Proton pump inhibitors may reduce the efficacy of ribociclib and palbociclib in metastatic breast cancer patients based on an observational study.

INTRODUCTION: Approximately 20-33% of all cancer patients are treated with acid-reducing agents (ARAs), most commonly proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), to reduce gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms. Palbociclib and ribociclib are weak bases so their solubility depends on different pH. The solubility of palbociclib dramatically decreases to < 0.5 mg/ml when pH is above 4,5 but ribociclibs' solubility decreases when pH increases above 6,5. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effects of concurrent PPIs on palbociclib and ribociclib efficacy in terms of progression-free survival in metastatic breast cancer (mBC) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative mBC patients treated with endocrine treatment (letrozole or fulvestrant) combined palbociclib or ribociclib alone or with PPI accompanying our observational study. During palbociclib/ribociclib therapy, patients should be treated with "concurrent PPIs" defined as all or more than half of treatment with palbociclib/ribociclib, If no PPI was applied, it was defined as 'no concurrent PPI', those who used PPI but less than half were excluded from the study. All data was collected from real-life retrospectively. RESULTS: Our study included 217 patients, 105 of whom received palbociclib and 112 received ribociclib treatment. In the study population CDK inhibitor treatment was added to fulvestrant 102 patients ( 47%), to letrozole 115 patients (53%). In the Palbociclib arm fulvestrant/letrozole ratio was 53.3/46.7%, in the ribociclib arm it was 41.07/58.93%. Of 105 patients who received palbociclib, 65 were on concomitant PPI therapy, 40 were not. Of the 112 patients who received ribociclib, 61 were on concomitant PPI therapy, 51 were not. In the palbociclib group, the PFS of the patients using PPIs was shorter than the PFS of the patients not using (13.04 months vs. unreachable, p < 0.001). It was determined that taking PPIs was an independent predictor of shortening PFS (p < 0.001) in the multivariate analysis, In the ribociclib group, the PFS of the patients using PPIs was shorter than the PFS of the patients not using (12.64 months vs. unreachable, p = 0.003). It was determined that taking PPIs was single statistically independent predictor of shortening PFS (p = 0.003, univariate analysis). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that concomitant usage of PPIs was associated with shorter PFS in mBC treated with both ribociclib and especially palbociclib. If it needs to be used, PPI selection should be made carefully and low-strength PPI or other ARAs (eg H2 antagonists, antacids) should be preferred.

Programmed death-1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) expression in Hodgkin lymphoma.

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are new targets in cancer immunotherapy. PD-1 protein is an immune checkpoint expressed in many tumors. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is present in malignant Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in approximately 40-50 % of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical and prognostic importance of PD-1 and/or PD-L1 in HL and also to determine the association between EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) and PD-1/PD-L1. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 87 cases with HL were analyzed in this study. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the PD-1 and PD-L1 expressions. Chromogenic in situ hybridization for EBER was performed using fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotide probes. PD-1 and PD-L1 expressions were found in 20 % of the cases. The EBER positivity was found in 40 cases (45 %). It has been found that co-expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 was associated with shorter survival although PD-1 or PD-L1 expressions were not found to be related with survival. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in cases without PD-1 and PD-L1 expressions were 135 and 107 months, respectively. OS and DFS in cases with co-expression for PD-1 and PD-L1 were 24 and 20 months, respectively, and these differences were found to be statistically significant for both OS and DFS (p = 0.002 and p = 0.003, respectively). Cox regression analysis showed that co-expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 was found to be an independent risk factor for prognosis (OR 6.9, 95 % CI 1.9-24.3). Targeting PD-1 and/or PD-L1 is meaningful due to the 20 % expression of each in HL, and we did not find an important association between PD-1 and PD-L1 and EBER expression in HL. Very poor outcome in cases with co-expression of PD-1/PD-L1 suggests new avenues to detect the new prognostic markers and also therapeutic approaches in HL.

PRAME Expression and Its Clinical Relevance in Hodgkin's Lymphoma.

OBJECTIVES: Although Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is one of the most curable cancers in adult patients, new targets have to be defined in cases resistant to traditional chemotherapy. The preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME) is a cancer testis antigen and its expression is very scarce or absent in normal tissues. For this reason PRAME is a promising candidate for tumor immunotherapy. The aim of this study is to understand the correlation of PRAME expression with prognostic factors in HL, to determine the utility of PRAME as a targeted molecule for immunotherapy and to compare real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the detection of PRAME. METHODS: In 82 patients, PRAME was studied using real-time PCR and IHC. Data analyses were performed using statistical methods such as t test, Mann-Whitney U test, χ 2 test, Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: PRAME was detected in 15 (18.3%) patients using IHC and in 8 (9.8%) patients using real-time PCR. A correlation was found between PRAME positivity and higher International Prognostic Score (p = 0.039). PRAME positivity detected using real-time PCR was found to be correlated with shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS, p = 0.0005). DISCUSSION: The demonstration of PRAME especially in histiocytes and Reed-Sternberg cells may provide guidance for immunotherapy. Although PRAME positivity increases the risk for death (3.56), independent risk factors that affected DFS and OS occurred in advanced age and high-risk groups. CONCLUSION: Although real-time PCR is sensitive in the detection of PRAME, IHC can be another useful method. Despite the need for studies conducted on larger patient samples, PRAME expression is considered as a poor prognostic parameter in HL.

Evaluation of endometrial thickness and bone mineral density based on CYP2D6 polymorphisms in Turkish breast cancer patients receiving tamoxifen treatment.

BACKGROUND: Several previous studies have examined the effect of CYP2D6 gene polymorphism on the efficacy and metabolism of tamoxifen (Tamoxifen Teva, Nolvadex) in the treatment of breast cancer. In the present study, the metabolic profiles associated with various CYP2D6 genotypes were evaluated. METHOD: In the present study 92 Turkish breast cancer patients with early-stage hormone receptor-positive tumors treated with adjuvant tamoxifen (20 mg) were evaluated for CYP2D6 genotype and metabolic profiles. Known side effects of tamoxifen treatment, including endometrial thickening, changes in serum lipid levels and bone density, and hepatosteatosis, were evaluated according to the CYP2D6 polymorphism. RESULT: The distribution of metabolic characteristics in the Turkish population was as follows: 77.1% normal metabolism, 11.5% intermediate metabolism, 5.2% ultrarapid metabolism, and 2.1% poor metabolism. The CYP2D6 genotypes associated with rapid metabolism were CYP2D6 3X*1/*1 duplication (DUP) and CYP2D6 2X*1/*2, while poor metabolism was associated with the genotypes CYP2D6 *3/*4 and CYP2D6 *6/*6. There was no statistically significant relationship between metabolic characteristics and bone density or hepatosteatosis. A statistically significant difference in total cholesterol and triglycerides was detected in lipid profile analysis (p = 0.003, p = 0.02). Assessment of endometrial thickness revealed a significant association of hyperplasia and poor metabolism, and an association between atrophy and ultrarapid metabolism (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Significant development of endometrial hyperplasia was identified among individuals with poor tamoxifen metabolism. As a result, tamoxifen may be a significant predictor of endometrial thickening among individuals with poor metabolic characteristics.

Sweet syndrome in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma: curious lymphocyte/neutrophil fluctuations.

UNLABELLED: Sweet syndrome, also referred to as acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, is characterized by tender, red inflammatory nodules or papules that occur in association with infection, malignancy, connective tissue disease, or following exposure to certain drugs. Here, we present Sweet syndrome in a case with small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia (SLL/CLL) which is a relatively rare co-occurrence. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None declared.

Evaluation of biosimilar trastuzumab MYL-1401O in HER2-positive breast cancer.

OBJECTIVES: The trastuzumab biosimilar MYL-1401O has demonstrated equivalent efficacy and comparable safety to reference trastuzumab (RTZ) in clinical trials of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) as HER2 monotherapy. STUDY DESIGN: Here, we present the first real-world comparison of MYL-1401O vs RTZ as single/dual HER2-targeted therapy for the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and palliative treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer in the first and second lines. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated medical records. We identified patients with HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer (EBC) (n = 159) who had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy with RTZ or MYL-1401O ± pertuzumab (n = 92) or adjuvant chemotherapy with RTZ or MYL-1401O plus taxane (n = 67) between January 2018 and June 2021, as well as patients with MBC (n = 53) who had received palliative first-line treatment with RTZ or MYL-1401O and docetaxel ± pertuzumab or second-line treatment with RTZ or MYL-1401O and taxane between January 2018 and June 2021. RESULTS: The rate of achieving pathologic complete response in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy was similar between those receiving MYL-1401O and RTZ (62.7% [37/59] and 55.9% [19/34], respectively; P = .509). Progression-free survival (PFS) at 12, 24, and 36 months was similar in the 2 cohorts of the EBC-adjuvant group: 96.3%, 84.7%, and 71.5%, respectively, in patients receiving MYL-1401O, and 100%, 88.5%, and 64.8% in patients receiving RTZ (P = .577). Median PFS was also similar in MBC, at 23.0 months (95% CI, 9.8-26.1) in patients receiving MYL-1401O and 23.0 months (95% CI, 19.9-26.0) in patients receiving RTZ (P = .270). The overall response rate, disease control rate, and cardiac safety profiles did not show significant differences in efficacy outcomes between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that biosimilar trastuzumab MYL-1401O has similar effectiveness and cardiac safety to RTZ in patients with HER2-positive EBC or MBC.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Cancer Cases Among Syrian Refugees From Southern Turkey.

Importance: Cancer was a common noncommunicable disease in Syria before the present conflict and is now a major disease burden among 3.6 million Syrian refugees in Turkey. Data to inform health care practice are needed. Objective: To explore sociodemographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes of Syrian patients with cancer residing in the southern border provinces of Turkey hosting more than 50% of refugees. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a retrospective hospital-based cross-sectional study. The study sample consisted of all adult and children Syrian refugees diagnosed and/or treated for cancer between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2020, in hematology-oncology departments of 8 university hospitals in the Southern province of Turkey. Data were analyzed from May 1, 2022, to September 30, 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures: Demographic characteristics (date of birth, sex, and residence), date of first cancer-related symptom, date and place of diagnosis, disease status at first presentation, treatment modalities, date and status at last hospital visit, and date of death. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision and International Classification of Childhood Cancers, Third Edition, were used for the classification of cancer. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results system was applied for staging. The diagnostic interval was defined as the number of days from first symptoms until the diagnosis. Treatment abandonment was documented if the patient did not attend the clinic within 4 weeks of a prescribed appointment throughout the treatment. Results: A total of 1114 Syrian adult and 421 Syrian children with cancer were included. The median age at diagnosis was 48.2 (IQR, 34.2-59.4) years for adults and 5.7 (IQR, 3.1-10.7) years for children. The median diagnostic interval was 66 (IQR, 26.5-114.3) days for adults and 28 (IQR, 14.0-69.0) days for children. Breast cancer (154 [13.8%]), leukemia and multiple myeloma (147 [13.2%]), and lymphoma (141 [12.7%]) were common among adults, and leukemias (180 [42.8%]), lymphomas (66 [15.7%]), and central nervous system neoplasms (40 [9.5%]) were common among children. The median follow-up time was 37.5 (IQR, 32.6-42.3) months for adults and 25.4 (IQR, 20.9-29.9) months for children. The 5-year survival rate was 17.5% in adults and 29.7% in children. Conclusions and Relevance: Despite universal health coverage and investment in the health care system, low survival rates were reported in this study for both adults and children with cancer. These findings suggest that cancer care in refugees requires novel planning within national cancer control programs with global cooperation.

Primary intracerebral myeloid sarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Myeloid sarcoma rarely presents in the absence of systemic myeloid disease. CASE REPORT: In this study, we present a case of intracerebral myeloid sarcoma with no diagnosis of any hematological disease in a 22-year-old male patient in whom brain magnetic resonance image revealed a meningioma. However, biopsy showed myeloid sarcoma. No myeloid disease was determined. The mass disappeared following 8 cycles of chemotherapy. In the literature, we determined only 8 similar cases cited between 1970 and 2011. CONCLUSION: Intracerebral myeloid sarcoma has currently no standard treatment and may be confused with a primary brain disease. Chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy are the most viable and widely used treatment modalities. Potential occurrence of hematological disease should also be closely followed due to conversion risks.

Capecitabine-induced hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia: two cases.

Capecitabine has shown significant antitumor activity against anthracycline/taxane refractory breast cancer and advanced colorectal carcinoma. The main drug-related adverse effects are palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (hand-foot syndrome), diarrhea and stomatitis. Dyslipidemia is a rare but important side effect of this drug. The mechanism of capecitabine-induced hypertriglyceridemia (CI-HTG) is unclear. It may be due to the decreased activities of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase. This report is associated with 2 patients who developed severe HTG when receiving capecitabine. Capecitabine was discountinued and antilipemic treatments were given and both cases are in follow-up with normal lipid levels. This report describes CI-HTG and possible pathogenetic mechanisms and the literature is reviewed.

Superscan Appearance of 68Ga PSMA PET/CT in a Patient with Refractory Prostate Cancer.

A 64-year-old male patient with metastatic prostate carcinoma diagnosis received lutetium-177 prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) treatment; however, his disease progressed. Herein, presented the final images of the patient that demonstrated a superscan appearance in the Gallium-68 PSMA positron emission tomography/computed tomography, which is a rare phenomenon.

Cancers and Benign Processes on 68 Ga PSMA PET-CT Imaging Other than Prostate Cancer.

Background Imaging plays an important role in the evaluation of prostate cancer patients. In recent years, much attention has been focused on gallium 68 prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography-computed tomography ( 68 Ga PSMA PET-CT) in prostate cancer patients and has been widely used for staging, restaging, and therapy response for these patients. The aim of this study was to report 68 Ga PSMA PET-CT in other cancers and benign processes incidentally detected on 68 Ga PSMA PET-CT in patients with prostate cancer. Materials and Methods A total of 600 68 Ga PSMA PET-CT scans were performed for initial staging, restaging, detection of suspected recurrence, and therapy response in prostate cancer patients between December 2018 and June 2020. A total of 38 patients with histopathologically proven prostate cancer were included in the current study with other malignancies and benign processes. Mainly histopathology in most of cases and clinical and radiological follow-up in few cases after PET/CT scanning served as the standard of reference. Results A total of 38 patients (age range: 52-85 years; mean age: 68.6) with prostate cancer final histopathology results were included in the study. A total of 51 lesion sites were evaluated in 38 patients. Forty-one lesion regions of these 51 regions were based on histopathological diagnosis, whereas 10 of them were based on clinical follow-up and conventional radiological follow-up as differential criteria. Thirty of 51 lesion regions were evaluated as malignant and 21 were benign lesions. The most common 68 Ga PSMA ligand avid malignancy was lung adenocarcinoma (6/38). Conclusions Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a cell surface glycoprotein and mainly expressed in prostate epithelium. 68 Ga PSMA PET-CT imaging is very sensitive and specific imaging modality in prostate cancer patients. However, other malignancies and some benign processes may also have 68 Ga PSMA ligand avidity and some prostate cancer metastases may imitate other malignancies.

Malignant mixed Mullerian tumor of the ovary with two cases and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Malignant mixed Müllerian tumor (MMMT) of the ovary is a rare and highly aggressive tumor. It accounts <1% of all ovarian carcinomas. It is characterized by the presence of both carcinomatous and sarcomatous components and tends to occur in low parity postmenopausal woman. These are mixed, mostly monoclonal tumors, and the predominance of the stromal component aggravates the prognosis. The staging system for ovarian and primary peritoneal cancer is also used for MMMT. After complete surgical staging, patient with stage II-IV at the time of surgery should have postoperative chemotherapy. Chemotherapy can be considered for stage I MMMT. Its optimal treatment is debatable. Taxane and platinum combination is standard for the epithelial ovarian carcinoma. There is very limited literature reporting this combination therapy in ovarian MMMTs. CASE 1 AND CASE 2: We presented two cases of stage III primary ovarian MMMT. The patients were treated with the taxane/platin combination, without adverse events following surgery, and remained in clinical remission in Case 1 at follow-up. Case 2 has progressed after first line taxane/platin regimen and treated like epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Case 1 was in complete remission in the follow-up visit 2 years later. Case 2 died 14 months later after the tumor was initially diagnosed. CONCLUSION: Predominating carcinomatous or sarcomatous component should be taken into consideration in predicting the response and planning the chemotherapy protocol.

Perineum and penile invasion of recurrent prostate carcinoma shown by Ga-68 PSMA PET/CT.

Imaging of prostate cancer has recently had new modalities. Ga-68 Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) has gained important diagnostic role in the management of the patients with prostate cancer. Patients with progressively elevated serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level may be evaluated by Ga-68 PSMA PET/CT imaging. This case report presents a seventy five year old man with diagnosis of prostate cancer and progressive serum PSA increase. Local recurrence of the tumor as well as spread to the penis, perineum and skeleton was determined by Ga-68 PSMA imaging. This case illustrates that Ga-68 PSMA imaging may show unexpected sites of disease spread.

Easier and more explanatory indices by integrating leukocyte lymphocyte ratio (LLR) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) to IPS systems in cases with classical Hodgkin lymphoma.

The aim of this study is to determine the power of he international prognostic scoring systems (IPS-7 and IPS-3) and to obtain indices by integrating leukocyte lymphocyte ratio (LLR) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) factors as prognostic indicators in cases with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). 1012 patients with cHL were evaluated with 2 different IPS-4 scores with four parameters: stage, age, hemoglobin level, and either LLR or PNI. Statistical package SPSS v 22.0 was used. Two different Cox regression models were obtained for OS and PFS. Model 1 showed LLR ≥ 5,8 as the highest risk for OS and anemia as the highest risk for PFS. Model 2 showed PNI ≤ 45,2 as the highest risk for OS and anemia as the highest risk for PFS. IPS-4 scores obtained by integrating either LLR or PNI to IPS-3 integration of a biologic parameter either LLR or PNI need to be determined with clinical risk scoring parameters.

IPS-3 Validation in 1012 cases with classical hodgkin lymphoma.

The aim of this study is to validate the IPS-3 scoring system as a prognostic indicator in 1012 patients with advanced stage classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL) treated by doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine (ABVD). According to the IPS-3 scoring system only 3.5 % had high risk and 50.8 % had low risk disease disease and 45.8 % of the cases had intermediate risk disease. Each factors of IPS-7 and IPS-3 scoring systems (age, sex, stage hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte count and white cell count) were found to be significant for overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) according to univariate analyses. Two different multivariate Cox analyses were performed for OS and PFS including the IPS-3/ IPS-7 scoring system parameters. Among 7 risk factors of IPS scoring system, gender and albumin were not found as independent risk factors for both OS and PFS according to cox regression model. But all parameters such as age, stage and hemoglobin those included in IPS-3, were found to be independent significant risk factors for both models obtained for OS and PFS. The results of the study shows that the IPS-3 scoring system can be used as a prognostic indicator in ABVD treated patients in every day practice which is more easily calculate according to the IPS-7.

Alterations of ghrelin with weights and correlation among ghrelin, cytokine and survival in patients receiving chemoradiotherapy for gastrointestinal cancers.

AIM: This study involved 30 patients (16 had gastric, 9 pancreatic and 5 gall bladder cancer) who had received concomitant chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Blood ghrelin and IL-6 values were compared before, in the last week of, and 3 months after CRT. Meanwhile, changes in body weight of patients were also investigated with changes in ghrelin and IL-6 levels before, in the last week of, and after radiotherapy (RT). METHODS: Informed consent of the patients and the ethical committee approval from Cukurova University Medical Faculty were taken. Blood ghrelin and IL-6 levels were measured by using the ELISA method. Survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan Maier method, and data were evaluated by using the SPSS 19.0 package. Categorical measurements were calculated as numbers and percentages, whereas numerical data were summarized as mean and standard deviation. RESULTS: The correlation between ghrelin and IL-6 values at the baseline of RT and overall survival rates at the end of the 30-month follow up was analyzed. Accordingly, ghrelin values were also changed in line with changes in patients' weights (P < 0.001). Patients with ghrelin values above 35 pg/ml before RT had longer survival rates at the end of the 30-month follow up (P = 0.001). Overall survival rates in patients with IL-6 value at or below 3.9 pg/ml before RT were longer than patients with IL-6 value above 3.9 pg/ml (P = 0.021). CONCLUSION: Therefore, the initiation of ghrelin analogue prophylactically in patients receiving chemoradiotherapy with gastrointestinal system malignancies can both prevent weight loss by increasing appetite and decrease severity of inflammation, thereby increasing survival.

Expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, fibroblast growth factor 2, phosphatidyl inositol 3 phosphate kinase and their clinical and prognostic significance in early and advanced stage of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.

AIM: Non-small cell lung carcinoma is the leading cause of cancer related to death in the world. Squamous cell lung carcinoma (SqCLC) is the second most frequent histological subtype of lung carcinomas. Recently, growth factors, growth factor receptors, and signal transduction system-related gene amplifications and mutations are extensively under investigation to estimate the prognosis and to develop individualized therapies in SqCLC. In this study, besides the signal transduction molecule phosphatidyl inositol-3-phosphate kinase (IP3K) p110α, we explored the expressions of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and receptor-1 (FGFR1) in tumor tissue and also their clinical and prognostic significance in patients with early/advanced SqCLC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2005 to 2013, 129 patients (23 early, 106 advanced disease) with a histopathological SqCLC diagnosis were selected from the hospital files of Cukurova University Medical Faculty for this study. Two independent pathologists evaluated FGFR1, FGF2, and PI3K (p110α) expressions in both tumor and stromal tissues from 99 of the patients with sufficient tissue samples, using immunohistochemistry. Considering survival analysis separately for patients with both early and advanced stage diseases, the relationship between the clinical features of the patients and expressions were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: FGFR1 expression was found to be low in 59 (60%) patients and high in 40 (40%) patients. For FGF2; 12 (12%) patients had high, 87 (88%) patients had low expression and for IP3K; 31 (32%) patients had high and 66 (68%) patients had low expressions. In univariate analysis, overall survival (OS) was significantly associated with stage of the disease and the performance status of the patient (P<0.0001 and P<0.001). There was no significant difference in OS of the patients with either low or high expressions of FGFR1, FGF2, and IP3K. When the patients with early or advanced stage disease were separately taken into consideration, the relationship did not differ, either. Any of FGFR1, FGF2 or IP3K expressions was not found predictive for the treatment of early or advanced staged patients. On the other hand, the expressions of both FGFR1 and FGF2 were significantly different with respect to smoking, scar of tuberculosis and scar of radiotherapy (P=0.002; P=0.06 and P=0.05, respectively). DISCUSSION: There has not been identified an effective individualized treatment for SqCLC yet. Therefore, in order to be able to develop such a treatment in the future, it is essential to identify the genetic abnormalities that are responsible for the biological behaviors and carcinogenesis of SqCLC. Although we could not show the prognostic and predictive significance of FGFR1, FGF2 and IP3K expressions in SqCLC, we determined the expression rates of FGFR1, FGF2 and IP3K as a reference for Turkish patients. In conclusion, we want to put some emphasis on the fact that, pulmonary fibrosis which is a late complication of radiotherapy at stage III disease, and the scar of tuberculosis could be associated with FGFR1 and FGF2 expressions.

Paraoxonase-1 and arylesterase activities in patients with colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and arylesterase (ARE) activities and oxidative stress status in patients with colorectal carcinomas (CRC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients (20 male, 13 female) with CRC and 30 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were obtained from the CRC patients before adjuvant therapy. Serum samples from CRC patients and healthy controls were analyzed for PON1 and ARE activities. RESULTS: The PON1 and ARE activities of the patients with CRC were significantly higher compared to those of the control group (PON1 activity is 125.35±20.07 U/L for CRC patients and 1.22±0.48 U/L for control group, P<0.001; ARE activity is 160.76±10.79 U/L for CRC patients). ARE levels showed a positive correlation with smoking status (P=0.04). PON1 activity was higher in colon carcinoma patients (135.95±19.3 U/L) rather than rectal carcinoma patients (97.08±5.24 U/L) but it was not statistically significant (P=0.72). CONCLUSION: Serum PON1 activity is increased in patients with CRC, and serum ARE levels showed a positive correlation with smoking status. PON1 activity was higher in colon carcinoma patients. There is no other study in literature investigating these activities for CRC patients. It should be reevaluated by larger clinical trials.