A scoping review of theories and models applied for grief and bereavement projects.

This scoping review aimed to identify the theory-based studies related to grief and bereavement in palliative care. The investigation was carried out by searching seven databases and conducting manual searches. The search procedure yielded 51 scholarly papers, which revealed 33 theories or models and 37 instruments. The theories and models can be classified into distinct categories, namely grief patterns and coping mechanisms. This study can be a valuable reference for future research endeavors, particularly those employing deductive methodologies. It offers guidance in selecting appropriate theories or models that can be applied to further studies.

Ensuring reliability and cultural validity of the Indonesian version of the Quality Of Life Index for patients with cancer.

The objective of this study was to translate the Ferrans and Powers Quality of Life Index (QLI) into the Indonesian language, considering its cultural and functional appropriateness, and to evaluate its psychometric properties by testing the reliability and validity. A committee approach was conducted to create the Indonesian version of the QLI (QLI-Id) and cognitive interviewing with 15 patients with cancer was conducted to identify potential problems or errors in answering the QLI-Id. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out using 236 responses to the QLI-Id questionnaire from patients with cancer; 62 of whom completed the same questionnaire twice within a 3-week interval to verify stability reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis results supported construct validity with model fit statistics for the original single-factor and four-factor structure of the QLI (corresponding to the QLI's total score and four subscale scores, respectively) with some rearrangement of the items within each subscale. Reliability for the total QLI-Id scale was supported by McDonald's Omega of 0.92 and the intraclass/intrasubject correlation coefficient at two time points of 0.86. The strong correlation between the QLI-Id total and the Satisfaction with Life Scale scores and the overall health/QOL domain of the EORTC QLQ-C30 (both r = 0.73) supported its construct validity. This study provides evidence for the reliability and validity of the QLI-Id as an instrument to measure the impact of cancer on the overall QOL of Indonesian patients.

The Relationship Between Social Support, Fear, and Psychological Distress Among Frontline Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia.

The current cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationship between social support, fear, and psychological distress among frontline nurses during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Participants from 20 wards for adult patients from public and private hospitals in Indonesia were recruited. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Job Stress Scale, and Perceived Social Support Questionnaire were used to measure outcomes of interest. Questionnaires were completed by a total of 211 nurses. High risk working unit, higher fear score, younger age, less working experience, and less social support were significant influences on nurses' psychological distress. Social support as a modifiable factor is a potential target for intervention strategies to manage psychological issues among nurses. Findings can help policymakers and managers better understand how to support frontline nurses' psychological health and maintain well-engaged nursing staff. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 61(5), 53-58.].

"Embracing The Faith": The Contribution of Islamic Beliefs on the Provision of Care for People with Parkinson's Disease in New Zealand and Indonesia.

This study examines the impact of Islamic beliefs on the caregiving practices of individuals diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in Indonesia and New Zealand. The study sample comprised seventeen caregivers who participated in semi-structured interviews which were analysed using the method of inductive thematic analysis. The study delineated three overarching themes: value-driven caregiving, comprehensive care and caregivers strengthened by faith and practice. This study examined the practical applications of the Quran, Hadith and Muslim beliefs in caregiver experiences. Further research is necessary to enhance the support systems for Muslim caregivers in various circumstances, facilitating the advancement of solutions to contemporary social problems.

Experiences of family caregivers of children with cancer while receiving home-based pediatric palliative care in Indonesia: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Caring for children living with life-threatening and life-limiting illnesses can be challenging. Parents' roles as the main caregivers can be complex with extensive responsibilities. The experiences of family caregivers can provide key insights into the provision of home-based Pediatric Palliative Care (PPC) for seriously ill children. This study is aimed at exploring the experiences of family caregivers of children diagnosed with cancer while receiving home-based PPC. METHODS: This was a qualitative study. This study used semi-structured interviews which were audio-recorded with family caregivers of twelve children diagnosed with cancer who had received home-based PPC. The interviews were transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The reporting of the study was based on the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) checklist. RESULTS: Three main themes emerged: (1) The implementation of home-based PPC; (2) The benefits of home-based PPC; and (3) The family caregivers' hopes of the home-based PPC service and their impressions of home-based PPC. The implementation of home-based PPC described the experiences of family caregivers in receiving home-based PPC provided by nurses with particular attention to the bio-psychosocial-spiritual aspects. Family caregivers experienced several benefits from the home-based PCC service, where holistic care was provided for both the patient and the family. Family caregivers shared their hopes prior to receiving support from competent health care professionals to care for their sick child at home and improve the child's quality of life. They confirmed that these hopes were fulfilled through the home-based PPC service delivered by Rachel House. CONCLUSIONS: Home-based PPC provides several benefits with a positive impact for both the children diagnosed with cancer as well as their families. Nurses involved in the home-based PPC service provide holistic care with a family-centered approach. We believe that children with terminal illnesses and their families need and deserve home-based PPC during difficult times.

Identifying palliative care needs of patients with non-communicable diseases in Indonesia using the SPICT tool: a descriptive cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: In Indonesia, Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) are a contributing factor to mortality with most cases involving heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease and diabetes. Accordingly, the identification of palliative care needs is very important as a first step in providing palliative care for these patients with NCD. However, currently there is no national standardized tool nor guidance system for identifying palliative care needs of NCD patients in Indonesia. The Supportive and Palliative Care Indicators Tool (SPICT) has been used worldwide for screening palliative care needs. This study aimed to identify palliative care needs in NCD patients using the SPICT tool. METHODS: This descriptive study used a cross-sectional design. Sampling technique used convenience sampling with a total sample of 124 adult patients with NCD in Dr. Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta. Data collection used the Indonesian version of the SPICT. Data analyses used descriptive statistics and chi-square tests with p < 0,05 set as significant. Additionally, the prevalence of patients requiring palliative care was also calculated. RESULTS: The patients with NCD requiring palliative care who were screened using the SPICT tool were 61.3%. The nurses identified only 17.7%, while the physicians identified only 9.7%. The overall agreement of the clinician's assessments to the researchers was < 32%. Meanwhile, agreement with nurses was 31 and 25% with the physicians. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight that by using the SPICT tool, recognition of hospitalized patients with NCD needing palliative care increased from 10 to 18% to > 61%. The Indonesian version of the SPICT tool can help the clinicians to reach meet agreement in identifying hospitalized patients who need palliative care as the first step in addressing palliative interventions for patients with NCD. It can provide several benefits in screening patients with NCD from the beginning of diagnosis.

Opportunities and challenges for advance care planning in strongly religious family-centric societies: a Focus group study of Indonesian cancer-care professionals.

BACKGROUND: Most studies on advance care planning in Asia originate in high-income Asian countries. Indonesia is a middle-income Asian country characterized by its religious devoutness and strong family ties. This study aims to explore the perspectives and experiences of Indonesian healthcare professionals on advance care planning for cancer patients. METHODS: Focus-group discussions were conducted in July and August 2019 and were analysed using thematic content analysis enhanced by dual coding and exploration of divergent views. Purposive sampling of physicians and nurses actively engaged in cancer care in a national cancer centre and a national general hospital. RESULTS: We included 16 physicians and 16 nurses. These participants were open to the idea of advance care planning. We further identified four aspects of this planning that the participants considered to be important: 1) the family's role in medical decision-making; 2) sensitivity to communication norms; 3) patients' and families' religious beliefs regarding the control and sanctity of life; and 4) the availability of a support system for advance care planning (healthcare professionals' education and training, public education, resource allocation, and formal regulation). Participants believed that, although family hierarchical structure and certain religious beliefs may complicate patients' engagement in advance care planning, a considerate approach to involving family and patients' religious perspectives in advance care planning may actually facilitate their engagement in it. CONCLUSION: Indonesian healthcare professionals believed that, for culturally congruent advance care planning in Indonesia, it was essential to respect the cultural aspects of collectivism, communication norms, and patients' religious beliefs.

Advance care planning for patients with cancer and family caregivers in Indonesia: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Individuals' willingness to engage in advance care planning is influenced by factors such as culture and religious beliefs. While most studies on advance care planning in Asia have been performed in high-income countries, Indonesia is a lower-middle-income country, with a majority of strongly collectivist and religiously devout inhabitants. We studied the perspectives of Indonesian patients with cancer and family caregivers regarding advance care planning by first exploring their experiences with medical information-disclosure, decision-making, and advance care planning and how these experiences influence their perspectives on advance care planning. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured interviews among 16 patients with cancer and 15 family caregivers in a national cancer center in Jakarta and a tertiary academic general hospital in Yogyakarta. We performed an inductive thematic analysis using open, axial, and selective coding. The rigor of the study was enhanced by reflective journaling, dual coding, and investigator triangulation. RESULTS: Twenty-six of 31 participants were younger than 60 years old, 20 were Muslim and Javanese, and 17 were college or university graduates. Four major themes emerged as important in advance care planning: (1) participants' perceptions on the importance or harmfulness of cancer-related information, (2) the importance of communicating bad news sensitively (through empathetic, implicit, and mediated communication), (3) participants' motives for participating in medical decision-making (decision-making seen as patients' right or responsibility, or patients' state of dependency on others), and (4) the complexities of future planning (e.g., due to its irrelevance to participants' religious beliefs and/or their difficulties in seeing the relevance of future planning). CONCLUSIONS: Culturally sensitive approaches to advance care planning in Indonesia should address the importance of facilitating open communication between patients and their families, and the various perspectives on information provision, bad news communication, and decision-making. Advance care planning should focus on the exploration of patients' values, rather than drafting treatment plans in advance.

Impact of Pre-Chemotherapy Education with Audio Visual Methods on the Self-Efficacy of Symptom Management in Patients with Cancer.

This study aimed to identify the effects of pre-chemotherapy education with audio visual methods on the self-efficacy of symptom management in patients with cancer who received chemotherapy. The various side effects of chemotherapy could affect the self-efficacy of symptom management. Providing pre-chemotherapy education is important to improve the self-efficacy of symptom management. Nowadays, pre-chemotherapy education is only given by using print media, which can restrict transferring information to patients with cancer. This study was based on pre- and post-test, 2 group, quasi-experimental design. A total of 80 respondents were recruited with consecutive sampling between January and March 2019. Participants in the intervention group received video pre-chemotherapy education, while participants in the control group received education with a booklet (usual care). Patients completed self-efficacy symptom management questionnaires before and 1-2 weeks after chemotherapy. The analysis used the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests and by counting Cohen's d effect size. The mean scores of pre- and post-test self-efficacy of symptom management increased in the intervention group to 1.77 (p = 0.000) and in the control group to 0.64 (p = 0.001). The comparative test between the two groups showed p = 0.005 (p < 0.05) with an effect size of 0.4 (66%). This result indicates that pre-chemotherapy education had medium effect on the self-efficacy of symptom management. Pre-chemotherapy education with audio visual methods can increase the self-efficacy of symptom management in patients with cancer.

Palliative Care Quiz for Nurses-Indonesian Version (PCQN-I): A Cross-cultural Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability Study.

AIM: The study is aimed to perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the palliative care quiz for nurses in an Indonesian context to evaluate its psychometric properties. METHODS: A two-phase design was used in this study, including cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric testing. The PCQN-I was tested on a convenience sample of health-care providers recruited from 20 primary health-care (PHC) centers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from July to October 2017. RESULTS: The cross-cultural adaptation ultimately resulted in a total of 20 items from the PCQN-I. An expert committee revised the words in Item 4 from "adjuvant therapies" to "adjuvant therapies/additional therapies," in Item 5 from "bowel regimen" to "gastrointestinal therapies," and Item 16 from "Demerol" to "Pethidine" based on the Indonesian context. The experts retained Item 5 "It is crucial for family members to remain at the bedside until death occurs," although none of the participants (n = 40) involved in the pilot testing could answer it correctly, and Item 19 "The loss of a distant or contentious relationship is easier to resolve than the loss of one that is close or intimate" although few participants responded correctly. A total of 150 health-care providers consisting of 100 nurses and 50 physicians were involved in the psychometric testing. The scale-level content validity index/Ave of the PCQN-I was 97 and 93 in terms of its relevancy and clarity, respectively. The reliability was calculated as the Kuder-Richardson formula 20 score was 0.71. CONCLUSIONS: The PCQN-I is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing palliative care knowledge among PHC providers. Further research is warranted to examine its reliability in different clinical settings.

The experience of family caregivers of patients with cancer in an Asian country: A grounded theory approach.

BACKGROUND: Strong family bonds are part of the Indonesian culture. Family members of patients with cancer are intensively involved in caring, also in hospitals. This is considered "normal": a societal and religious obligation. The values underpinning this might influence families' perception of it. AIM: To explore and model experiences of family caregivers of patients with cancer in Indonesia in performing caregiving tasks. DESIGN: A grounded theory approach was applied. The constant comparative method was used for data analysis and a paradigm scheme was employed for developing a theoretical model. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: The study was conducted in three hospitals in Indonesia. The participants were family caregivers of patients with cancer. RESULTS: A total of 24 family caregivers participated. "Belief in caregiving" appeared to be the core phenomenon. This reflects the caregivers' conviction that providing care is an important value, which becomes the will power and source of their strength. It is a combination of spiritual and religious, value and motivation to care, and is influenced by contextual factors. It influences actions: coping mechanisms, sharing tasks, and making sacrifices. Social support influences the process of the core phenomenon and the actions of the caregivers. Both positive and negative experiences were identified. CONCLUSION: We developed a model of family caregivers' experiences from a country where caregiving is deeply rooted in religion and culture. The model might also be useful in other cultural contexts. Our model shows that the spiritual domain, not only for the patient but also for the family caregivers, should be structurally addressed by professional caregivers.

Comparison of the lived experiences of family caregivers of patients with dementia and of patients with cancer in Indonesia.

ABSTRACTBackground:Dementia, even more than cancer, demands long-term care. While in Indonesia cancer is accepted as a disease requiring caregiving, dementia is still considered "a normal condition." These differences might affect the experiences of caregivers, especially those relating to social health, the subject of our study. We aim to describe and compare the lived experiences of family caregivers of patients with cancer (PWC) with those of patients with dementia (PWD) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and to explore the role of their social health in these experiences. METHOD: A qualitative design was applied. In-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted with PWC and PWD caregivers in two outpatient clinics of a tertiary hospital. The constant comparative method was applied to analyze the data that were interpreted using the concept of social health to explore the experiences of the caregivers. We used Atlas.ti software. RESULTS: Three themes were identified: problems with caregiving, dealing with problems, and beliefs in caregiving. We found more similarities than differences in the experiences of caregivers in both groups. Half of the categories were related to social health: challenges, consequences, hiding, social support, and the caregiver's approach. The organization of dementia care is characterized by simplicity and direct ties between medical specialists, PWD, and caregivers, whereas cancer care encounters coordination problems. CONCLUSIONS: Family caregivers of both groups mostly had similar experiences of the caregiving process. Gaining a better understanding of the specific experiences of caregivers, and their social health, opens new avenues for interventions to improve their quality of life.

Enhancing the quality of life for palliative care cancer patients in Indonesia through family caregivers: a pilot study of basic skills training.

BACKGROUND: Palliative care in Indonesia is problematic because of cultural and socio-economic factors. Family in Indonesia is an integral part of caregiving process in inpatient and outpatient settings. However, most families are not adequately prepared to deliver basic care for their sick family member. This research is a pilot project aiming to evaluate how basic skills training (BST) given to family caregivers could enhance the quality of life (QoL) of palliative care cancer patients in Indonesia. METHODS: The study is a prospective quantitative with pre and post-test design. Thirty family caregivers of cancer patients were trained in basic skills including showering, washing hair, assisting for fecal and urinary elimination and oral care, as well as feeding at bedside. Patients' QoL were measured at baseline and 4 weeks after training using EORTC QLQ C30. Hypothesis testing was done using related samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank. A paired t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to check in which subgroups was the intervention more significant. RESULTS: The intervention showed a significant change in patients' global health status/QoL, emotional and social functioning, pain, fatigue, dyspnea, insomnia, appetite loss, constipation and financial hardship of the patients. Male patient's had a significant effect on global health status (qol) (p = 0.030); female patients had a significant effect on dyspnea (p = 0.050) and constipation (p = 0.038). Younger patients had a significant effect in global health status/QoL (p = 0.002). Patients between 45 and 54 years old had significant effect on financial issue (p = 0.039). Caregivers between 45 and 54 years old had significant effect on patients' dyspnea (p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Basic skills training for family caregivers provided some changes in some aspects of QoL of palliative cancer patients. The intervention showed promises in maintaining the QoL of cancer patients considering socio-economic and cultural challenges in the provision of palliative care in Indonesia.

Family caregivers' involvement in caring for a hospitalized patient with cancer and their quality of life in a country with strong family bonds.

BACKGROUND: Being involved in caring for family members during illness is part of the Indonesian culture, even during hospitalization. It is unknown which factors influence the quality of life (QoL) of family members taking care of their loved ones. The present study aims to identify factors influencing the QoL of family caregivers of hospitalized patients with cancer in Indonesia. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was performed. Data were collected in a general hospital in Yogyakarta from September to December 2011. Family caregivers of patients with cancer were invited to participate. Regression analysis was used to determine which aspects of caring and which demographic characteristics influenced their QoL. The Caregiver QoL Index-Cancer questionnaire was used to measure the QoL. RESULTS: One hundred of 120 invited caregivers (83%) completed the questionnaire. Being involved in psychological issues in caring (ß = 0.374; p = 0.000), younger age (ß = -0.282; p = 0.003), no previous caring experience (ß = -0.301; p = 0.001), and not being the spouse (ß = -0.228; p = 0.015) negatively influenced the QoL and explained 31% of the variation (adjusted R(2) = 0.312; F = 12.24; p = 0.000). Gender, education level, and time spent on caring did not influence the QoL of family caregivers. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings identified modifiable factors such as dealing with psychological issues and lack of experience in caring that negatively influenced the QoL of family caregivers. These factors are potential targets for intervention strategies. Education and intervention programs focusing on dealing with psychological problems in cancer care might improve the QoL of both patients and their families.

Dealing with symptoms and issues of hospitalized patients with cancer in indonesia: the role of families, nurses, and physicians.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with cancer often face physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and emotional symptoms. Our aim was to study symptoms and issues of hospitalized patients with cancer in Indonesia, a country with strong family ties, and how family members, nurses, and physicians deal with them. METHODS: In 2011, 150 hospitalized cancer patients in 3 general hospitals in Indonesia were invited to fill in a questionnaire, which was based on the validated Problems and Needs of Palliative Care (short version) questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were performed. RESULTS: Of 119 patients (79%) who completed the questionnaire, 85% stated that their symptoms and issues were addressed. According to these patients, financial (56%), autonomy (36%), and psychosocial (34%) issues were most often addressed by the family alone. Physical symptoms (52%) and spiritual issues (33%) were addressed mainly by a combination of family, nurses, and physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized patients with cancer in Indonesia felt that most of their symptoms and issues had been addressed, and the family was highly involved. The strong family ties in Indonesian culture may have contributed to this family role. More research is needed to clarify how this influences patient outcome, quality of care, and quality of life of both the patients and their families, along with the degree of partnership between families and professionals. This information might help answer the question what advantages and disadvantages the family role in caring for a hospitalized patient with cancer generates for the patient, the family, and professional caregivers.

Comparison of problems and unmet needs of patients with advanced cancer in a European country and an Asian country.

BACKGROUND: Patients with advanced cancer experience problems and unmet needs. However, we assume that patients with advanced cancer will have more problems and unmet needs in a country with a lower economic status than in an economically stronger country. We studied whether patients with advanced cancer in Indonesia have more problems and unmet needs than a similar group of patients in the Netherlands. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional survey. We compared the data for 180 Indonesian and 94 Dutch patients relating to 24 items of the Problems and Needs in Palliative Care-short version questionnaire. We performed descriptive and χ(2) analysis with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: The prevalence of most physical problems, including pain, was similar in the 2 groups. In Indonesia, financial problems were the most common: 70 to 80% vs. 30 to 42% in the Netherlands. In Indonesia, 25 to 50% of the patients reported psychological and autonomy problems versus 55 to 86% in the Netherlands. The Indonesian group had many more unmet needs for each problem (> 54%) than the Dutch group (< 35%). CONCLUSION: Apparently, economic and cultural differences hardly influence physical problems. Nonetheless, fewer Indonesian patients reported psychological and autonomy problems than Dutch patients. This difference contradicts our hypothesis. However, we found more unmet needs for professional attention in Indonesia than in the Netherlands, which is compatible with our hypothesis. These simple comparative data provide interesting insights into problems and unmet needs and give rise to our new hypothesis about cultural influences. This hypothesis should be studied in more depth.

Face-validation of quality indicators for the organization of palliative care in hospitals in Indonesia: a contribution to quality improvement.

PURPOSE: Quality indicators (QIs) for the organization of palliative care (PC) can contribute to quality improvement as they assess the key elements for adequate organization of care. They might differ between health care organization, cultures and economic resources. The aim of this study was face-validate an Indonesian set of QIs based on a European set, to compare the two sets of QIs and to test the applicability of Indonesian set. METHODS: A modified two-round RAND Delphi process was conducted in Indonesia. Twenty-four health care professionals from different disciplines were invited as panellists to rate clarity and usefulness of 98 QIs. Next, a applicability pilot test took place in five hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 21 panellists considered 76 QIs (78 %) face-valid and added two new ones. Of the QIs with the highest ratings, eight were evaluated by head nurses and two by reviewing 50 patient records. Each QI was met by at least two hospitals, and only one by all five. Regarding the two QIs on structured clinical record keeping, most medical records contained multidimensional aspects of care. CONCLUSIONS: We found that most QIs for the organization of PC developed for European countries were also considered face-valid for Indonesian hospitals. The top 10 QIs were applicable in Indonesia. This suggests that most of the organizational QIs are universal rather than country specific. The Indonesian set of QIs should be considered as a first step in developing, testing, and implementing a set of QIs for PC in Indonesia. We recommend validation in other Asian regions.

Lay understanding and experience of sexual intercourse among couples with infertility undergoing an assisted reproduction technology program: A qualitative study.

Aim: To explore the perception and lay understanding of sexual intercourse and sexual life experiences among infertile couples before, during, and after undergoing an assisted reproduction technology (ART) program. Method: The participants of this descriptive qualitative study were Indonesian couples with infertility who underwent an ART program. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between September and December 2022, and the participants' responses were recorded. Data were analyzed using a step-by-step analysis based on Braun's qualitative analysis. The study was reported based on the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting a Qualitative Research (COREQ) Checklist. Results: Fifty participants were included, and five themes were developed before and two themes during or after the ART program. The couples' knowledge varied as they experienced sexual intercourse at different periods, such as before, during, and after the ART program. Many participants reported that ART affected their emotions and mood, leading to decreased desire to engage in sexual intercourse. However, some used sexual intercourse as a basis for creating optimism and confidence in having offspring. Furthermore, couples perceived that the purpose of sexual intercourse is not only to have offspring but also to improve communication, promote intimacy, and express affection. In contrast, some perceived the ART program as time consuming, preventing them from engaging in sexual activities. However, not all couples considered sexual activity solely as a means of procreation. They concluded that sexual behavior is not only determined by genetics. Conclusion: Couples who underwent the ART program regardless of its effectiveness were aware that sexual interaction is not only for having children but also for preserving harmony and familial connection.

The impact of medial temporal and parietal atrophy on cognitive function in dementia.

Although medial temporal atrophy (MTA) and parietal atrophy (Koedam score) have been used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD), early detection of other dementia types remains elusive. The study aims to investigate the association between these brain imaging markers and cognitive function in dementia. This cross-sectional study collected data from the Memory Clinic of Dr. Sardjito General Hospital Yogyakarta, Indonesia from January 2020 until December 2022. The cut-off value of MTA and Koedam score was set with Receiver Operating Curve. Multivariate analysis was performed to investigate the association between MTA and Koedam score with cognitive function. Of 61 patients, 22.95% had probable AD, 59.01% vascular dementia, and 18.03% mixed dementia. Correlation test showed that MTA and Koedam score were negatively associated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Indonesian Version (MoCA-INA) score. MTA score ≥ 3 (AUC 0.69) and Koedam score ≥ 2 (AUC 0.67) were independently associated with higher risk of poor cognitive function (OR 13.54, 95% CI 1.77-103.43, p = 0.01 and OR 5.52, 95% CI 1.08-28.19, p = 0.04). Higher MTA and Koedam score indicate worse cognitive function in dementia. Future study is needed to delineate these findings as prognostic markers of dementia severity.

The Utility of Participatory Action Research in the Nursing Field: A Scoping Review.

Participatory action research (PAR) is a method of inquiry that promotes a collaborative approach to knowledge creation. This article examined areas of research interest that included PAR methods, highlighting the areas of improvement that such approaches might offer to researchers and scientists in the nursing field. Among the 20 included studies, participatory concepts are more likely used to direct research design than to select participants. About two-thirds of the studies reviewed used PAR principles in designing projects. Although only a few research collaborative efforts involved partners in selecting participants, 70% involved participants in data gathering. Participatory approaches to data processing and interpretation were found in over 60% of articles assessed across all content categories. Approximately half of the studies included suggestions for participatory implementation approaches; a quarter discussed participatory ways to disseminate results. The findings demonstrate how researchers are incorporating PAR principles into a variety of areas of nursing research. Promises to fully include participants and promises of reciprocal benefit are essential in order to pursue meaningful PAR.