Data-driven inverse design of flexible pressure sensors.

Artificial skins or flexible pressure sensors that mimic human cutaneous mechanoreceptors transduce tactile stimuli to quantitative electrical signals. Conventional trial-and-error designs for such devices follow a forward structure-to-property routine, which is usually time-consuming and determines one possible solution in one run. Data-driven inverse design can precisely target desired functions while showing far higher productivity, however, it is still absent for flexible pressure sensors because of the difficulties in acquiring a large amount of data. Here, we report a property-to-structure inverse design of flexible pressure sensors, exhibiting a significantly greater efficiency than the conventional routine. We use a reduced-order model that analytically constrains the design scope and an iterative "jumping-selection" method together with a surrogate model that enhances data screening. As an exemplary scenario, hundreds of solutions that overcome the intrinsic signal saturation have been predicted by the inverse method, validating for a variety of material systems. The success in property design on multiple indicators demonstrates that the proposed inverse design is an efficient and powerful tool to target multifarious applications of flexible pressure sensors, which can potentially advance the fields of intelligent robots, advanced healthcare, and human-machine interfaces.

Photosynthesis-assisted remodeling of three-dimensional printed structures.

The mechanical properties of engineering structures continuously weaken during service life because of material fatigue or degradation. By contrast, living organisms are able to strengthen their mechanical properties by regenerating parts of their structures. For example, plants strengthen their cell structures by transforming photosynthesis-produced glucose into stiff polysaccharides. In this work, we realize hybrid materials that use photosynthesis of embedded chloroplasts to remodel their microstructures. These materials can be used to three-dimensionally (3D)-print functional structures, which are endowed with matrix-strengthening and crack healing when exposed to white light. The mechanism relies on a 3D-printable polymer that allows for an additional cross-linking reaction with photosynthesis-produced glucose in the material bulk or on the interface. The remodeling behavior can be suspended by freezing chloroplasts, regulated by mechanical preloads, and reversed by environmental cues. This work opens the door for the design of hybrid synthetic-living materials, for applications such as smart composites, lightweight structures, and soft robotics.

Three-Dimensional Soundproof Acoustic Metacage.

In this Letter, we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate a three-dimensional soundproof acoustic cage structure, hereby denoted as an acoustic metacage. The metacage is composed of six acoustic metamaterial slabs with open holes and hidden bypass space coiling tunnels connected to the holes. Band structure analysis reveals a novel physical mechanism to open a low-frequency broad partial band gap via the band folding in other directions, which can also be interpreted by an effective medium with indefinite effective mass density and negative effective modulus. Transmission loss in simulations and in the acoustic impedance tube are administered. Strikingly, we prove that the soundproofing effect of the metacage is robust against the airflow perturbation induced by a fan. Our work paves a road for low-frequency airborne soundproof structures in the presence of ventilation.

Characterization of an underwater metamaterial made of aluminum honeycomb panels at low frequencies.

This paper presents a method to characterize the effective properties of inertial acoustic metamaterial unit cells for underwater operation. The method is manifested by a fast and reliable parameter retrieval procedure utilizing both numerical simulations and measurements. The effectiveness of the method was proved to be self-consistent by a metamaterial unit cell composed of aluminum honeycomb panels with soft rubber spacers. Simulated results agree well with the measured responses of this metamaterial in a water-filled resonator tube. A sub-unity density ratio and an anisotropic mass density are simultaneously achieved by the metamaterial unit cell, making it useful in implementations of transformation acoustics. The metamaterial, together with the approach for its characterization, are expected to be useful for underwater acoustic devices.

On the interplay between physical and content priors in deep learning for computational imaging.

Deep learning (DL) has been applied extensively in many computational imaging problems, often leading to superior performance over traditional iterative approaches. However, two important questions remain largely unanswered: first, how well can the trained neural network generalize to objects very different from the ones in training? This is particularly important in practice, since large-scale annotated examples similar to those of interest are often not available during training. Second, has the trained neural network learnt the underlying (inverse) physics model, or has it merely done something trivial, such as memorizing the examples or point-wise pattern matching? This pertains to the interpretability of machine-learning based algorithms. In this work, we use the Phase Extraction Neural Network (PhENN) [Optica 4, 1117-1125 (2017)], a deep neural network (DNN) for quantitative phase retrieval in a lensless phase imaging system as the standard platform and show that the two questions are related and share a common crux: the choice of the training examples. Moreover, we connect the strength of the regularization effect imposed by a training set to the training process with the Shannon entropy of images in the dataset. That is, the higher the entropy of the training images, the weaker the regularization effect can be imposed. We also discover that weaker regularization effect leads to better learning of the underlying propagation model, i.e. the weak object transfer function, applicable for weakly scattering objects under the weak object approximation. Finally, simulation and experimental results show that better cross-domain generalization performance can be achieved if DNN is trained on a higher-entropy database, e.g. the ImageNet, than if the same DNN is trained on a lower-entropy database, e.g. MNIST, as the former allows the underlying physics model be learned better than the latter.

Ultrafast fluorescent decay induced by metal-mediated dipole-dipole interaction in two-dimensional molecular aggregates.

Two-dimensional molecular aggregate (2DMA), a thin sheet of strongly interacting dipole molecules self-assembled at close distance on an ordered lattice, is a fascinating fluorescent material. It is distinctively different from the conventional (single or colloidal) dye molecules and quantum dots. In this paper, we verify that when a 2DMA is placed at a nanometric distance from a metallic substrate, the strong and coherent interaction between the dipoles inside the 2DMA dominates its fluorescent decay at a picosecond timescale. Our streak-camera lifetime measurement and interacting lattice-dipole calculation reveal that the metal-mediated dipole-dipole interaction shortens the fluorescent lifetime to about one-half and increases the energy dissipation rate by 10 times that expected from the noninteracting single-dipole picture. Our finding can enrich our understanding of nanoscale energy transfer in molecular excitonic systems and may designate a unique direction for developing fast and efficient optoelectronic devices.

Projection lithography patterned high-resolution quantum dots/thiol-ene photo-polymer pixels for color down conversion.

Pixelated color converters are envisioned to achieve full-color high-resolution display through down conversion of blue/ultraviolet(UV) micro-LEDs. Quantum dots (QDs) are promising narrow-band converters of high quantum efficiency and brightness enabling saturated colors with wide color gamut in displays. Here we demonstrate high-resolution pixelated red and green QDs/thiol-ene photo-polymer converters (single pixel down to 6 µm; converters array of 21 µm pixel, 30 µm pitch and sub 10 µm thickness) patterned through projection lithography. QDs capped with amine surface group are uniformly dispersed in thiol-ene photo-polymer matrix at high concentrations (up to 100 mg/mL), which reduces aggregation and improves conversion efficiency by 0.5-1 times compared to drop-cast QDs. Color cross-talk is also reduced through patterning light blocking walls between converter pixels.

Polaritons in layered two-dimensional materials.

In recent years, enhanced light-matter interactions through a plethora of dipole-type polaritonic excitations have been observed in two-dimensional (2D) layered materials. In graphene, electrically tunable and highly confined plasmon-polaritons were predicted and observed, opening up opportunities for optoelectronics, bio-sensing and other mid-infrared applications. In hexagonal boron nitride, low-loss infrared-active phonon-polaritons exhibit hyperbolic behaviour for some frequencies, allowing for ray-like propagation exhibiting high quality factors and hyperlensing effects. In transition metal dichalcogenides, reduced screening in the 2D limit leads to optically prominent excitons with large binding energy, with these polaritonic modes having been recently observed with scanning near-field optical microscopy. Here, we review recent progress in state-of-the-art experiments, and survey the vast library of polaritonic modes in 2D materials, their optical spectral properties, figures of merit and application space. Taken together, the emerging field of 2D material polaritonics and their hybrids provide enticing avenues for manipulating light-matter interactions across the visible, infrared to terahertz spectral ranges, with new optical control beyond what can be achieved using traditional bulk materials.

Ultrathin platelet antennas mediated light-matter interaction in monolayer MoS2.

Monolayer MoS2 is an emerging two-dimensional semiconductor that has seen wide applications in optoelectronic and light-emitting devices. Here we report on the antenna-enhanced spontaneous emission of monolayer MoS2, which has weak absorbance and low intrinsic quantum yield. The ultrathin silver platelet antennas we use can both increase the absorption cross-section and improve the transmission efficiency via controlling the optical field at nanometer scale. Experimental results indicate the photoluminescence enhancement can reach 4 times, which is also supported by numerical analysis of both excitation and emission processes with respect to the thickness of spacer layer. This ultrathin structure can facilitate the development of on-chip emitters and valley-based devices, especially in cases of large area sample or flexible substrate.

Computational inverse design of non-intuitive illumination patterns to maximize optical force or torque.

This paper aims to maximize optical force or torque on arbitrary micro- and nanoscale objects using numerically optimized structured illumination. By developing a numerical framework for computer-automated design of 3d vector-field illumination, we demonstrate a 20-fold enhancement in optical torque per intensity over circularly polarized plane wave on a model plasmonic particle. The nonconvex optimization is efficiently performed by combining a compact cylindrical Bessel basis representation with a fast boundary element method and a standard derivative-free, local optimization algorithm. We analyze the optimization results for 2000 random initial configurations, discuss the tradeoff between robustness and enhancement, and compare the different effects of multipolar plasmon resonances on enhancing force or torque. All results are obtained using open-source computational software available online.

Publisher's Note: Infrared Topological Plasmons in Graphene [Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 245301 (2017)].

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.245301.

Infrared Topological Plasmons in Graphene.

We propose a two-dimensional plasmonic platform-periodically patterned monolayer graphene-which hosts topological one-way edge states operable up to infrared frequencies. We classify the band topology of this plasmonic system under time-reversal-symmetry breaking induced by a static magnetic field. At finite doping, the system supports topologically nontrivial band gaps with mid-gap frequencies up to tens of terahertz. By the bulk-edge correspondence, these band gaps host topologically protected one-way edge plasmons, which are immune to backscattering from structural defects and subject only to intrinsic material and radiation loss. Our findings reveal a promising approach to engineer topologically robust chiral plasmonic devices and demonstrate a realistic example of high-frequency topological edge states.

Lightweight Mechanical Metamaterials with Tunable Negative Thermal Expansion.

Ice floating on water is a great manifestation of negative thermal expansion (NTE) in nature. The limited examples of natural materials possessing NTE have stimulated research on engineered structures. Previous studies on NTE structures were mostly focused on theoretical design with limited experimental demonstration in two-dimensional planar geometries. In this work, aided with multimaterial projection microstereolithography, we experimentally fabricate lightweight multimaterial lattices that exhibit significant negative thermal expansion in three directions and over a temperature range of 170 degrees. Such NTE is induced by the structural interaction of material components with distinct thermal expansion coefficients. The NTE can be tuned over a large range by varying the thermal expansion coefficient difference between constituent beams and geometrical arrangements. Our experimental results match qualitatively with a simple scaling law and quantitatively with computational models.

High-precision broadband measurement of refractive index by picosecond real-time interferometry.

The refractive index is one of the most important quantities that characterize a material's optical properties. However, it is hard to measure this value over a wide range of wavelengths. Here, we demonstrate a new technique to achieve a spectrally broad refractive index measurement. When a broadband pulse passes through a sample, different wavelengths experience different delays. By comparing the delayed pulse to a reference pulse, the zero path difference position for each wavelength can be obtained and the material's dispersion can be retrieved. Our technique is highly robust and accurate, and can be miniaturized in a straightforward manner.

Tunable Light-Matter Interaction and the Role of Hyperbolicity in Graphene-hBN System.

Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is a natural hyperbolic material, which can also accommodate highly dispersive surface phonon-polariton modes. In this paper, we examine theoretically the mid-infrared optical properties of graphene-hBN heterostructures derived from their coupled plasmon-phonon modes. We find that the graphene plasmon couples differently with the phonons of the two Reststrahlen bands, owing to their different hyperbolicity. This also leads to distinctively different interaction between an external quantum emitter and the plasmon-phonon modes in the two bands, leading to substantial modification of its spectrum. The coupling to graphene plasmons allows for additional gate tunability in the Purcell factor and narrow dips in its emission spectra.

Quantum-Spillover-Enhanced Surface-Plasmonic Absorption at the Interface of Silver and High-Index Dielectrics.

We demonstrate an unexpectedly strong surface-plasmonic absorption at the interface of silver and high-index dielectrics based on electron and photon spectroscopy. The measured bandwidth and intensity of absorption deviate significantly from the classical theory. Our density-functional calculation well predicts the occurrence of this phenomenon. It reveals that due to the low metal-to-dielectric work function at such interfaces, conduction electrons can display a drastic quantum spillover, causing the interfacial electron-hole pair production to dominate the decay of surface plasmons. This finding can be of fundamental importance in understanding and designing quantum nanoplasmonic devices that utilize noble metals and high-index dielectrics.

Photon emission rate engineering using graphene nanodisc cavities.

In this work, we present a systematic study of the plasmon modes in a system of vertically stacked pair of graphene discs. Quasistatic approximation is used to model the eigenmodes of the system. Eigen-response theory is employed to explain the spatial dependence of the coupling between the plasmon modes and a quantum emitter. These results show a good match between the semi-analytical calculation and full-wave simulations. Secondly, we have shown that it is possible to engineer the decay rates of a quantum emitter placed inside and near this cavity, using Fermi level tuning, via gate voltages and variation of emitter location and polarization. We highlighted that by coupling to the bright plasmon mode, the radiative efficiency of the emitter can be enhanced compared to the single graphene disc case, whereas the dark plasmon mode suppresses the radiative efficiency.

Employing the biology of successful fracture repair to heal critical size bone defects.

Bone has the natural ability to remodel and repair. Fractures and small noncritical size bone defects undergo regenerative healing via coordinated concurrent development of skeletal and vascular elements in a soft cartilage callus environment. Within this environment bone regeneration recapitulates many of the same cellular and molecular mechanisms that form embryonic bone. Angiogenesis is intimately involved with embryonic bone formation and with both endochondral and intramembranous bone formation in differentiated bone. During bone regeneration osteogenic cells are first associated with vascular tissue in the adjacent periosteal space or the adjacent injured marrow cavity that houses endosteal blood vessels. Critical size bone defects cannot heal without the assistance of therapeutic aids or materials designed to encourage bone regeneration. We discuss the prospects for using synthetic hydrogels in a bioengineering approach to repair critical size bone defects. Hydrogel scaffolds can be designed and fabricated to potentially trigger the same bone morphogenetic cascade that heals bone fractures and noncritical size defects naturally. Lastly, we introduce adult Xenopus laevis hind limb as a novel small animal model system for bone regeneration research. Xenopus hind limbs have been used successfully to screen promising scaffolds designed to heal critical size bone defects.

Transformation optics scheme for two-dimensional materials.

Two-dimensional optical materials, such as graphene, can be characterized by surface conductivity. So far, the transformation optics schemes have focused on three-dimensional properties such as permittivity ϵ and permeability µ. In this Letter, we use a scheme for transforming surface currents to highlight that the surface conductivity transforms in a way different from ϵ and µ. We use this surface conductivity transformation to demonstrate an example problem of reducing the scattering of the plasmon mode from sharp protrusions in graphene.

Tunable localized surface plasmon-enabled broadband light-harvesting enhancement for high-efficiency panchromatic dye-sensitized solar cells.

In photovoltaic devices, light harvesting (LH) and carrier collection have opposite relations with the thickness of the photoactive layer, which imposes a fundamental compromise for the power conversion efficiency (PCE). Unbalanced LH at different wavelengths further reduces the achievable PCE. Here, we report a novel approach to broadband balanced LH and panchromatic solar energy conversion using multiple-core-shell structured oxide-metal-oxide plasmonic nanoparticles. These nanoparticles feature tunable localized surface plasmon resonance frequencies and the required thermal stability during device fabrication. By simply blending the plasmonic nanoparticles with available photoactive materials, the broadband LH of practical photovoltaic devices can be significantly enhanced. We demonstrate a panchromatic dye-sensitized solar cell with an increased PCE from 8.3% to 10.8%, mainly through plasmon-enhanced photoabsorption in the otherwise less harvested region of solar spectrum. This general and simple strategy also highlights easy fabrication, and may benefit solar cells using other photoabsorbers or other types of solar-harvesting devices.