Short-term sedimentary evidence for increasing diatoms in Arctic fjords in a warming world.

Arctic fjords are hotspots of marine carbon burial, with diatoms playing an essential role in the biological carbon pump. Under the background of global warming, the proportion of diatoms in total phytoplankton communities has been declining in many high-latitude fjords due to increased turbidity and oligotrophication resulting from glacier melting. However, due to the habitat heterogeneity among Svalbard fjords, diatom responses to glacier melting are also expected to be complex, which will further lead to changes in the biological carbon pumping and carbon sequestration. To address the complexity, three short sediment cores were collected from three contrasting fjords in Svalbard (Krossfjorden, Kongsfjorden, Gronfjorden), recording the history of fjord changes in recent decades during significant glacier melting. The amino acid molecular indicators in cores K4 and KF1 suggested similar organic matter degradation states between these two sites. In contrast to the turbid Kongsfjorden and Gronfjorden, preserved fucoxanthin in Krossfjorden indicated a continuous increase in diatoms since the mid-1980s, corresponding to a 59 % increase in biological carbon pumping, as quantified by the δ13C of sedimentary organic carbon. The increasing biological carbon pumping in Krossfjorden is further attributed to its hard rock types in the glacier basin, compared to Kongsfjorden and Gronfjorden, which are instead covered by soft rocks, as confirmed by a one-dimensional model. Given the distribution of rock types among basins in Svalbard, we extrapolate our findings and propose that approximately one-fifth of Svalbard's fjords, especially those with hard rock basins and persistent marine-terminated glaciers, still have the potential for an increase in diatom fractions and efficient biological carbon pumping. Our findings reveal the complexity of fjord phytoplankton responses and biological carbon pumping to increasing glacier melting, and underscore the necessity of modifying Arctic marine carbon feedback to climate change based on results from fjords underlain by hard rocks.

Reconstruction of the main phytoplankton population off the Changjiang Estuary in the East China Sea and its assemblage shift in recent decades: From observations to simulation.

Under eutrophication background, the increasing dinoflagellates blooms relative to diatoms blooms off the Changjiang Estuary has caused much concern. We have provided sediment evidence for the first time that the time window of diatoms-to-dinoflagellates shift off the Changjiang Estuary in the East China Sea is early 1990s. Investigations to the water column revealed different surface-bottom concentration matchup patterns between peridinin (dinoflagellates) and fucoxanthin (diatoms), which suggests that the diatoms-dinoflagellates shift recorded in the sediment may have come from more dinoflagellate blooms since 1990s. Physical-biogeochemical 3D numerical simulations for the past decades suggest that the effect of increasing spring sea surface temperature and increasing N/P ratio on the diatoms-dinoflagellates shift is dominant and recessive, respectively.