Associations of a plant-centered diet and lung function across early to mid-adulthood: The CARDIA Lung Study.

BACKGROUND: Lung function throughout adulthood predicts morbidity and mortality even among adults without chronic respiratory disease. Diet quality may represent a modifiable risk factor for lung function impairment later in life. We investigated associations between nutritionally-rich plant-centered diet and lung function across early and middle adulthood from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. METHODS: Diet was assessed at baseline and years 7 and 20 of follow-up using the validated CARDIA diet history questionnaire. Plant-centered diet quality was scored using the validated A Priori Diet Quality Score (APDQS), which weights food groups to measure adherence to a nutritionally-rich plant-centered diet for 20 beneficially rated foods and 13 adversely rated foods. Scores were cumulatively averaged over follow-up and categorized into quintiles. The primary outcome was lung function decline, including forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC), measured at years 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30. We estimated the association of APDQS with annual pulmonary function changes and cross-sectional differences in a repeated measures regression model, adjusting for clinically relevant covariates. RESULTS: The study included 3,787 Black and White men and women aged 18-30 in 1985-86 and followed for 30 years. In multivariable repeated measures regression models, individuals in the lowest APDQS quintile (poorest diet) had declines in FEV1 that were 1.6 ml/year greater than individuals in the highest quintile (35.0 vs. 33.4 ml/year, ß ± SE per 1 SD change APDQS 0.94 ± 0.36, p = 0.009). Additionally, declines in FVC were 2.4 ml/year greater in the lowest APDQS quintile than those in the highest quintile (37.0 vs 34.6 ml/year, ß ± SE per 1 SD change APDQS 1.71 ± 0.46, p < 0.001). The association was not different between never and ever smokers (pint = 0.07 for FVC and 0.32 for FEV1). In sensitivity analyses where current asthma diagnosis and cardiorespiratory fitness were further adjusted, results remained similar. Cross-sectional analysis at each exam year also showed significant differences in lung function according to diet after covariate adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: In this 30-year longitudinal cohort study, long-term adherence to a nutritionally-rich plant-centered diet was associated with cross-sectional differences in lung function as well as slower decline in lung function, highlighting diet quality as a potential treatable trait supporting long-term lung health.

Vitamin D and Clinical Outcomes in Dialysis.

Most dialysis patients are vitamin D deficient, including deficiencies in both activated vitamin D (1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D) and the less active 25-hydroxyvitamin D. These and other abnormalities associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), if they remain untreated, lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism and bone changes, such as osteitis fibrosa cystica. Activated vitamin D has been proven to decrease parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in dialysis patients and is currently used for this indication. There are multiple other potential "pleotrophic" effects associated with vitamin D therapy. These include associations with lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, lower rates of infections and improved glycemic indexes. Meta-analyses of multiple observational studies have shown activated vitamin D therapy to be associated with improved survival. Observational data also suggest fewer infections and better glucose control. There have been no randomized clinical trials powered to evaluate mortality or other clinical outcomes. Small trials of nutritional vitamin D (ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol) showed increases in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels without hypercalcemia or hyperphosphatemia, even when given in addition to activated vitamin D therapy. While activated vitamin D therapy is associated with improved outcomes, it also leads to higher fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) levels, which may be detrimental in dialysis patients. Further research is needed to evaluate whether activated or nutritional vitamin D therapy are beneficial in dialysis patients for outcomes other than secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Tenecteplase With Concomitant Anticoagulation for Acute Respiratory Failure in Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background Pulmonary thrombosis and thromboembolism play a significant role in the physiologic derangements seen in COVID-19 acute respiratory failure. The effect of thrombolysis with tenecteplase on patient outcomes is unknown. Methods We conducted a randomized, controlled, double-blind, phase II trial comparing tenecteplase versus placebo in patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory failure (NCT04505592). Patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory failure were randomized to tenecteplase 0.25 mg/kg or placebo in a 2:1 proportion. Both groups received therapeutic heparin for at least 72 hours. Results Thirteen patients were included in the trial. Eight patients were randomized to tenecteplase and five were randomized to placebo. At 28 days, 63% (n = 5) of patients assigned to the treatment group were alive and free from respiratory failure compared to 40% (n = 2) in the placebo arm (p = 0.43). Mortality at 28 days was 25% (n = 2) in the treatment arm and 20% (n = 1) in the control arm (p = 1.0). No patients in the treatment arm developed renal failure by 28 days compared to 60% (n = 3) in the placebo arm (p = 0.07). Major bleeding occurred in 25% (n = 2) of the treatment arm and 20% (n = 1) in the placebo arm; however, no patients in either arm experienced intracranial hemorrhage. Conclusions Tenecteplase with concomitant heparin may improve patient outcomes in patients with COVID-19 respiratory failure. As this study was limited by a small sample size, larger confirmatory studies are needed.

A Plant-Centered Diet is Inversely Associated With Radiographic Emphysema: Findings from the CARDIA Lung Study.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant public health concern and intercepting the development of emphysema is vital for COPD prevention. Smokers are a high-risk population for emphysema with limited prevention strategies. We aimed to determine if adherence to a nutritionally rich, plant-centered diet among young ever-smokers is associated with reduced risk of future radiographic emphysema. Methods: We studied participants from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Lung Prospective Cohort Study who were 18-30 years old at enrollment and followed for 30 years. We analyzed 1706 adults who reported current or former smoking by year 20. Repeated measures of diet history were used to calculate A Priori Diet Quality Scores (APDQSs), and categorized into quintiles, with higher quintiles representing higher nutritionally rich plant-centered food intake. Emphysema was assessed at year 25 (n=1351) by computed tomography (CT). Critical covariates were selected, acknowledging potential residual confounding. Results: Emphysema was observed in 13.0% of the cohort, with a mean age of 50.4 ± 3.5 years. The prevalence of emphysema was 4.5% in the highest APDQS quintile (nutritionally rich), compared with 25.4% in the lowest quintile. After adjustment for multiple covariates, including smoking, greater adherence to a plant-centered diet was inversely associated with emphysema (highest versus lowest quintile odds ratio: 0.44, 95% CI 0.19-0.99, ptrend=0.008). Conclusion: Longitudinal adherence to a nutritionally rich, plant-centered diet was associated with a decreased risk of emphysema development in middle adulthood, warranting further examination of diet as a strategy for emphysema prevention in a high-risk smoking population.

Associations of a Plant-centered Diet and Lung Function Decline across Early to Mid-Adulthood: The CARDIA Lung Study.

Background: Lung function throughout adulthood predicts morbidity and mortality even among adults without chronic respiratory disease. Diet quality may represent a modifiable risk factor for lung function impairment later in life. We investigated associations between nutritionally-rich plant-centered diet and lung function decline across early and middle adulthood from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Methods: Diet was assessed at baseline and years 7 and 20 of follow-up using the validated CARDIA diet history questionnaire. Plant-centered diet quality was scored using the validated A Priori Diet Quality Score (APDQS), which weights food groups to measure adherence to a nutritionally-rich plant-centered diet 1 to 5 points for 20 beneficially rated foods and 5 to 1 points for 13 adversely rated foods. Scores were cumulatively averaged over follow-up and categorized into quintiles. The primary outcome was lung function decline, including forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and functional vital capacity (FVC), measured at years 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30. We estimated the association of APDQS with annual pulmonary function changes in a repeated measures regression model, adjusting for clinically relevant covariates. Results: The study included 3,787 Black and White men and women aged 18-30 in 1985-86 and followed for 30 years. In multivariable repeated measures regression models, individuals in the lowest APDQS quintile (poorest diet) had declines in FEV1 that were 1.6 ml/year greater than individuals in the highest quintile (35.0 vs. 33.4 ml/year, ß±SE per 1 SD change APDQS 0.94 ± 0.36, p = 0.009). Additionally, declines in FVC were 2.4 ml/year greater in the lowest APDQS quintile than those in the highest quintile (37.0 vs 34.6 ml/year, ß±SE per 1 SD change APDQS 1.71 ± 0.46, p < 0.001). The association was not different between never and ever smokers (pint = 0.07 for FVC and 0.32 for FEV1). In sensitivity analyses where current asthma diagnosis and cardiorespiratory fitness were further adjusted, results remained similar. Conclusions: In this 30-year longitudinal cohort study, long-term adherence to a nutritionally-rich plant-centered diet was associated with slower decline in lung function, highlighting diet quality as a potential treatable trait supporting long-term lung health.

Association between Diet Quality and Adolescent Wheezing: Effect Modification by Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure.

Rationale: Protective effects of a high-quality diet on respiratory health, particularly among youths exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), are unknown. Objectives: To assess if a higher-quality diet is associated with improved respiratory symptoms and lung function among adolescents and if these associations are modified by ETS exposure. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on 7,026 nonsmoking adolescents of the 2003-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index-2010 score (HEI-2010), categorized into quintiles. ETS exposure was measured using serum cotinine, dichotomized as high (>2.99 ng/ml) or low (⩽2.99 ng/ml). Outcomes included the presence of wheezing and cough symptoms in the past 12 months and, in a subgroup, spirometric lung function. Survey design-adjusted logistic and linear models evaluated associations between diet and 1) respiratory symptoms, and 2) lung function, respectively, and assessed the interaction between HEI-2010 and serum cotinine. Results: Although there were no significant associations between diet quality and respiratory symptoms, there was a significant interaction between HEI-2010 and serum cotinine on wheezing (Pint = 0.011). In models stratified by serum cotinine, adolescents with high serum cotinine and the healthiest diet (fifth quintile HEI-2010) experienced lower wheezing odds (odds ratio, 0.10; 95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.61) than those with the poorest diet (first quintile HEI-2010). In contrast, among adolescents with low serum cotinine, there were no significant differences in any respiratory symptoms between those with the highest compared with the lowest diet quality. Of the subgroup with spirometry data (n = 3,166), there was a trend toward better lung function with improving diet quality, although this did not achieve statistical significance. There was no effect modification by ETS exposure on the relationship between diet quality and lung function. Conclusions: Consuming a higher-quality diet was associated with lower wheezing odds in adolescents with substantial ETS exposure. Although longitudinal studies are needed, public health interventions to improve diet quality in vulnerable, environmentally exposed populations merit consideration.

Characterization of hyperglycemia in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: Beyond autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes.

AIMS: Immune-mediated beta cell destruction is known to cause hyperglycemia in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) cancer therapy. However, it is uncommon, and little is known about the full spectrum of hyperglycemia in patients receiving ICIs. We aimed to characterize the prevalence and factors associated with hyperglycemia in patients treated with ICIs. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients receiving ICIs at an NCI-designated Cancer Center. We assessed the proportion of patients with new onset hyperglycemia (random glucose >11.1 mmol/L) after starting ICIs and used logistic regression to determine hyperglycemia predictors in patients without known diabetes. RESULTS: Of 411 patients, 385 had post-ICI glucose data. 105 (27%) had hyperglycemia. Of this group, 29 (28%) had new onset hyperglycemia, 19 of whom had glucocorticoid-associated hyperglycemia. The remaining 10 had unexplained hyperglycemia and none had known autoimmune diabetes. Among patients without known diabetes, race/ethnicity, obesity, and pre-ICI hyperglycemia were significantly associated with hyperglycemia after starting ICIs. CONCLUSIONS: We found that new hyperglycemia in patients receiving ICIs was most commonly related to glucocorticoids. A small patient subset had new unexplained hyperglycemia, suggesting ICIs might have a role in promoting hyperglycemia. Recognizing factors associated with hyperglycemia in this population is crucial for appropriate management.

Metabolic disease and adverse events from immune checkpoint inhibitors.

OBJECTIVE: Obese and overweight body mass index (BMI) categories have been associated with increased immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); however, the impact of being overweight in conjunction with related metabolic syndrome-associated factors on irAEs have not been investigated. We aimed to evaluate the impact of overweight and obese BMI according to metabolic disease burden on the development of irAEs. DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study of patients receiving ICIs at a cancer center. Our main study outcome was development of ≥grade 2 (moderate) irAEs. Our main predictor was weight/metabolic disease risk category: (1) normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2)/low metabolic risk (<2 metabolic diseases [diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension]), (2) normal weight/high metabolic risk (≥2 metabolic diseases), (3) overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2)/low metabolic risk, and (4) overweight/high metabolic risk. RESULTS: Of 411 patients in our cohort, 374 were eligible for analysis. Overall, 111 (30%) patients developed ≥grade 2 irAEs. In Cox analysis, overweight/low metabolic risk was significantly associated with ≥grade 2 irAEs (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.0, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.2-3.4) when compared to normal weight/low metabolic risk, while overweight/high metabolic risk (HR: 1.3, 95% CI: 0.7-2.2) and normal weight/high metabolic risk (HR: 1.5, 95% CI: 0.7-3.0) were not. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight patients with fewer metabolic comorbidities were at increased risk for irAEs. This study provides an important insight that BMI should be evaluated in the context of associated metabolic comorbidities in assessing risk of irAE development and ICI immune response.

Impact of corticosteroids in hospitalised COVID-19 patients.

BACKGROUND: Corticosteroids are a potential therapeutic agent for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The RECOVERY (Randomised Trials in COVID-19 Therapy) trial provided data on the mortality benefits of corticosteroids. The study aimed to determine the association between corticosteroid use on mortality and infection rates and to define subgroups who may benefit from corticosteroids in a real-world setting. METHODS: Clinical data were extracted that included demographic, laboratory data and details of the therapy, including the administration of corticosteroids, azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab and anticoagulation. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included intensive care unit (ICU) admission and invasive mechanical ventilation. Outcomes were compared in patients who did and did not receive corticosteroids using the multivariate Cox regression model. RESULTS: 4313 patients were hospitalised with COVID-19 during the study period, of whom 1270 died (29.4%). When administered within the first 7 days after admission, corticosteroids were associated with reduced mortality (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.97, p=0.03) and decreased transfers to the ICU (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.11, p=0.02). This mortality benefit was particularly impressive in younger patients (<65 years of age), females and those with elevated inflammatory markers, defined as C reactive protein ≥150 mg/L (p≤0.05), interleukin-6 ≥20 pg/mL (p≤0.05) or D-dimer ≥2.0 µg/L (p≤0.05). Therapy was safe with similar rates of bacteraemia and fungaemia in corticosteroid-treated and non-corticosteroid-treated patients. CONCLUSION: In patients hospitalised with COVID-19 pneumonia, corticosteroid use within the first 7 days of admission decreased mortality and ICU admissions with no associated increase in bacteraemia or fungaemia.

Cardiovascular Disease and Severe Hypoxemia Are Associated With Higher Rates of Noninvasive Respiratory Support Failure in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia.

Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure is the major complication of coronavirus disease 2019, yet optimal respiratory support strategies are uncertain. We aimed to describe outcomes with high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in coronavirus disease 2019 acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and identify individual factors associated with noninvasive respiratory support failure. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study to describe rates of high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and/or noninvasive positive pressure ventilation success (live discharge without endotracheal intubation). Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard models were used to identify patient characteristics associated with high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and/or noninvasive positive pressure ventilation failure (endotracheal intubation and/or in-hospital mortality). SETTING: One large academic health system, including five hospitals (one quaternary referral center, a tertiary hospital, and three community hospitals), in New York City. PATIENTS: All hospitalized adults 18-100 years old with coronavirus disease 2019 admitted between March 1, 2020, and April 28, 2020. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 331 and 747 patients received high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation as the highest level of noninvasive respiratory support, respectively; 154 (46.5%) in the high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula cohort and 167 (22.4%) in the noninvasive positive pressure ventilation cohort were successfully discharged without requiring endotracheal intubation. In adjusted models, significantly increased risk of high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation failure was seen among patients with cardiovascular disease (subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.17-2.83 and subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.06-1.84, respectively). Conversely, a higher peripheral blood oxygen saturation to Fio2 ratio at high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation initiation was associated with reduced risk of failure (subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.19-0.54, and subdistribution hazard ratio 0.34; 95% CI, 0.21-0.55, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of patients receiving noninvasive respiratory modalities for coronavirus disease 2019 acute hypoxemic respiratory failure achieved successful hospital discharge without requiring endotracheal intubation, with lower success rates among those with comorbid cardiovascular disease or more severe hypoxemia. The role of high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in coronavirus disease 2019-related acute hypoxemic respiratory failure warrants further consideration.

Durable disease control with local treatment for oligoprogression of metastatic solid tumors treated with immune checkpoint blockade.

BACKGROUND: While the concept of oligometastatic disease is increasingly recognized as a distinct clinical disease state, the concept of oligoprogression is less well-characterized. Oligoprogression may be particularly relevant in the context of immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) given the underlying mechanism of action and insights regarding acquired resistance. In this study, we sought to characterize the incidence of oligoprogression in patients on CPI and explore the impact of local therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients with advanced solid tumors (excluding glioblastoma multiforme) who received a PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4 inhibitor at a single institution between 2011 and 2017. Oligoprogression was defined as progression at ≤3 metastatic lesions outside of the brain after achieving at least stable disease on CPI for 3 months. Progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Among 425 patients treated with CPI, 390 had advanced primary solid tumors outside of the central nervous system. 321 of these patients were evaluable for response, among whom 102 achieved at least stable disease. Oligoprogression was observed in 4.1% of the entire cohort and 15.7% of patients achieving at least stable disease on CPI. Among 16 patients experiencing oligoprogression, 15 received local therapy to the oligoprogressive lesions, many of whom continued CPI. At a median follow-up of 25.8 months, the median PFS for patients with oligoprogression after local therapy was 15.4 months. CONCLUSIONS: Oligoprogression occurs in a subset of patients after an initial response to CPI. However, patients receiving local therapy to oligoprogressive sites may experience durable disease control. Further study is warranted. MICROABSTRACT: Oligoprogression was observed in 4.1% of the entire cohort of patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors in this study and 15.7% of patients achieving at least stable disease. Among 16 patients experiencing oligoprogression, 15 received local therapy. At a median follow-up of 25.8 months, the median progression-free survival for patients with oligoprogression after local therapy was 15.4 months and zero patients had died. Oligoprogression occurs in a subset of patients after an initial response to CPI and local therapy to oligoprogressive sites may result in durable disease control.