectively). Lipoprotein subclasses were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after the training. RESULTS: The average weekly exercise duration was 109 and 164 min, for low- and moderate-dose groups, respectively. In the low-dose group, high-density lipoprotein particle (HDL-P) concentration decreased (Δ = -1.9 ± 3.1 µmol/L, mean ± SD, p = 0.002) and mean HDL-P size increased (Δ = 0.1 ± 0.3 nm, p = 0.028). In the moderate-dose group, mean HDL-P size (Δ = 0.1 ± 0.2 nm; p = 0.024) and low-density lipoprotein particle size increased (Δ = 0.4 ± 3.9 nm; p = 0.007). Baseline body mass index, peak oxygen consumption and age were associated with changes in a few lipoprotein subclasses. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of inactive older women, moderate-intensity exercise training at a dose equivalent to or even lower than the minimally recommended level by public health agencies induced changes in lipoprotein subclasses in line with reduced CVD risk. However, higher doses are encouraged for greater health benefits.
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Glycemic variability is a more sensitive assessment of glycemic health as opposed to traditional clinical measurements. It considers all blood glucose concentrations over a given period to better account for glucose oscillations that occur and provides clinicians with insight into how individuals regulate and/or maintain their glycemic health. The advancement of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) allows for the measurement of free-living glucose concentrations while providing a more reliable assessment of treatment of dysregulated glycemic. CGM coupled with management of lifestyle behavioral factors, such as reduced sedentary behavior and increased physical activity and regular exercise, potentially offers a previously untapped method for promoting improved glycemic health through greater regulation of glucose concentrations. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the evidence regarding the measurement of glycemic variability and summarize the current understanding of the relationship between glycemic variability, sedentary behavior, physical activity, the influence of a single exercise session or repeated exercise sessions, and exercise training. This review considers information pertaining to the strengths and limitations for measuring glycemic variability and provides insight into future study designs aimed at evaluating the relationship between sedentary behavior and physical activity with, as well as the influence of exercise on, glycemic variability as a primary outcome.
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Background: This study examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Attitude toward Physical Activity Scale (APAS) using a cross-sectional design. Methods: The sample consisted of 692 primary students in China (boy 52.6%, girl 47.4%). The mean age of the participants was 9.4 years (SD = 0.92). Psychometric properties of the 57-item APAS was examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: The hypothesized seven factors model was supported by CFA (CFI = 0.912, TLI = 0.901, SRMR = 0.041, RMSEA = 0.029) after 22 items were removed and the inclusion of seven residual covariance for items loaded on the same factor. Cronbach's alphas of the scales ranged between 0.50 and 0.76. The composite reliability (CR) was between 0.50 and 0.75. All inter-factor correlation coefficient was less than 0.85. Conclusions: Findings provided empirical evidence that the Chinese version of the APAS has adequate psychometric properties for assessing attitudes of primary school children in China toward physical activity.
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Ejercicio Físico , Lenguaje , Actitud , Niño , China , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of classroom-based Brain Breaks® Physical Activity Solution in Southeast Asia Singaporean primary school students and their attitude towards physical activity (PA) over a ten-week intervention. A total of 113 participants (8-11 years old) were randomly assigned to either an experimental (EG) or a control group (CG), with six classes to each group; the Brain Breaks® group (EG: six classes) and the Control group (CG: six classes). All EG members participated in a Brain Breaks® video intervention (three-five min) during academic classes and the CG continued their lessons as per normal. The student's attitudes towards PA in both research conditions were evaluated using the self-reported Attitudes toward Physical Activity Scale (APAS), applied before and after intervention. The effects of the intervention on APAS scores were analysed using a mixed model analysis of variance with Time as within-subject and Group as between-subject factors. The analysis revealed evidence in support of the positive effect of classroom video interventions such as Brain Breaks® on student's attitudes toward benefits, importance, learning, self-efficacy, fun, fitness, and trying to do their personal best in PA. The Brain Breaks® intervention provided a positive significant impact on students in Singapore. This study also revealed that interactive technology tools implemented into the school curriculum benefit students in terms of health and education.
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This study aimed to examine the effects of three-months of classroom-based Brain Breaks Physical Activity Solution (Brain Breaks®) on attitudes toward physical activity levels of primary school children in Henan Province, China. The participants were 704 children enrolled in grades 3-5 who were randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control group. The experimental group participated in Brain Breaks® video intervention for 3-5 min daily, at low-to-moderate intensity for three consecutive months. The control group resumed their normal routine. The children's attitudes in both groups towards physical activity (PA) were evaluated using the self-reported Attitudes toward Physical Activity Scale (APAS), before and after the intervention. The effects of the intervention on APAS scores were analyzed using mixed model analysis of variance with Time as within-subject, and Group as between-subject factors. The analysis revealed evidence in support of the positive effect of classroom video interventions such as Brain Break on children's attitudes toward importance, fun, and trying to do their personal best in physical activity. Also revealed was the important role the teacher plays in this process.
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Actitud , Ejercicio Físico , Instituciones Académicas , Estudiantes , Niño , China , Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Instituciones Académicas/organización & administración , Estudiantes/psicología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
During the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, physical activity (PA) behaviors were altered worldwide due to public health measures such as "lockdown." This study described PA among adults residing in 11 countries during COVID-19 lockdown and examined factors associated with PA engagement. We conducted a cross-sectional anonymous survey among adults (≥18 years old) in 11 countries (Brazil, Bulgaria, China, India, Ireland, Malaysia, North Macedonia, Singapore, Spain, Turkey, United States). Of 11,775 participants, 63.7% were female and 52.8% were 18-34 years old. More than 40% of participants were insufficiently active (43.9%) and reported a decrease in their PA during lockdown (44.8%). Statistically significant differences were observed in (1) proportions of participants being insufficiently active, (2) level of PA, and (3) decrease in PA across the 11 countries. More stringent governmental policy responses were associated with greater likelihood of being insufficiently active during lockdown (adjusted odds ratio = 1.22, 95% confidence interval = 1.03, 1.45). Higher depression or anxiety scores were associated with greater likelihood of decreased level of PA during lockdown.We found substantial reductions in PA levels during COVID-19 lockdown across countries. Country-specific PA promotion interventions are needed during this and similar global emergencies.
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COVID-19 , Pandemias , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil , Bulgaria , China , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles , Estudios Transversales , Ejercicio Físico , Femenino , Humanos , India , Irlanda , Malasia , Pandemias/prevención & control , República de Macedonia del Norte , SARS-CoV-2 , Singapur , España , Turquía , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This manuscript reviews the current literature involving clinical anxiety and cardiopulmonary disease, considers the hypothesized physiological mechanisms for anxiety, and discusses the use of exercise as a treatment for both anxiety and cardiopulmonary diseases. The literature summary consists of original investigations, meta-analysis, commentaries, and review publications in order to better understand the biological and psychological mechanisms for using exercise as treatment and to provide details specific to cardiopulmonary disease and anxiety management. A gap in the literature exists concerning the anxiolytic effects of exercise as a psychological and physical treatment in cardiopulmonary populations. The findings from this review support further investigation into the use of exercise to ameliorate the burden of anxiety in cardiopulmonary disease patients. This review evaluates the current literature surrounding cardiopulmonary disease and anxiety. A systematic literature search identified articles discussing the prevalence, association, and risk of anxiety in cardiopulmonary patients. Though depression is often studied in this population, recent investigation supports a need for further research regarding anxiety in cardiopulmonary patients. Treatment to manage patients' psychological profile can reduce exacerbations of known disease, reduce hospital readmission, and improve functional capacity, and overall quality of life.
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Low-grade inflammation is emerging as a common feature of contemporary metabolic, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases. Both physical inactivity and abdominal adiposity are associated with persistent systemic low-grade inflammation. Thus, the behavioral, biological, and physiological changes that cause a predisposition to obesity and other co-morbidities could have epigenetic underpinnings in addition to various evolutionary scenarios. A key assumption involves the potential for a mismatch between the human genome molded over generations, and the issue of adapting to the modern high calorie diet and common built environments promoting inactivity. This biological mismatch appears to have dire health consequences. Therefore, the goal of this article is to provide a brief overview on the importance of inflammation as part of human survival and how physical activity (PA) and physical inactivity are critical regulators of systemic inflammation. The review will highlight anti-inflammatory effects of PA and exercise training from a metabolic and systemic signaling perspective, which includes skeletal muscle to utilization of fatty acids, TLR4 signaling, and myokine/adipokine effects. The available evidence suggests that PA, regular exercise, and weight loss offer both protection against and treatment for a wide variety of chronic diseases associated with low-grade inflammation through an improved inflammatory profile.
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STUDY OBJECTIVES: This study examined how glucose, glucose regulatory hormones, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein subclass particle concentrations and sizes change with sleep restriction during weight loss elicited by calorie restriction. METHODS: Overweight or obese adults were randomized into an 8-week calorie restriction intervention alone (CR, n = 12; 75% female; body mass index = 31.4 ± 2.9 kg/m2) or combined with sleep restriction (CR+SR, n = 16; 75% female; body mass index = 34.5 ± 3.1 kg/m2). Participants in both groups were given the same instructions to reduce calorie intake. Those in the CR+SR group were instructed to reduce their habitual time-in-bed by 30-90 minutes 5 days each week with 2 ad libitum sleep days. Fasting venous blood samples were collected at pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS: Differential changes were found between the two groups (p = 0.028 for group × time interaction) in glucagon concentration, which decreased in the CR group (p = 0.016) but did not change in CR+SR group. Although changes in mean HDL particle (HDL-P) size and visfatin concentration were not statistically different between groups (p = 0.066 and 0.066 for group×time interaction, respectively), mean HDL-P size decreased only in the CR+SR group (Cohen's d = 0.50, p = 0.022); visfatin concentrations did not change significantly in either group but appeared to decrease in the CR group (Cohen's d = 0.67, p = 0.170) but not in the CR+SR group (Cohen's d = 0.43, p = 0.225). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that moderate sleep restriction, despite the presence of periodic ad libitum sleep, influences lipoprotein subclass particles and glucose regulation in individuals undergoing calorie restriction.Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02413866, Weight Outlooks by Restriction of Diet and Sleep).
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Classroom-based physical activity (PA) interventions have received considerable attention due to improvements seen in academic achievement, classroom behaviors, and attitude toward PA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Brain Breaks® Physical Activity Solutions in changing children's attitudes toward PA. Students (N = 3036) aged 8-11 years from schools in Croatia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia, South Africa, and Turkey were randomly assigned to either a control or an experimental group. The experimental group received Brain Breaks® videos during classroom sessions throughout the four months of intervention. Student attitudes toward PA were measured using the Attitudes toward Physical Activity Scale (APAS) before and after the intervention. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated a time interaction effect for all APAS variables except fitness. Time-by-group interaction effects with different effect sizes were found for most APAS variables, with the greatest gain effect noted in the experimental group for self-efficacy, followed by learning from the videos concerning PA benefits, exercise importance, and enjoyment from engaging in PA. This study provides evidence supporting Brain Breaks® in terms of learning experience, attitudes towards PA, and personal motivation. Using exercise videos is recommended as an interactive, technology-based PA solution that can be easily integrated into the school setting.
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Ejercicio Físico , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Servicios de Salud Escolar , Actitud , Encéfalo , Niño , Croacia , Femenino , Humanos , Lituania , Masculino , Polonia , República de Macedonia del Norte , Rumanía , Instituciones Académicas , Serbia , EstudiantesRESUMEN
The SARS-CoV-2-caused COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a devastating threat to human society in terms of health, economy, and lifestyle. Although the virus usually first invades and infects the lung and respiratory track tissue, in extreme cases, almost all major organs in the body are now known to be negatively impacted often leading to severe systemic failure in some people. Unfortunately, there is currently no effective treatment for this disease. Pre-existing pathological conditions or comorbidities such as age are a major reason for premature death and increased morbidity and mortality. The immobilization due to hospitalization and bed rest and the physical inactivity due to sustained quarantine and social distancing can downregulate the ability of organs systems to resist to viral infection and increase the risk of damage to the immune, respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal systems and the brain. The cellular mechanisms and danger of this "second wave" effect of COVID-19 to the human body, along with the effects of aging, proper nutrition, and regular physical activity, are reviewed in this article.
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Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide with increasing prevalence in all age groups, genders, and ethnicities. Most chronic disease deaths occur in middle-to low-income countries but are also a significant health problem in developed nations. Multiple chronic diseases now affect children and adolescents as well as adults. Being physically inactive is associated with increased chronic disease risk. Global societies are being negatively impacted by the increasing prevalence of chronic disease which is directly related to rising healthcare expenditures, workforce complications regarding attendance and productivity, military personnel recruitment, and academic success. However, increased physical activity (PA) and exercise are associated with reduced chronic disease risk. Most physiologic systems in the body benefit positively from PA and exercise by primary disease prevention and secondary disease prevention/treatment. The purpose of this brief review is to describe the significant global problem of chronic diseases for adults and children, and how PA and exercise can provide a non-invasive means for added prevention and treatment.
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â¢A brief historical summary of BRICS countries and the BRICS Council of Exercise and Sport Science (BRICSCESS) is presented.â¢BRICSCESS functions to facilitate the accomplishment of the various tasks such as to establish links between institutions and organizations; establish an active and sustainable future leader/volunteer program; promote collaboration in research, teaching, and mentoring between international scientists; develop, organize, and promote conferences, seminars, workshops, symposiums, round-table discussions and training courses; and publish new scientific information related to exercise, physical activity, sports science, lifestyle management, and nutrition.â¢A central task of BRICSCESS is to establish an active and sustainable future leader/volunteer program for mentoring junior scholars within the exercise science and lifestyle management fields.
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Abstract: A need exists to better understand the relationships between COVID-19, coping behaviors, physical activity and stress, and COVID-19's impact on way of life. A cross-sectional study design was used to examine adult physical activity, hope, depression, anxiety, and coping status by gender during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to determine the impact of these variables on the coping process. The study also examined the effect of gender on the relation between physical activity and dependent variables. A global survey instrument was used in this study, including 1,400 Turkish adults. This study identified significant gender-based differences regarding physical activity, hope, depression, anxiety, and coping status of adults, although no significant gender-based difference was found regarding hope scores. Furthermore, physical activity directly influenced coping (β = 0.10), hope (β = 0.12), and anxiety (β = -0.08). Hope directly and positively influenced coping (β = 0.45) and directly and negatively influenced anxiety (β = -0.25) and depression (β = -0.28). Moreover, gender did not directly affect physical activity, but it was associated with decreased coping and increased depression and anxiety. Finally, gender had no effect on the relation between physical activity and hope, coping, depression, and anxiety (p > 0.01). These outcomes support the critical importance of physical activity and hope when coping with COVID-19 regardless of gender.
Resumo: Existe uma necessidade de entender melhor as relações entre a COVID-19, comportamentos de enfrentamento, atividade física e estresse e o impacto da COVID-19 no modo de vida. Um desenho de estudo transversal foi usado para examinar a atividade física adulta, esperança, depressão, ansiedade e estado de enfrentamento por gênero durante a COVID-19 e para determinar os efeitos de atividade física, esperança, depressão, e ansiedade no enfrentamento da COVID-19. Finalmente, examinou-se o efeito do gênero na relação entre atividade física e variáveis dependentes. Um instrumento de pesquisa global foi utilizado neste estudo, no qual um total de 1.400 adultos turcos participaram. Os resultados desta investigação demonstram que existem diferenças significativas em atividade física, esperança, depressão, ansiedade e estado de enfrentamento de adultos por sexo. Não houve diferença significativa entre os sexos para os escores de esperança. Além disso, a atividade física influenciou diretamente o enfrentamento (β = 0,10), a esperança (β = 0,12) e a ansiedade (β = -0,08). A esperança influenciou direta e positivamente o enfrentamento (β = 0,45) e influenciou direta e negativamente a ansiedade (β = -0,25) e a depressão (β = -0,28). Além disso, o gênero não afetou diretamente a atividade física, mas o gênero foi associado à diminuição do enfrentamento e ao aumento da depressão e ansiedade. Finalmente, o gênero não teve efeito sobre a relação entre atividade física e esperança, enfrentamento, depressão, ansiedade (p > 0,01). Estes resultados apoiam a importância crítica da atividade física e da esperança ao lidar com COVID-19 sem efeitos de gênero.
Resumen: Existe la necesidad de comprender mejor las relaciones entre COVID-19, los comportamientos de afrontamiento, la actividad física y el estrés, y el impacto de COVID-19 en la forma de vida. Se utilizó un diseño de estudio transversal para examinar la actividad física del adulto, la esperanza, la depresión, la ansiedad y el estado de afrontamiento por género durante COVID-19 y para determinar los efectos de la actividad física, la esperanza, la depresión, y ansiedad en el afrontamiento de COVID-19. Finalmente, se examinó el efecto del género en la relación entre la actividad física y las variables dependientes. En este estudio se utilizó un instrumento de investigación global, en el que participaron un total de 1.400 adultos turcos. Los resultados de esta investigación demuestran que existen diferencias significativas en la actividad física, la esperanza, la depresión, la ansiedad y el estado de afrontamiento de los adultos por sexo. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los sexos para las puntuaciones de esperanza. Además, la actividad física influyó directamente en el afrontamiento (β = 0,10), la esperanza (β = 0,12) y la ansiedad (β = -0,08). La esperanza influyó directa y positivamente en el afrontamiento (β = 0,45) e influyó directa y negativamente en la ansiedad (β = -0,25) y la depresión (β = -0,28). Además, el género no afectó directamente a la actividad física, pero el género se asoció con una disminución del afrontamiento y a un aumento de la depresión y la ansiedad. Finalmente, el género no tuvo ningún efecto sobre la relación entre la actividad física y la esperanza, el afrontamiento, la depresión, la ansiedad (p > 0,01). Estos resultados respaldan la importancia crítica de la actividad física y la esperanza cuando se trata de COVID-19 sin efectos de género.
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â¢BRICS is the acronym for an international association of 5 major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.â¢The BRICS Council of Exercise and Sports Science was founded to address the specific concerns of these countries in respect to the health and wellness of the people in BRICS countries.â¢One recognized overwhelming need is the development of future leaders/volunteers.â¢BRICSCESS in conjunction with the FLV program are in part assembled to foster the development and evolution of junior professionals in respect to the health and wellness of people.
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Previous findings of time-of-day differences in athletic performance could be confounded by diurnal fluctuations in environmental and behavioral "masking" factors (e.g., sleep, ambient temperature, and energy intake). The purpose of this study was to examine whether there is a circadian rhythm in swim performance that is independent of these masking factors. Experienced swimmers (n = 25) were assessed for 50-55 consecutive hours in the laboratory. The swimmers followed a 3-h "ultra-short" sleep-wake cycle, involving 1 h of sleep in darkness and 2 h of wakefulness in dim light, that was repeated throughout the observation. The protocol distributes behavioral and environmental masking factors equally across the 24-h period. Each swimmer was scheduled to perform six maximal-effort 200-m swim trials that were distributed equally across eight times of day (n = 147 trials). Each trial was separated by 9 h. A cosine fit of intra-aural temperature data established the time of the lowest body temperature (Tmin). Swim performances were z-transformed and compared across the eight times of day and across twelve 2-h intervals relative to Tmin. Analysis of covariance, controlling for trial number, revealed a significant (P < 0.001) pattern in swim performance relative to environmental and circadian times of day. Performance peaked 5-7 h before Tmin (approximately 2300) and was worst from 1 h before to 1 h after Tmin (approximately 0500). Mean swim performance was 169.5 s; circadian variation from peak to worst performance was 5.8 s. These data suggest a circadian rhythm in athletic performance independent of environmental and behavioral masking effects.