Is there any effect of presence and size of os trigonum on flexor hallucis longus tendon lesions?

BACKGROUND: It was hypnotized that presence and larger size of os trigonum (OT) can affect flexor hallucis longus tendon (FHL), so tenosynovitis, degeneration and partial tear can be developed. METHODS: A total of 98 (Study group: 50, Control: 48) subjects included to study and compered status of FHL lesions. Sagittal length and axial width of OT were measured on MRI to determine effect of OT on FHL lesions and correlated with arthroscopic findings. RESULTS: FHL tenosynovitis (p: 0,025), degeneration (p: 0,01) and partial tear (p: 0.008) was identified statistically high in study group. Statistical analysis revealed that as length of OT increased, frequency of degeneration (p: 0.03) and partial tear (p: 0.00) of FHL increased. CONCLUSION: Analyzes were showed that the presence of os trigonum had an important role on the FHL pathologies. Additional finding of study was to demonstrate that possibility of FHL lesion increased as length of OT extended. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Level 3.

Short-Term Results of Flexor Hallucis Longus Transfer in Delayed and Neglected Achilles Tendon Repair.

Flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon transfer to the calcaneus in the repair of delayed or neglected Achilles tendon (AT) injuries is a viable and dynamic option. Nineteen patients (18 males, 1 female; mean age 47.4 ± 12.4, range 24 to 74, years; body mass index 27.5 ± 4.5, range 23.2 to 38.9, kg/m2; interval from injury to surgery 40.8 ± 11.6, range 28 to 60, days) with delayed or neglected repair of AT rupture were included in the present study. FHL transfer to the calcaneus through a single incision and repair of the defect with native tendon lengthening or a tendinous turndown flap was performed. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot and hallux scale scores, balance and jump performance, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, and lower extremity concentric and eccentric strength were evaluated 6 months postoperatively. Student's t test was used to compare the outcomes between the operated and nonoperated sides. AOFAS hindfoot and hallux scale scores were 93.83 and 86.9, respectively. No significant difference was found in vertical jump (p = .60), forward jump (p = .68), or balance performance (p > .05). However, less ankle dorsiflexion on the operated side was recorded compared with the nonoperated side (p = .008). Concentric/eccentric muscle strength between the operated and nonoperated side was similar (p > .05). The concentric strength of the operated side reached 92% and eccentric strength reached 101.7% of the nonoperated side's strength. All the patients were satisfied with their results and return to preinjury daily activities. AT repair of a delayed and neglected injury using FHL transfer to the calcaneus in a dynamic fashion provided excellent outcomes.

The midterm psychological effect of cast removal procedures in children.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the course of anxiety change in children who used headphones during cast removal with controls in midterm follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-six patients who underwent forearm fracture treatment with closed reduction and long arm casting between June 2021 and March 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups based on the use of headphones (n=27; 21 males, 6 females; mean age: 8.0±1.8 years; range, 6 to 12 years) or not (n=39; 27 males, 12 females; mean age: 8.9±1.8 years; range, 6 to 12 years) during cast removal with an oscillating saw. Primary outcome measures included preprocedure, postprocedure, and six-month anxiety assessments with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. RESULTS: There was an acute increase in the mean state anxiety scores after the procedure, which returned to below baseline at the six-month follow-up in the headphone (31.4±8.3, 33.3±8.7, and 25.1±4.1, respectively) and control groups (34.9±11.1, 37.4±9.5, and 27.3±5.3, respectively). The mean trait anxiety scores before the procedure, after the procedure, and at six months remained similar in the headphone (33.6±3.0, 34.6±3.2, and 32.4±2.8; p>0.05) and control groups (34.1±2.7, 33.7±3.0, and 33.7±3.0, p>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the acute anxiety during cast removal did not create anxiety sequelae in the sixth month regardless of headphone use.

Revisiting the surgical indication of mid-shaft clavicle fractures: Clavicle asymmetry.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate whether clavicular symmetry was a valid assumption and to assess the factors that could predict clavicular asymmetry. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2021 and April 2021, a total of 100 consecutive patients (61 males, 39 females; mean age: 63.6±15.5 years; range, 27 to 94 years) whose both clavicles were adequately seen on chest computed tomography (CT) were retrospectively analyzed. Clavicular lengths were measured on three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of chest CTs by two independent orthopedic surgeons on two separate occasions. The longest distance passing the straight line between the most lateral part of the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint and the most medial point of the clavicle on the sternoclavicular joint was given as the clavicle length after adjusting tilt of convertible 3D CTs. Clavicular length difference was calculated by subtracting the short clavicle's length from the long clavicle's length. Patients' age and sex were noted. The calculated clavicular length differences were assigned into three groups: ≤5 mm, >5 mm and ≤10 mm, and >10 mm. RESULTS: The mean right and left clavicle lengths were 13.9±1.3 cm and 14.1±1.2 cm, respectively (p<0.001). A total of 29 patients (29%) had >5 mm clavicle asymmetry and six patients (6%) had more than 10 mm clavicular length difference. Age, sex, and clavicular length were not associated with the clavicular length difference. CONCLUSION: Our study results showed that 29% of the patients had >5 mm clavicular length asymmetry. The clavicular symmetry may not be a valid assumption in the decision making for the surgical treatment of mid-shaft clavicle fractures; thus, this assumption may lead to maltreatment. More factors that can predict clavicle asymmetry should be investigated in future studies.

Radiological Evaluation of Distal Tibiofibular Joint Anatomy Variations in Patients with and Without Syndesmotic Injury.

Introduction: Syndesmosis injuries are a common and debilitating problem affecting the ankle joint, but the precise causes of these injuries remain unclear. In the current retrospective study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between variations in the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis and surgically proven syndesmosis injuries. Patients and Method: A total of 57 patients with surgically proven syndesmosis injuries and 51 patients without syndesmosis injuries were included as the control group. Computed tomography (CT) scans were used to measure six anatomical features 1 cm proximal to the tibiotalar joint, including the anterior facet length (a), posterior facet length (b), angle between the anterior and posterior facets (c), fibular incisura depth (d), tibia thickness (e), and fibula thickness (f). Results: Comparing the measurements of the patients with and without syndesmosis injury, it was demonstrated that the anterior facet length (a) (p = 0.022) was shorter and the a-b difference (anterior facet length-posterior facet length difference) (p = 0.010) tended toward negative values. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that a (r = - 0.211, p < 0.033) and a-b (r = - 0.254, p = 0.010) measurements were strongly negatively correlated with syndesmosis injury. Discussion: Our study findings suggest that the shortness of the anterior facet and the difference in length are related to syndesmosis injuries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report this relationship with syndesmosis. This study sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of syndesmosis injury, which could help clinicians in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this common ankle injury.Level of evidence: Level 4: case-control study.

What is the clinical and functional effect of performing suspension arthroplasty with abductor pollicis longus tendon slip to carpometacarpal joint osteoarthritis of the thumb?

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the clinical, radiological, and functional results of trapeziectomy, ligament reconstruction and suspensionplasty surgery with abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendon slip autograft to thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) osteoarthritis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2011 and June 2017, a total of 25 hands of 25 patients (4 males, 21 females; mean age: 63.6±5.8 years; range, 54 to 76 years) were included. All patients underwent trapeziectomy and ligament reconstruction and suspensionplasty procedure due to the diagnosis of thumb CMC joint osteoarthritis. The patients were administered the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation Questionnaire (PRWE), Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (Q-DASH), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Scaphometacarpal distance (SMD), Kapandji opposition score, thumb range of motion (ROM), grip strength, tip pinch, lateral pinch, and palmer pinch values were measured for both hands. The values calculated for the operated and contralateral hands of the patients were compared. RESULTS: The ROM measurements, Kapandji opposition scores, and pinch values of the operated hands of the patients were found to be statistically significant lower compared to the contralateral hands (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.002; respectively). The grip strength values were similar for both hands (p=0.147). The median SMD in the operated hand was found to be 7.5 mm and 12.1 mm in the contralateral hand (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The ROM, strength and functional results were reached a satisfactory level, particularly in the patients with a follow-up period of ≥36 months. In patients with thumb CMC joint osteoarthritis, ligament reconstruction and suspensionplasty using APL tendon slip are considered to be a useful and preferable surgical technique modification.

Indirect impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on diabetes-related lower extremity amputations: A regional study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the indirect impact of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on diabetes-related lower extremity amputations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent lower limb amputation due to complications of diabetes between August 2019 and February 2020 (control group) and August 2020 and February 2021 (pandemic group) were retrospectively reviewed. None of the patients had a previous COVID-19 infection. Patients' amputation level and latest diabetes follow-up date until amputation were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 19 feet of 19 patients (14 males, 5 females; mean age: 70.0±10.5 years; range, 53 to 91 years) in the control group and 18 feet of 18 patients (12 males, 6 females; mean age: 70.4±11.3 years; range, 54 to 91 years) were included. There was no statistically significant difference in amputation levels between the two groups (p=0.959). The mean time elapsed from the last diabetes control in the control and the pandemic group was 5.9±12.8 months and 8.2±9.8 months, respectively (p=0.038). A total of eight (42.1%) patients in the control group and seven (38.9%) patients in the pandemic group did not have a follow-up for diabetes in the last year prior to amputation (p=0.842). CONCLUSION: Although the COVID-19 pandemic seems to cause a delay in the routine medical care of patients with diabetes, it appears not to have an indirect effect on the lower extremity amputation level and incidence. Patients' adherence may be the major determinant in amputation surgery.

What is the importance of distal nail diameter in the treatment of intertrochanteric femur fractures?

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of distal nail diameter in the treatment of geriatric intertrochanteric femur fractures (ITFFs). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2017 and January 2021, a total of 91 patients (34 males, 57 females; mean age: 80.6±7.8 years; range, 65 to 96 years) who had osteosynthesis due to an ITFF with a short cephalomedullary nail (CMN) were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n=18) included patients with a distal nail diameter of ≤10 mm and Group 2 (n=73) included patients with a distal nail diameter of >10 mm. Patients' age, sex, fracture type according to AO classification, intramedullary femoral canal diameter, canal fit ratio, operation duration, reduction quality, the distal diameter of the CMN, and complications were evaluated. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 in terms of the mean age, sex, fracture type, mean intramedullary canal diameter, reduction quality, and implant failure (p>0.05). The mean operation duration was significantly shorter in Group 2 (112.9±39.9 min) compared to Group 1 (128.8±36.4 min) (p=0.048). A total of three intraoperative peri-implant fractures occurred which included one 9 mm nail, one 12 mm nail, and one 14 mm nail. CONCLUSION: Our study results suggest that there is no advantage of using a >10-mm CMN in the treatment of geriatric ITFFs in terms of reducing the implant failure rate. However, the utility of a >10-mm CMN can reduce the operation duration.

The effect of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia on the result of shoulder arthroscopy.

OBJECTIVES: Emotional and cognitive factors have been shown to affect pain, and one of the main factors in the development of this effect is pain catastrophizing. The present study aims to determine the effect and frequency of the pain catastrophizing in shoulder lesions and to examine the association between pain catastrophizing and to assess the pre-operative and post-operative functional outcomes. METHODS: A total of 114 patients who underwent shoulder arthroscopy were included study. Pain catastrophizing scale, Tampa kinesiophobia scale, visual analog scale, and University of California at Los Angeles shoulder scale were used for evaluating patients' pre- and post-operative pain and functional situation. RESULTS: Pain catastrophizing was detected 42 of 114 patients (37%). Kinesiophobia was higher in patients who catastrophized shoulder pain (p<0.0001). If participant had a labrum (p=0.038), supraspinatus (p=0.043), or biceps pathology (p=0.032), catastrophization was determined more often. There was catastrophization in 50% of patients with post-operative University of California at Los Angeles score which was evaluated as fair/poor (p=0.039). CONCLUSION: Pre- and post-operative results of the current study strengthened the data about importance of catastrophization. Catastrophization (+) patient group had lower functional capacity outcomes than that of the catastrophization (-) patient group. Decreased levels of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia in surgically and conservatively treated patients will result in more satisfactory clinical outcomes.

Reliability and validity of the adapted Turkish version of the Spinal Appearance Questionnaire.

PURPOSE: The Spinal Appearance Questionnaire (SAQ), scoliosis specific quality of life questionnaire, was developed to assess the spinal appearance in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Turkish version of the Spinal Appearance Questionnaire (Tr-SAQ). METHODS: Tr-SAQ and already validated Turkish SRS-22 were applied to 75AIS patients (56 females) twice within a 2-week interval for test-retest reliability. Validity of the Tr-SAQ was assessed with factor analysis, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Convergent validity was evaluated by calculating Spearman correlation coefficients between Tr-SAQ and SRS-22 self-image domain. Internal consistency and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were evaluated for the determination of reliability. RESULTS: Factor analysis indicated that Tr-SAQ had two factors as appearance (items 1-10) and expectations (items 12-15). Convergent validity test showed a significant negative correlation between the Tr-SAQ appearance score and SRS-22 self-image score (Spearman's r = - 0.6).Test-retest was conducted within a mean of 16.7 (range 14-28) days. Both ICC and Cronbach's α were found to be high (0.98, 0. 91, respectively). The correlations with the major curve magnitude were stronger for the Tr-SAQ Appearance (r = 0.7) and Tr-SAQ Total (r = 0.6) scores than the correlations between the SRS-22 self-image (r = - 0.5) and SRS-22 Total (r = - 0.4) scores. CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of the SAQ was reliable and valid for clinical use for AIS patients who are native speakers of Turkish. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I- diagnostic studies.

Is gluteus medius injured in patients treated with a trochanter tip entry intramedullary nail? Clinical, electrophysiological and functional outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess the functional outcomes, static-dynamic postural stability of patients and evaluate electromyographic activity of gluteus medius (GMed) muscle during gait and spatiotemporal parameters of gait in patients after antegrade intramedullary nailing (IMN) of femoral shaft fractures with trochanter tip entry. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients (15 males, 1 female; mean age 34.8±15.2 years; range, 18 to 58 years) who were treated with an antegrade trochanteric IMN between January 2009 and July 2013 and eight healthy male controls (mean age 39.3±9.8 years; range, 27 to 57 years) were included in this retrospective study. Muscle strength, static and dynamic postural stability and fall risk were evaluated. In addition, spatiotemporal parameters of gait were assessed using a validated wireless inertial sensing device and a wireless electromyography (EMG) device was used to measure electromyographic activity of GMed muscle in both groups. RESULTS: There were significant differences in muscle strength, functional and dynamic balance test scores between operated and intact sides (one-leg hop test score p=0.009, balance test scores p<0.001-0.033). There were significant differences in functional and quality of life physical function test scores between groups (one-leg hop test score p=0.014). However, no significant differences were found in EMG results, dynamics balance, and statics postural stability test scores between groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: After isolated femur fracture, patients treated with antegrade trochanteric IMN demonstrated good static and dynamic stability and poor functional outcomes compared to controls. In conclusion, patients with antegrade trochanteric IMN have good balance but poor functional performance; however, further studies are needed to find out the primary reason for these results.

Radiologic Evaluation of the Effect of Distal Tibiofibular Joint Anatomy on Arthroscopically Proven Ankle Instability.

BACKGROUND: Ankle sprains occur frequently in both athletes and the general population. The social and economic consequences can be significant. In an effort to understand the injury, dynamic and static structures around the ankle have been investigated in detail, but anatomical factors predisposing to lateral ankle instability have not been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to radiologically investigate the relationship between bony variations of the distal tibiofibular joint and arthroscopically proven ankle instability. METHODS: Fifty patients with arthroscopically proven ankle instability and 50 patients without instability were included in this study. Measurements were obtained from a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) section 1 cm proximal to the tibiotalar joint; distal tibiofibular joint anterior facet length (a), posterior facet length (b), angle between the anterior and posterior facets (c), fibular notch depth (d), tibia thickness (e), and fibula thickness (f) was measured. RESULTS: It was found that instability was more frequent when the length of a (P < .001) and e (P < .001) were shorter. In addition, when value of a/b and e/f were evaluated, it was observed that the number of individuals who had instability increased as the ratio became smaller (P < .016-.020, respectively). Pearson correlation analysis indicated strong negative correlation between the values of a-e and instability (r = -0.348, P < .001, and r = -0.328, P = .001; respectively). CONCLUSION: Lateral ankle sprains are common, and a clear understanding of the relevant structures and clinical function of the ankle complex should extend beyond the talocrural joint. This study demonstrated that the presence of narrow anterior facet (a) and thinner tibia (e) were strongly correlated with lateral ankle instability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective case control study.

Endoscopic treatment of bilateral hallux saltans in an ordinary woman.

In this article, we present a 47-year-old female patient applying with pain in posteromedial of ankle and trigger toe complaints. There was no predisposing factor such as dance or sports or any radiological sign such as os trigonum. Posterior ankle endoscopy technique was used for evaluation and it was observed that the FHL tendon was triggered. Fibrous thickening around the tendon was released with endoscopic instruments. After release, it was observed that the FHL tendon was not triggered with toe movements. Hallux saltans can be treated by posterior endoscopic methods with an attention to the tibial nerve such as other joint and soft tissue pathologies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of endoscopic treatment of bilateral HS in an ordinary female patient.

Is it easy to clinically distinguish inflammatory arthritis of bacterial origin from monoarthritis attacks of gout disease?

Acute monoarthritis is a common situation in orthopedic emergency where the patient presents with typical inflamed joint. It is hard to clinically distinguish inflammatory arthritis of bacterial origin from monoarthritis attacks of gout disease. If these two situations, which are the most common causes of acute monoarthritis, are misdiagnosed, outcomes might be catastrophic and costly. Synovial fluid analysis is the most reliable method for confirming the diagnosis although it might not always lead to definitive diagnosis. If there is clinical suspicion for crystal arthropathy, repeated examinations may provide benefits for confirming the diagnosis.