Recreational music exposure and hearing health in young adults.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare daily and total recreational music exposure levels and extended-spectrum audiogram results in young adults without pre-existing hearing problems. DESIGN: The study included healthy volunteers aged 18-25 with no known ear disease or hearing loss. Participants completed a questionnaire, underwent otoscopic and tympanometric examinations, and determined preferred music volumes in an audiometry booth using calibrated music samples of their preferred genres. Hearing thresholds up to 16 kiloHertz (kHz) were measured. Daily music exposure for each participant was normalized to 8 h to calculate a time-weighted average of 8 h (TWA8). Total exposure (TE) was calculated by multiplying TWA8 by the number of years of music listening. RESULTS: A total of 32.4% of participants had TWA8s above 65 dB. Their hearing thresholds at 125, 250, 500, and 16,000 Hz and the average of 125 Hz-8 kHz were significantly higher. Participants with TWA8s above 65 dB were also more prone to speaking loudly and experiencing communication difficulties on the phone. Those with a TE of more than 400 experienced significantly more speech discrimination difficulty in noisy environments and temporary hearing loss/tinnitus after exposure to loud music. Participants with a TE above 700 had worse thresholds at 4, 14, and 16 kHz frequencies, as well as 125-8000 Hz and 500-4000 Hz averages compared to those with a TE below 700. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that recreational music with much lower exposure levels than the universally accepted TWA8 of 85 dB could negatively impact hearing in healthy young adults. Therefore, maintaining a maximum TWA8 of 65 dB is recommended.

Percutaneous ablation treatment in metastatic lung tumors: a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, many studies have proven that percutaneous thermal ablation is an effective second-line treatment method with low complication rates in early-stage non-small cell lung carcinoma and lung metastases. Radiofrequency ablation and microwave ablation are commonly used for this purpose. PURPOSE: To evaluate the factors affecting the success of the percutaneous thermal ablation treatment with technical success, complication rates, and long-term follow-up results in metastatic lung lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous ablation was performed for 70 metastatic lung lesions in 35 patients (22 men, 13 women; mean age = 61.34 years; age range = 41-75 years). Radiofrequency ablation was performed in 53/70 (75.7%) lesions and microwave ablation in 17/70 (24.3%) lesions. RESULTS: The technical success rate was 98.6%. Median overall survival, progression-free survival, and local recurrence-free survival of the patients were 33.9 months (range=25.6-42.1 months), 12 months (range=4.9-19.2 months), and 24.2 months (range=8.2-40.1 months), respectively. One- and two-year overall survival rates were 84% and 74%, respectively. Median progression-free survival times were 20.3 months and 11.4 months, respectively, according to the number of metastatic lung lesions being single and multiple, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.046). According to the number of lesions ≤3 and >3, the difference was also found statistically significant (P = 0.024) (14.3 months and 5.7 months, respectively). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, CT-guided percutaneous thermal ablation is a safe and effective treatment method in metastatic lung lesions. The number of lesions is the most important factor in predicting treatment success.

Evaluation of the self-expanding effect of carotid stents in the early postoperative period.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the expansion effect of self-expandable stents during the first week after carotid artery stenting (CAS) procedure and to examine the variation of the effect according to the carotid plaque type. METHODS: Seventy stenotic carotid arteries of 69 patients were stented by using self-expanding Wallstents with diameters of 7 and 9 mm, after detection of stenosis and plaque type by Doppler ultrasonography. Post-stent aggressive ballooning was avoided and residual stenosis rates were measured with digital subtraction angiography. After the stenting procedure, the caudal, narrowest, and cranial diameters of stents were measured with ultrasonography at 30 min, first day and first week. Stent diameter increase and change according to plaque type were evaluated. Two-way repeated measure ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A significant increase was observed in the mean stent diameter in the three stent regions (caudal, narrow, and cranial) from the 30th minute to the first and seventh days (p < 0.001). The most prominent stent expansion occurred in the cranial and narrow segments within the first day. In the narrow stent region; Stent diameter increase between 30th minute-first day, 30th minute-first week, and first day-first week were all significant (p < 0.001). At 30 min, first day, and first week, no significant difference was detected between plaque type and stent expansion in caudal, narrow, and cranial regions (p = 0.286). CONCLUSION: We think that keeping the lumen patency limited to 30% residual stenosis after CAS procedure by applying minimal post-stenting balloon dilatation and leaving the remaining lumen expansion to the self-expanding feature of the Wallstent might be a sensible approach in order to avoid embolic events and excessive carotid sinus reactions (CSR).

Sliced vs crushed cartilage for camouflage: long-term graft survival and histological outcomes.

PURPOSE: In this study, we proposed a "sliced-partial thickness cartilage graft" for nasal contour restoration purposes and compared the long-term graft survival and histological changes of sliced, crushed, and intact cartilage grafts. METHODS: Nasal septal and auricular cartilage grafts were harvested from 8 rabbits. Sliced, crushed, or intact cartilage grafts were measured in thickness with a micrometer and re-implanted. 4 months later, specimens were histologically evaluated and thickness were measured. RESULTS: Both nasal septal and auricular crushed cartilage lost significantly more chondrocytes than sliced samples together with fibrosis, multiple fracture lines, and even ossification. Sliced and intact cartilages were histologically similar except sliced cartilage had some minor changes limited to its cut surface. Sliced cartilages retained their thickness, histology, and structural properties in the long term similar to intact cartilages whereas -contrary to expectations- crushed specimens had significantly higher thickness measurements at the end of 4 months. CONCLUSION: Sliced cartilage grafts prepared with an atraumatic cartilage slicer are an ideal camouflaging material with its uniform thickness, and malleability. Crushed cartilages seemingly getting thicker without histological findings could be explained by lower than actual initial measurements due to its structural weakness and getting squeezed when the standard pressure of the micrometer was applied.

The role of heparin in preventing the early silent ischemia in carotid stenting.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Serebral silent ischemia is a complication of carotid stenting. If silent ischemia occurs 24 h later of carotid stenting, it called early serebral silent ischemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heparin infusion on the prevention of early silent ischemia in patients who underwent carotid stenting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 26 patients who underwent carotid stenting. Patients who had carotid stenting, we randomized into two groups. The first group of patients were given continuously heparin infusion a maximum of 20,000 units for 24 h, and screened the aPTT value each 6 h. The aPTT value aimed a range of 2-3 times to up baseline. The second group didn't take heparin infusion. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI-MRI) and gradient echo (GRE) sequences performed in all patients at the 24 h of carotid stenting. RESULTS: Early serebral silent ischemia was detected by DWI-MRI in 13 (50%) of 26 patients who underwent carotid stenting. Seven (53.80%) of 13 patients whit early serebral silent ischemia did not receive heparin treatment, while 6 (46.20%) received heparin treatment. There was no symptomatic or asymptomatic acute hemorrhage in patients who treated with heparin. CONCLUSION: In our study, the continuation of anticoagulant therapy for 24 h to prevent early silent ischemia was not statistically significant. Also there is no reduction for count of serebral silent ischemia between two groups. However, due to the small number of patients in the study, future studies are required with more patients.

The impact of TI-RADS in detecting thyroid malignancies: a prospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Thyroid ultrasonography (US) is the first-step noninvasive and easily accessible diagnostic method widely used in the detection and characterization of nodular thyroid disease. We aimed to develop a TI-RADS, which is easy to apply and only relies on the counting of suspicious criteria. In order to measure the reliability of the system, we investigated its correlation with fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and post-surgery histological results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, 242 patients who had undergone FNAB with simultaneous cytopathologist in the radiology department between April and August 2016 were analyzed. Before FNAB, the thyroid gland was re-evaluated with US, and TI-RADS classification was made. Demographic characteristics, family thyroid cancer history and radiotherapy history to the neck region were noted. RESULTS: Of the 242 patients, 17.3% were male (42 males/200 females). US-guided FNAB was applied to all patients. Mean age was 50 ± 13 years (min: 19, max: 82). Both FNAB and final post-surgery histology results showed that sex and age were not statistically significantly associated with malignancy (p = 0.193) TI-RADS criteria and FNAB results revealed a statistically significant association between irregular contours, the state of anteroposterior diameter being longer than transverse diameter, microcalcifications, marked hypoechogenicity, and malignancy (p < 0,05). Thirty patients were TI-RADS ≥ 4, 206 patients were TI-RADS ≤ 3 and there was a significant correlation between TI-RADS and Bethesda classification (p = 0.001). In addition, statistically significant associations were found between malignancy and family history of thyroid cancer (p = 0.035) and radiotherapy history to the neck region (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: TI-RADS system after nodule identification is based only on the counting of suspicious criteria. It will be safe and effective to recommend follow-up with low score TI-RADS, benign characters and insufficient FNAB results, and thus, unnecessary thyroidectomy operations will be prevented. It will be easier for surgeons to recommend surgery and persuade the patients for it when patients have high TI-RADS scores. TI-RADS has high power in detecting malignancy by recommending biopsy of suspicious nodules.

Evaluation of iliac venous variations with multidetector computed tomography.

PURPOSE: There are many variations of the iliac vein, and it is aimed to evaluate these variations using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). METHODS: Pelvic MDCT images of 1071 adult patients (576 males; 495 females; age range 18-94 years; mean age 50.3 years) were retrospectively evaluated. Reconstruction images of the pelvic region in sagittal and coronal planes were evaluated. Except for the usual iliac venous anatomy, all types of iliac vein connections were defined as "iliac venous variation". RESULTS: Of the 1071 patients, 84.2% were considered as type 1 (usual). Different variations were observed in 15.8% of the patients, of whom, 63.9% of were male and 36.1% female, and this gender difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The rates of variations detected in the study were type 2 (49.7%), type 3 (29%), type 4 (4.7%), type 5 (6.5%), type 6 (4.8%), type 7 (1.8%) and type 8 (3.6%) respectively. New subtypes that we named as type 3c, type 6f, type 6 × and type 7b were first determined in our study. CONCLUSION: Knowledge and evaluation of iliac venous variations before pelvic surgery or interventional procedures is of importance in preventing possible complications.

Percutaneous Drainage of an Iliopsoas Hematoma in a Hemophilia Patient.

In patients with hemophilia, the usual treatment for both iliopsoas hematoma and associated femoral nerve compression is conservative. The case presented herein is a moderate hemophilia A patient with significant femoral neuropathy due to iliopsoas hematoma whose symptoms could not be managed with an aggressive factor VIII replacement program for >2 weeks. An unusual treatment option - percutaneous catheter insertion and aspiration of the hematoma - alleviated the examination findings and reversed his abilities.

Endovascular management of the carotid blowout syndrome: a single-center experience.

PURPOSE: It is aimed to present endovascular treatment of carotid blowout syndrome (CBS) in patients with head and neck cancer. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on patients with carotid blowout syndrome between 2012 and 2018 in our hospital. A total of ten patients with prior history of head and neck cancer surgery and radiation therapy were investigated with clinical, postoperative and follow-up findings as well as technical outcome. Digital subtraction angiography of the carotid arteries was performed in all the cases for the diagnosis of the source of bleeding. Detachable coils and covered stents were used in endovascular treatment of carotid blowout syndrome. After the procedures, all patients were admitted to the intensive care unit for the follow-up of both hemodynamic and neurologic conditions. RESULTS: Thirteen diagnostic and endovascular treatment sessions were performed in 10 patients. Seven patients had major surgery for head and neck cancer and all patients were treated with chemoradiotherapy. Head and neck cancers in seven of the ten patients were persistent and pharyngocutaneous fistula developed in five patients. Two patients had impending CBS and eight patients had acute CBS. A total number of 19 vascular lesions in 10 patients were detected and 4 patients had multiple lesions. In three patients, additional endovascular treatment of stent-graft deployment had required due to recurrent hemorrhage after a mean time of 5.33 days (range 1-11 days). CONCLUSIONS: As a conclusion, covered stent application with or without coil embolization is a safe and efficient technique in treatment of CBS secondary to head and neck cancers.

Morphological evaluation of the coccyx with multidetector computed tomography.

PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate the morphology of the coccyx in adults with multidetector computed tomography and to contribute to the classification of the coccyx using intercoccygeal and sacrococcygeal angle measurements. METHODS: The pelvic computed tomography images of 224 patients were retrospectively evaluated. The multiplanar reconstruction and 3D volume rendering images of the coccyx were obtained from all patients at sagittal and coronal planes. The morphology of the coccyx, number of bone segments, the presence of scoliosis, and presence of sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal fusion were evaluated. After the measurement of coccygeal length, width, and thickness, intercoccygeal and sacrococcygeal angles were also calculated in all patients. RESULTS: The morphological classification showed that 136 patients (60.7%) had type 1, 65 patients (29%) had type 2, and 17 patients (7.6%) had type 3 coccyx. The intercoccygeal angle was zero degree in five patients (type 0) and one patient had retroverted coccyx (type 5). The coccyx had four segments in 155 patients (69.2%), three segments in 52 patients (23.2%), five segments in 15 patients (6.7%), two segments in one patient (0.4%), and one segment in one patient (0.4%). CONCLUSION: We determined patients with an intercoccygeal angle of zero degree, which is not mentioned in the literature before, and we propose to use the term "type 0" for these patients in the classification of coccyx. The coccygeal measurements and classification will be instructive for the radiologists and have a guiding role for the future studies.

Value of duplex Doppler ultrasonography for the evaluation of dysfunctional hemodialysis access arteriovenous fistulas prior to endovascular interventions.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate accuracy of duplex Doppler ultrasonography (DUS) for the evaluation of native-vein arteriovenous fistula (AVF) dysfunction in end-stage renal disease patients. METHODS: This retrospective study included 60 patients with dysfunctioning native-vein AVF evaluated with DUS and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) whose results were compared for detection, identification, and localization of AVF lesions. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of DUS and evaluated the agreement between DUS and DSA by the Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ). RESULTS: DUS identified correctly 123 of 130 lesions (sensitivity 94.6%, specificity 97.5%, PPV 98.4%, NPV 92%, accuracy of 95.7%). DUS localized correctly 123 of 130 lesions (sensitivity 94.6%, specificity 98.4%, PPV 98.4%, NPV 94.6%, accuracy 96.4%). The κ value was 0.9120 for detection of all lesions (almost perfect agreement). CONCLUSION: DUS is a reliable method for the initial evaluation of dysfunctional AVFs, with high sensitivity for detecting and correctly localizing circuit problems.

Acute Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis: Presentation of 19 Cases, Review of the Literature, and a New Classification System.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFRS) and underlying diseases, micro-organisms, presenting symptoms, extent of disease, radiologic findings, and outcomes and propose a new classification system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data of 19 AIFRS cases were analyzed retrospectively. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography were performed in all patients preoperatively. All patients underwent at least 1 surgical debridement. RESULTS: Hematologic diseases were the most common (52%) underlying diseases. Patients with type 2 diabetes and those with multiple etiologies causing immunosuppression had the lowest survival. Aspergillus and Mucoraceae species were isolated in 9 patients but were not associated with poor prognosis. Headache and nasal discharge or crusting were the most common presenting symptoms. Premaxillary involvement was significantly correlated with poor prognosis (P = .001). Unilateral involvement was correlated with poor prognosis, although this finding was not significant (P = .111). The overall mortality rate was 61.2%. Patients with neutropenia that was corrected had 80% survival (P = .014). Cessation of corticosteroids and regulating blood glucose levels in patients with immunosuppression from corticosteroid use resulted in 75% survival. CONCLUSION: There is no single curative treatment for AIFRS. For a favorable prognosis, underlying conditions must be treated in addition to surgical debridement and antifungals.

Evaluation of popliteal artery branching patterns and a new subclassification of the 'usual' branching pattern.

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of popliteal artery branching variations in a wide study cohort and to investigate the relationship between these variations and infrapopliteal peripheral arterial disease (PAD). A subclassification was proposed for the most encountered type I-A, utilizing tibio-fibular trunk (TFT) length. METHODS: A total number of 1184 lower extremity digital subtraction angiography (DSA) studies of 669 patients were evaluated. Following exclusion, 863 lower extremity DSA studies (431 right, 432 left) of 545 patients were enrolled. Popliteal artery branching type, patency of anterior tibial artery (ATA), fibular artery (FA) and posterior tibial artery (PTA) in each extremity and TFT length for type I-A extremities were recorded. Percentages of branching patterns, mean length and cut-off value of TFT and incidence of PAD in different types of branching were calculated. RESULTS: Type I-A was the most common type of branching (81.3%). Frequency of branching pattern variation was 18.7%, the most common variation category was category III (12.2%) and the most common variation type was type III-A (5.6%). ATA and PTA had higher percentages of PAD in extremities with variant branching types. Cut-off value of 3 cm for TFT length was proposed in order to subclassify type I-A. CONCLUSIONS: Our study cohort presents a higher incidence of popliteal artery branching variations. Some branching variations might have effect on the involvement pattern of the infrapopliteal arteries by PAD. We propose a subclassification for type I-A; type I-A-S (TFT < 3 cm) and type I-A-L (TFT ≥ 3 cm) which might have impact on interventional procedures.

Can arteriovenous malformation prevent the diagnosis of brain death?

We present a case of a 14-year-old boy with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage that was referred to us to confirm the diagnosis of brain death with cerebral angiography. In the left carotid angiogram, there was no arterial flow above the craniovertebral junction. But in the right carotid angiogram, there was arterial flow up to the level of posterior communicating artery. Right posterior cerebral artery was filled with contrast medium via patent posterior communicating artery and later, an opacifying arteriovenous malformation (AVM) was detected which was also seen in the vertebral angiogram. Although the angiographic findings of the patient did not confirm the angiographic criteria for the diagnosis of brain death, it could not be also excluded because the only cerebral flow was the filling of the AVM and no other cerebral perfusion was detected.

[Angiographic evaluation of branching pattern and anatomy of the aortic arch]. / Arkus aorta anatomisinin ve dallanma paternindeki varyasyonlarin anjiyografik olarak degerlendirilmesi.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to investigate anatomical variations in branching pattern and anatomy of the aortic arch, and the prevalence of each type. METHODS: Between September 2011 and November 2013, angiographic studies of 270 patients (144 male, 126 female) were analyzed retrospectively for variations in branching pattern and anatomy of the aortic arch. Patient mean age was 59.8 years (range, 13-88). Branching variations were found and divided into subtypes. Patients were also classified according to arch anatomy. Incidence of variations and types of aortic arch were statistically analysed. RESULTS: Analysis of the 270 patients revealed six types of branching pattern. Type I, classical pattern arch with three branches (TB, LCC, LS), was observed in 198 cases (73.3%). Type II (bovine arch), the most commonly observed variation, in which LCC originates from TB, was observed in 58 cases (21.5%). Type III, in which the left vertebral artery arises from the arch, was seen in seven cases (2.6%). Type IV, a combination of types II and III, was observed in three cases (1.1%). Type V, common origin of common carotids, LS and aberrant RS, was found in three cases (1.1%). Type VI (avian type), arch with only two branches, was observed in one case (0.4%). When patients were classified according to aortic arch anatomy, Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 were observed in 195, 40 and 35 patients respectively. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the variations and anatomy of the aortic arch is essential during interventional procedures and neck-thorax surgery.

Intraarterial polidocanol injection for the treatment of peripheral arteriovenous malformations.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of intraarterial transcatheter administration of polidocanol as an alternative treatment for peripheral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). METHODS: The study comprised 10 patients (six males and four females) with a mean age of 28.8 years (range 8-52 years). All patients had trunk or extremity AVMs. Following the administration of general anesthesia or intravenous (IV) sedation, the patients underwent staged intraarterial polidocanol sclerotherapy with or without additional embolizations for their AVMs. The administration of polidocanol was executed by intraarterial infusion through a microcatheter or by direct percutaneous entry into the nidus under ultrasound guidance. RESULTS: A total of 19 sessions were accomplished in 10 patients. Polidocanol was used alone in six of the 19 sessions. In 13 sessions, polidocanol was used in combination with another agent (including n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA), lipiodol, and ethanol) and/or coils. In two sessions, polidocanol was administered percutaneously under ultrasound guidance directly into the nidus documented by arteriography. No major complications occurred. CONCLUSION: Intraarterial transcatheter administration of polidocanol alone or in combination with other agents is a safe and effective alternative treatment for peripheral AVMs.

Superselective arterial embolization of pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula caused by transurethral resection of the prostate.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic vascular lesions such as pseudoaneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas associated with the internal pudendal artery are uncommon. The most common cause is traumas including those of iatrogenic origin. Surgical treatment is complicated due to location of the lesions and endovascular approach is usually the first choice among the treatment options. CASE REPORT: A 79-year-old patient was admitted with massive hematuria following transurethral resection of prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Doppler US and angiography revealed a pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula originating from the right internal pudendal artery. It was successfully treated with coil embolization. CONCLUSIONS: Arteriovenous fistulas and pseudoaneurysms concerning internal pudendal artery may occur as complications of prostate operations. Minimally invasive endovascular methods provide safe and efficient treatment and today should be considered as the first line of choice.

Covered stent-graft treatment of a postoperative common carotid artery pseudoaneurysm.

BACKGROUND: Extracranial carotid artery pseudoaneurysms are rare cases resulting from trauma, mycotic infection, head and neck carcinomas or complications related to their treatment. Trauma is the most common cause of carotid artery pseudoaneurysms. They can also present after surgery, most commonly following endarterectomy, which is a rare cause with an estimated incidence of 0.3-0.6%. CASE REPORT: A 26-year-old male patient was admitted with swelling in his left neck after left carotid endarterectomy. Angiography confirmed pseudoaneursym in the left carotid bulb and it was treated successfully with two heparin-bonded covered stent grafts. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular treatment of carotid pseudoaneurysms with covered stent-grafts is a safe and efficient method providing definitive arterial reconstruction. But series with longer follow-up periods are needed to evaluate patient compatibility to lifelong antiplatelet theraphy.

The role of elastosonography in the differentiation of parotid gland lesions: report of three cases and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: The parotid gland is the mostly affected site among major salivary gland tumors in up to 85% of cases. Preoperative knowledge of the tumour nature is crucial since it influences the surgical procedure and patient's morbidity, especially the risk of facial nerve palsy. Ultrasonography is commonly used as the first line imaging modality for the salivary gland lesions. A pitfall is that the histologic pleomorphism often reflects an imaging pleomorphism. CASE REPORT: HEREIN WE AIMED TO PRESENT THE ROLE OF ELASTOSONOGRAPHY IN THREE PAROTID LESIONS: a case of benign pleomorphic adenoma, a Wharthin's tumour and a malignant parotid tumour. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that malignant parotid lesion was the stiffest lesion according to elastosonography. Wharthin's tumour demonstrated soft elastosonographic features. The pleomorphic adenoma was also interpreted as stiff by elastosonography suggesting that the elastosonographic features of pleomorphic adenoma may resemble those of malignant lesions limiting the utility of the technique.

[Subclavian steal-carotid recovery phenomenon due to innominate artery occlusion: Doppler ultrasound and digital subtraction angiography findings and endovascular treatment]. / Innominat arter tikanmasina bagli subklavyen çalma-karotis geri kazanma fenomeni: Doppler ultrasonografi, dijital subtraksiyon anjiyografi bulgulari ve damar içi yolla tedavisi.

Innominate artery occlusion is a rare condition that can cause symptoms in the anterior cerebral circulation, vertebrobasilar system and upper extremity, while it can also be asymptomatic. We report the Doppler ultrasound and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) findings of the right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery flow by retrograde flow from the ipsilateral vertebral artery due to innominate artery occlusion. We aimed to discuss the results of primary stenting together with the technical and clinical success.