Frailty-aware surgical care: Validation of Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) in older surgical patients.

Introduction: Frailty has an important impact on the health outcomes of older patients, and frailty screening is recommended as part of perioperative evaluation. The Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) is a validated tool that highlights frailty risk using 109 International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) codes. In this study, we aim to compare HFRS to the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and validate HFRS as a predictor of adverse outcomes in Asian patients admitted to surgical services. Method: A retrospective study of electronic health records (EHR) was undertaken in patients aged 65 years and above who were discharged from surgical services between 1 April 2022 to 31 July 2022. Patients were stratified into low (HFRS <5), interme-diate (HFRS 5-15) and high (HFRS >15) risk of frailty. Results: Those at high risk of frailty were older and more likely to be men. They were also likely to have more comorbidities and a higher CCI than those at low risk of frailty. High HFRS scores were associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes, such as mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS) and 30-day readmission. When used in combination with CCI, there was better prediction of mortality at 90 and 270 days, and 30-day readmission. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first validation of HFRS in Singapore in surgical patients and confirms that high-risk HFRS predicts long LOS (≥7days), increased unplanned hospital readmissions (both 30-day and 270-day) and increased mortality (inpatient, 10-day, 30-day, 90-day, 270-day) compared with those at low risk of frailty.

Warfarin versus direct oral anticoagulants in South Asian octogenarians: a retrospective review.

To investigate the efficacy and safety outcomes of warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants in Asian octogenarians. A retrospective study was undertaken in 270 patients aged 80 years old and above, between 15 July 2015 and 21 December 2017, prescribed oral anticoagulation (OAC) with warfarin or direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC). Data collection included demographics, bleeding events, cessation of anticoagulation, mortality and hospital utilization up to 2 years post prescription. Thrombotic and embolic events within 30 days of anticoagulation cessation were reviewed. Data was analysed according to initial prescription of either warfarin or DOAC. There were 134 patients on warfarin and 136 patients on DOAC, of which majority of them were on anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation. In the warfarin group, there was a higher rate of minor bleeding events leading to permanent cessation (12.7 vs. 2.9%, P  = 0.035) compared with DOAC. Mortality rate at 2 years was higher in the warfarin group than DOAC (40.3 vs. 28.7%, P  = 0.044). There was no difference in major bleeding events, risk of gastrointestinal bleed or ICH between the two groups. There was no difference in rate of thrombotic and embolic events after cessation of anticoagulation and hospital utilization over 2 years was similar in both groups. In Asian octogenarians on anticoagulation, DOAC appears to have benefit over warfarin in terms of minor bleeding risk and mortality.

What is the value of third-line chemotherapy in advanced gastroesophageal cancer? A 5-year retrospective analysis at a single center.

AIM: The survival benefit of using a non-cross resistant second-line chemotherapy in the third-line setting in metastatic gastroesophageal cancer is unproven. We evaluated the utility of third-line chemotherapy in patients treated at a single institution. METHODS: Between 2010 and 2014, efficacy and toxicity data of patients who received three or more lines of systemic therapies for metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma at the National Cancer Centre Singapore was retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-two (6%) patients received three or more lines of chemotherapy. The median age and ECOG performance status were 59 years (36-82) and 1 (0-2), respectively. Majority of patients (88%) had tumor located in the stomach and 13 patients (41%) had diffuse histology or poorly cohesive or signet ring cells. Four (12%) patients had HER2-positive disease. Prior therapy was platinum (100%), fluoropyrimidine (97%), taxane (63%), irinotecan (28%), anthracycline (13%) and ramucirumab (3%). Third-line therapy consisted of 24 (75%) monotherapy, 6 (19%) doublet, 1 (3%) triplet chemotherapy and 1 (3%) clinical trial. Monotherapy irinotecan (44%) was most common, followed by docetaxel (19%) and paclitaxel (9%). Of 22 patients evaluable for response, there was 1 (5%) partial response, 9 (41%) stable disease. Median overall survival was 18.3 weeks (4.3-65.1). Of 30 patients evaluable for toxicities, 17 (57%) experienced at least one grade 3 or 4 toxicities. CONCLUSION: The benefit of using non-cross resistant second-line regimens as third-line chemotherapy was small with moderate toxicity. Newer agents such as nivolumab or TAS-102 or clinical trial may be preferred.