[High-dose CEF (cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, fluorouracil) as primary chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer: long-term results]. / CEF (ciclofosfamide, epirubicina, fluorouracile) ad alte dosi come chemioterapia primaria nel trattamento del carcinoma mammario localmente avanzato: risultati a lungo termine.

PURPOSE: To determine wether primary CEF is effective in locally advanced breast cancer, as measured by response, local recurrences, disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 1990 to 1998, 62 patients with stage III disease were enrolled into a prospective study at Regina Elena Institute for Cancer Research, Rome. Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) was included. Patients received three 21 days cycles of chemotherapy that consisted in epirubicin 50 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide 400 mg/m2, and fluorouracil 500 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and 8. G-CSF (300 microg) was given subcutaneously every other day from day 5 to day 17. After primary chemotherapy, whenever possible, mastectomy or conservative surgery was performed. Subsequently responding patients received the same regimen, while non responders were given a non cross resistant chemotherapy. In case of conservative surgery or initial T4 tumor radiation therapy was performed at the end of adjuvant chemotherapy. ER positive patients received tamoxifen 20 mg/d for five years. RESULTS: Seven IIIA patients had a median OS of 43 months (C.I. 95%, 31-55) and DFS of 42 months (C.I. 95%, 16-68), while 15 IBC patients had a median OS of 52 months (C.I. 95%, 52-79) and DFS of 27 months (C.I. 95%, 14-39). Forty IIIB non inflammatory breast cancer patients had a median DFS of 87 months (C.I. 95%, 1-175); median OS was not reached. Ten-year OS was 28.6% for stage IIIA, 50.6% for stage IIIB and 36% for IBC. CONCLUSION: Primary CEF appear to be an effective treatment. In our study we obtained a good local control and interesting long term data of disease free and overall survival.

Optimal sequence of anthracyclines and taxanes as adjuvant breast cancer treatment.

Results from randomized trials evaluating taxane versus non-taxane containing regimens in adjuvant breast cancer treatment indicate an advantage in DFS and OS for the taxane-arms, but the best schedule of administration, in combination with anthracyclines or in sequence, is still a debated issue, even if the sequential strategy appears to be less toxic. Up to now, the majority of clinical trials employed the "standard" sequence, with anthracycline-based combinations fi rst, followed by taxanes. Few small phase II trials evaluated the reverse sequence, with taxanes administered fi rst, most of them in metastatic or neoadjuvant setting, suggesting efficacy and lower toxicity. An important issue to be considered is the hypothesized differences in the ability of the drugs to induce cross-resistance to each other, as suggested by data of a preclinical study, and from clinical study with a cross-over design; results of these trials suggest that the best strategy would be to administer a taxane prior to an anthracycline, also according to the Norton and Simon hypothesis. Moreover, trials evaluating the best sequence of anthracyclines and taxanes in adjuvant breast cancer setting are of small sample size, and an adequately powered randomized phase III trial is needed before definitive conclusions are reached.

[Optimal role of docetaxel in adjuvant chemotherapy for early stage HER2-negative breast cancer]. / Uso ottimale del docetaxel nella chemioterapia adiuvante delle pazienti con carcinoma mammario HER2-negativo.

The fundamental imperative of adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer is to improve long-term survival and minimize toxicity. The inclusion of docetaxel in adjuvant chemotherapy regimens has improved patient survival in comparison to anthracycline-containing regimens, even if the incidence of acute side effects has increased in some studies. However, late or persistent toxic effects are becoming more important due to an increasing proportion of patients remaining disease free after treatment for early breast cancer. Several studies have recently reported that docetaxel-containing regimens without anthracyclines are equally active, and have no apparent cardiotoxicity. At present, docetaxel-based combinations represent an appropriate choice in the adjuvant treatment of HER2-negative breast cancer, and several studies are ongoing aiming at a better evaluation of the efficacy of this agent in order to optimize its role.