Protocadherin-1 binds to SMAD3 and suppresses TGF-ß1-induced gene transcription.

Genetic studies have identified Protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) and Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog-3 (SMAD3) as susceptibility genes for asthma. PCDH1 is expressed in bronchial epithelial cells and has been found to interact with SMAD3 in yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) overexpression assays. Here, we test whether PCDH1 and SMAD3 interact at endogenous protein levels in bronchial epithelial cells and evaluate the consequences thereof for transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1)-induced gene transcription. We performed Y2H screens and coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) experiments of PCDH1 and SMAD3 in HEK293T and 16HBE14o(-) (16HBE) cell lines. Activity of a SMAD3-driven luciferase reporter gene in response to TGF-ß1 was measured in BEAS-2B cells transfected with PCDH1 and in 16HBE cells transfected with PCDH1-small-interfering RNA (siRNA). TGF-ß1-induced gene expression was quantified in BEAS-2B clones overexpressing PCDH1 and in human primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) transfected with PCDH1-siRNA. We confirm PCDH1 and SMAD3 interactions by Y2H and by co-IP in HEK293T cells overexpressing both proteins, and at endogenous protein levels in 16HBE cells. TGF-ß-induced activation of a SMAD3-driven reporter was reduced by exogenous PCDH1 in BEAS2B cells, whereas it was increased by siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous PCDH1 in 16HBE cells. Overexpression of PCDH1 suppressed expression of TGF-ß target genes in BEAS-2B cells, whereas knockdown of PCDH1 in human PBECs increased TGF-ß-induced gene expression. In conclusion, we demonstrate that PCDH1 binds to SMAD3 and regulates its activation by TGF-ß signaling in bronchial epithelial cells. We propose that PCDH1 and SMAD3 act in a single pathway in asthma susceptibility that affects sensitivity of the airway epithelium to TGF-ß.

Protocadherin-1 Localization and Cell-Adhesion Function in Airway Epithelial Cells in Asthma.

BACKGROUND: The asthma gene PCDH1 encodes Protocadherin-1, a putative adhesion molecule of unknown function expressed in the airway epithelium. Here, we characterize the localization, differential expression, homotypic adhesion specificity and function of PCDH1 in airway epithelial cells in asthma. METHODS: We performed confocal fluorescence microscopy to determine subcellular localization of PCDH1 in 16HBE cells and primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) grown at air-liquid interface. Next, to compare PCDH1 expression and localization in asthma and controls we performed qRT-PCR and fluorescence microscopy in PBECs and immunohistochemistry on airway wall biopsies. We examined homotypic adhesion specificity of HEK293T clones overexpressing fluorescently tagged-PCDH1 isoforms. Finally, to evaluate the role for PCDH1 in epithelial barrier formation and repair, we performed siRNA knockdown-studies and measured epithelial resistance. RESULTS: PCDH1 localized to the cell membrane at cell-cell contact sites, baso-lateral to adherens junctions, with increasing expression during epithelial differentiation. No differences in gene expression or localization of PCDH1 isoforms expressing the extracellular domain were observed in either PBECs or airway wall biopsies between asthma patients and controls. Overexpression of PCDH1 mediated homotypic interaction, whereas downregulation of PCDH1 reduced epithelial barrier formation, and impaired repair after wounding. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, PCDH1 is localized to the cell membrane of bronchial epithelial cells baso-lateral to the adherens junction. Expression of PCDH1 is not reduced nor delocalized in asthma even though PCDH1 contributes to homotypic adhesion, epithelial barrier formation and repair.

A genome-wide association study identifies CDHR3 as a susceptibility locus for early childhood asthma with severe exacerbations.

Asthma exacerbations are among the most frequent causes of hospitalization during childhood, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We performed a genome-wide association study of a specific asthma phenotype characterized by recurrent, severe exacerbations occurring between 2 and 6 years of age in a total of 1,173 cases and 2,522 controls. Cases were identified from national health registries of hospitalization, and DNA was obtained from the Danish Neonatal Screening Biobank. We identified five loci with genome-wide significant association. Four of these, GSDMB, IL33, RAD50 and IL1RL1, were previously reported as asthma susceptibility loci, but the effect sizes for these loci in our cohort were considerably larger than in the previous genome-wide association studies of asthma. We also obtained strong evidence for a new susceptibility gene, CDHR3 (encoding cadherin-related family member 3), which is highly expressed in airway epithelium. These results demonstrate the strength of applying specific phenotyping in the search for asthma susceptibility genes.