RESUMEN
AIM: To evaluate the influence of pH variation on the solubility and water sorption of a premixed calcium silicate-based root canal sealer (EndoSequence BC Sealer) compared to the gold standard based on epoxy resin (AH Plus Jet) after immersion in distilled water and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). METHODOLOGY: Solubility and water sorption were evaluated after immersion in distilled water or PBS at several pHs (5, 7 and 12) and the values were calculated as percentages of the original mass after 24 h, 7 and 30 days of immersion. The crystalline structures present in the sealers and surface precipitates were assessed by X-ray diffraction. The Shapiro-Wilk's test revealed that data were normally distributed; thus, statistical analysis was performed using one-way anova and Tukey's tests or independent t-test, assuming a 5% α-error. RESULTS: EndoSequence BC Sealer was associated with significantly greater water sorption and solubility compared to AH Plus Jet in all tested conditions (P < 0.05). The acid environment increased the 24 h solubility of EndoSequence BC Sealer immersed in PBS (P < 0.05) and did not induce significative changes in the water sorption (P > 0.05). Alkaline pH reduced the solubility of EndoSequence BC Sealer and increased that of AH Plus Jet at all experimental times and soaking media (P < 0.05). Alkaline environment also significantly increased the water sorption of AH Plus Jet immersed in PBS (P < 0.05). Immersion in PBS significantly reduced the solubility of EndoSequence BC Sealer and significantly increased that of AH Plus Jet (P < 0.05). Precipitates on the surface of EndoSequence BC Sealer corresponding to hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate were detected after immersion in PBS at pH 5 and 7 for 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: EndoSequence BC Sealer had significantly greater solubility and water sorption than AH Plus Jet. Although the alkaline pH and soaking media directly influenced the solubility and water sorption of the sealers, the solubility of AH Plus Jet remained within the limits recommended by ISO 6876, whilst the solubility of the EndoSequence BC Sealer did not comply with ISO recommendations in all the conditions tested.
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Materiales de Obturación del Conducto Radicular , Compuestos de Calcio , Cavidad Pulpar , Resinas Epoxi , Ensayo de Materiales , Silicatos , Solubilidad , AguaRESUMEN
AIM: To evaluate the influence of ultraconservative access cavities (UltraAC) on canal shaping and filling ability and load capacity of mandibular molars after root canal preparation with XP-endo Shaper (XP) or Reciproc (RC), under simulated clinical conditions. Traditional access cavities (TradAC) were used for comparison. METHODOLOGY: Forty extracted mandibular molars were scanned by micro-computed tomographic and, based on similar anatomical features, were divided into four groups (n = 10), according to the type of access cavity and canal instrumentation protocol: TradAC/RC, TradAC/XP, UltraAC/RC and UltraAC/XP. All root canal procedures were performed with the teeth placed in a dental mannequin. Teeth were scanned after root canal instrumentation and filling. Unprepared canal area, dentine removed, accumulated hard tissue debris (AHTD), canal transportation, presence of voids and filling material remnants within the pulp chamber were analysed. After restorative procedures, the teeth were subjected to thermomechanical cycling and to a load capacity test. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way anova test, considering the randomized blocks design (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The percentage of unprepared canal area was significantly lower in TradAC groups when compared to UltraAC groups (P < 0.05), regardless of the instrument used. The UltraAC/XP group had significantly lower percentage of root dentine removed when compared to other groups (P < 0.05). UltraAC/XP and TradAC/XP groups had significantly lower percentages of AHTD than UltraAC/RC and TradAC/RC groups (P < 0.05). Regarding canal transportation, in the MB root canals, the TradAC/XP group had significantly lower values than other groups (P < 0.05). In general, in ML and distal root canals, TradAC/XP and UltraAC/XP groups had significantly lower values of canal transportation when compared to other groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, the UltraAC/RC had the greatest canal transportation values in MB and distal canals. The UltraAC groups had significantly greater percentages of voids and volume of remaining root filling material within the pulp chamber after cleaning procedures than TradAC groups (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the load capacity amongst groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The UltraAC/XP and UltraAC/RC groups had significantly greater areas of unprepared canal walls, significantly more voids and volume of root filling material remnants within the pulp chamber after canal filling. UltraAC/XP was associated with significantly less root dentine removal and significantly more AHTD whilst TradAC/XP had overall significantly less canal transportation. No differences were observed in the load capacity amongst groups.
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Cavidad Pulpar , Preparación del Conducto Radicular , Diente Molar/diagnóstico por imagen , Diente Molar/cirugía , Obturación del Conducto Radicular , Microtomografía por Rayos XRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Controversial findings exist in the literature regarding the association between tobacco smoking and development of apical periodontitis or need for root canal treatment, with some studies reporting an increase in the prevalence of these outcomes in smokers, whilst others reporting no association. AIM: To evaluate if there is scientific evidence to support an association between tobacco smoking and a greater prevalence of apical periodontitis and/or root canal treatments. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search was performed using MeSH terms and free terms in the PubMed, Scopus, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Cochrane library and Open Gray databases. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Observational studies that evaluated the association between smoking and the development or healing of periapical lesion and/or the prevalence of root canal treatment in humans were included. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: A quality assessment of included studies was performed, and the relevant information and findings were evaluated. A meta-analysis using nine included studies was performed through RevMan software, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated through GRADE. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included, of which 10 were classified as low risk of bias, 4 were considered as moderate risk of bias and 1 as high risk of bias. Ten studies reported that smoking was associated with a greater prevalence of periapical periodontitis and/or root canal treatment. Five studies reported no association. Nine studies were included in the pooled meta-analysis, comprising two subgroups: apical periodontitis and root canal treatment. From these nine studies, eight studies were included in the apical periodontitis subgroup meta-analysis and demonstrated that this condition was significantly more prevalent in smokers when compared to the nonsmokers (odds ratio = 2.78[CI: 1.60, 4.85], P < 0.001; I2 = 79%; no adjusted odds ratio). Three studies were included in the root canal treatment subgroup meta-analysis and demonstrated an increased prevalence in smokers when compared to the nonsmokers (odds ratio = 2.73 [CI: 1.06, 2.83], P < 0.001; I2 = 72%; no adjusted odds ratio). The pooled meta-analysis demonstrated that smokers had twice the chance of having apical periodontitis and/or root canal treatment when compared to nonsmokers (odds ratio of 2.42 [CI: 1.59, 3.68], P < 0.01; I2 = 85%). The GRADE analysis demonstrated moderate certainty of evidence. LIMITATIONS: Several confounding factors were identified such as misinformation regarding the period of time subjects had smoked, as well as the frequency of smoking and the number of cigarettes consumed. No adjustment in odds ratio data for confounding was performed. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS: This systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that tobacco smokers have an increased prevalence of periapical periodontitis and root canal treatments with moderate certainty of evidence.
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Periodontitis Periapical , Tratamiento del Conducto Radicular , Fumar Tabaco , Humanos , Prevalencia , FumarRESUMEN
In the last decade, several access cavity designs involveing minimal removal of tooth tissue have been described for gaining entry to pulp chambers during root canal treatment. The premise behind this concept assumes that maximum preservation of as much of the pulp chamber roof as possible during access preparation would maintain the fracture resistance of teeth following root canal treatment. However, the smaller the access cavity, the more difficult it may be to visualize and debride the pulp chamber as well as locate, shape, clean and fill the canals. At the same time, a small access cavity may increase the risk of iatrogenic complications as a result of poor visibility, which may have an impact on treatment outcome. This study aimed to critically analyse the literature on minimal access cavity preparations, propose new nomenclature based on self-explanatory abbreviations and highlight the areas in which more research is required. The search was conducted without restrictions using specifics terms and descriptors in four databases. A complementary screening of the references within the selected studies, as well as a manual search in the highest impact journals in endodontics, namely International Endodontic Journal and Journal of Endodontics, was also performed. The initial search retrieved 1831 publications. The titles and abstracts of these papers were reviewed, and the full text of 94 studies was assessed. Finally, a total of 28 studies were identified as evaluating the influence of minimally invasive access cavity designs on the fracture resistance of teeth and on the different stages of root canal treatment (orifice location, canal shaping, canal cleaning, canal filling and retreatment). Overall, the studies had major methodological drawbacks and reported inadequate and/or inconclusive results on the utility of minimally invasive access preparations. Furthermore, they offered limited scientific evidence to support the use of minimally invasive access cavities to improve the outcome of root canal treatment and retreatment; they also provided little evidence that they preserved the fracture resistance of root filled teeth to a greater extent than traditional access cavity preparations. It was concluded that at present, there is a lack of supporting evidence for the introduction of minimally invasive access cavity preparation into routine clinical practice and/or training of undergraduate and postgraduate students.
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Endodoncia , Preparación del Conducto Radicular , Preparación de la Cavidad Dental , Cavidad Pulpar , Humanos , Tratamiento del Conducto RadicularRESUMEN
AIM: To evaluate the effects of alcohol and nicotine, when used alone or simultaneously, in the development of apical periodontitis induced in rats, using a correlative analytic approach with micro-CT, histological and immunohistochemical analysis. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were arranged into four groups: Control, Nicotine, Alcohol and Alcohol + Nicotine. The alcohol groups were exposed to self-administration of a 25% alcohol solution, whilst the other groups drunk only filtered water. The nicotine groups received daily intraperitoneal injections of a solution with 0.19 µL of nicotine per mL, whilst the other groups received saline solution. The pulps of the left mandibular first molars were exposed for 28 days to induce periapical lesions. Throughout the experiment, drug administration was maintained, and the animals had their weight and solid and liquid consumption measured. After euthanasia, the mandibles were removed and the area, volume and major diameter of the periapical lesions were measured using micro-computed tomography images. The samples were submitted to histopathological evaluation and immunohistochemistry for RANKL and PTHrP. Statistical analysis was undertaken with a significance level of 5%. Nonparametric data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test, whilst one-way anova followed by Tukey's test was performed for parametric data. RESULTS: The alcohol groups had lower solid and liquid consumption and gained less weight when compared to the nonalcohol groups (P < 0.05). The Alcohol + Nicotine group had lesions with significantly larger volume and area when compared to the other groups (P < 0.05), whilst the Alcohol or Nicotine groups had significantly larger lesions than the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the largest diameter of the lesions amongst groups (P > 0.05). The experimental groups had greater inflammatory response scores than the control group (P < 0.05), and the representative samples had more pronounced immunoreaction against RANKL and PTHrP antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol and nicotine consumption exacerbated the inflammatory response and the development of periradicular lesions in rats. The association of both substances enhanced their harmful effects.
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Nicotina , Periodontitis Periapical , Animales , Etanol , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Microtomografía por Rayos XRESUMEN
AIM: To evaluate the use of a reduced taper endodontic instrument system (Bassi Logic™ .03 taper) and expandable heat-treated system (XP-endo Shaper) on the ability to shape canals in mandibular molars, by means of microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) analysis. The Reciproc system was used as the reference for comparison. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-four mandibular molars were scanned in a micro-CT, matched based on similar anatomical features and sorted into three groups (n = 8 per group), according to root canal preparation system: Bassi Logic™ .03, XP-endo Shaper and Reciproc. The teeth were mounted onto a mannequin and the pulp chambers were accessed with traditional access cavities. In Bassi Logic™ .03 and Reciproc groups, mesial canals were prepared with size 25, .03 taper or R25 (size 25, .08v taper) instruments and the distal root canal with size 25, .03 taper and size 40, .03 taper or R25 and R40 (size 40, .06v taper), respectively. In XP-endo Shaper groups, all root canals were prepared with XP-endo Shaper (size 30, .04v taper). After root canal preparation, the teeth were rescanned. The percentage of untouched canal areas and the percentage of removed dentine were evaluated separately for mesial and distal root canals. The data were analysed using one-way anova and Tukey tests (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The Bassi Logic™ .03 group was associated with a greater percentage of untouched canal areas when compared to XP-endo Shaper and Reciproc groups for mesial and distal root canals (P < 0.05), but no differences were found between XP-endo Shaper and Reciproc groups (P > 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the percentage of dentine removed amongst the groups for mesial and distal root canals (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The use of a reduced taper system (Bassi Logic™ .03) during root canal preparation resulted in a greater percentage of untouched canal areas when compared to XP-endo Shaper and Reciproc instruments. No differences were observed amongst the systems regarding the percentage of dentine removed.
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Cavidad Pulpar , Preparación del Conducto Radicular , Movimiento Celular , Cavidad Pulpar/diagnóstico por imagen , Diente Molar/diagnóstico por imagen , Diente Molar/cirugía , Microtomografía por Rayos XRESUMEN
AIM: To evaluate the influence of ultraconservative endodontic access cavities (UEC) and the use of instruments with various tapers (.03 or .05) and tip diameters (25 or 40) on the ability to shape canals in mandibular molars and their fracture resistance in comparison with traditional endodontic access cavities (TEC). METHODOLOGY: Thirty-two intact extracted mandibular molars were scanned in a micro-computed tomography device, matched based on similar anatomical features and assigned to UEC or TEC groups and to subgroups according to mechanical canal preparation with Bassi Logic™ rotary NiTi instruments with .03 or .05 taper (n = 8 per group). The teeth were mounted onto a mannequin head, and the pulp chambers were accessed and the root canals subjected to instrumentation. In the first stage, size 25 endodontic instruments were used, with .03 or .05 tapers. The teeth were re-scanned. Subsequently, a second canal instrumentation was performed with the size 40 instruments with .03 or .05 tapers and scanned again. The root canals were filled and then the teeth restored before being subjected to fracture resistance tests. The data on untouched canal areas, canal transportation, centring ability, the percentage of removed dentine and maximum load at fracture were analysed. One-way anova and Tukey's tests were performed for inter-group analysis. The paired-samples t-test was performed on the results between size 25 and size 40 apical preparations for each individual specimen (P < 0.05). RESULTS: No significant difference was observed for the percentage of untouched canal area when comparing UEC and TEC groups or between the .03 and .05 tapers with the same instrument tip size (P > 0.05). There was a significantly lower percentage of untouched canal area after instrumentation with size 40 instruments when compared to size 25 (P < 0.05). No significant difference in the percentage of dentine removed was observed between the access cavities or the different tapers (P > 0.05). Size 40 apical preparations removed significantly more dentine than size 25 preparations (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in canal transportation, centring ability and fracture resistance in any of the tested groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ultraconservative endodontic access cavities did not offer any advantages in comparison with traditional endodontic access cavities on the ability to shape canals, nor the fracture resistance of mandibular molars. No differences were observed in shaping ability and fracture resistance between .03 and .05 taper canal preparations. Apical preparation with larger instruments resulted in significantly less untouched canal area in all groups.
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Cavidad Pulpar , Laboratorios , Cavidad Pulpar/diagnóstico por imagen , Diente Molar/diagnóstico por imagen , Diente Molar/cirugía , Preparación del Conducto Radicular , Microtomografía por Rayos XRESUMEN
AIM: To assess the impact of conservative endodontic access cavities (CEC) and truss access cavities (TAC) during root canal treatment performed on mandibular molars in terms of: ability to shape and fill root canals, microbial reduction in canals, and cleaning of the pulp chamber. In addition, the fracture resistance of the teeth after coronal restoration was assessed. Traditional endodontic cavities (TEC) were used as a reference technique for comparison. METHODOLOGY: Thirty extracted intact mandibular molars were scanned in a microcomputed tomography device (micro-CT), matched based on similar anatomical features and assigned to TEC, CEC or TAC groups (n = 10). The specimens were accessed accordingly, and root canals were contaminated with bacterial suspensions of Enterococcus faecalis (21 days). Subsequently, the first microbial sample was collected from root canals (S1). The canals were initially prepared with Reciproc Blue R25 instrument followed by a second instrumentation using Reciproc Blue R40. Eight mL of 0.5% NaOCl were used as an irrigant for each instrument. A final irrigation protocol was performed with 2 mL of 0.5% NaOCl, 2 mL of 17% EDTA and another 2 mL of 0.5% NaOCl. Microbial samples were collected from root canals after R25 (S2), R40 (S3) and final irrigation (S4). The teeth were rescanned after S4. Then, root canals were filled, rescanned, restored and the teeth subjected to fracture resistance tests. The statistical analysis was performed with type I negative binomial and beta 0-1 inflation regression models for microbiological analysis. Instrumentation, filling and resistance to fracture results were subjected to anova and Tukey tests (P < 0.05). RESULTS: S4 revealed no significant variations in microbial reduction amongst the groups (P > 0.05). TEC had a significantly lower percentage of unprepared surface area than CEC (P < 0.05). No differences were found regarding the percentage of dentine removed, transportation, centring ability and filling voids amongst the groups (P > 0.05). The TEC group had a significantly lower volume of remaining root filling material within the pulp chamber than CEC and TAC groups (P < 0.05). There was no difference regarding fracture resistance amongst the groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Conservative access cavities did not offer any advantage in comparison with the traditional endodontic cavities in any of the parameters considered. Furthermore, conservative methods were associated with larger percentages of unprepared canal surface area and larger volumes of remaining root filling material within the pulp chamber.
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Cavidad Pulpar , Preparación del Conducto Radicular , Diente Molar/diagnóstico por imagen , Diente Molar/cirugía , Obturación del Conducto Radicular , Microtomografía por Rayos XRESUMEN
Glacial refugia protected and promoted biodiversity during the Pleistocene, not only at a broader scale, but also for many endemics that contracted and expanded their ranges within refugial areas. Understanding the evolutionary history of refugial endemics is especially important in the case of endangered species to recognize the origins of their genetic structure and thus produce better informed conservation practices. The Iberian Peninsula is an important European glacial refugium, rich in endemics of conservation concern, including small mammals, such as the Cabrera vole (Microtus cabrerae). This near-threatened rodent is characterized by an unusual suite of genetic, life history and ecological traits, being restricted to isolated geographic nuclei in fast-disappearing Mediterranean subhumid herbaceous habitats. To reconstruct the evolutionary history of the Cabrera vole, we studied sequence variation at mitochondrial, autosomal and sex-linked loci, using invasive and noninvasive samples. Despite low overall mitochondrial and nuclear nucleotide diversities, we observed two main well-supported mitochondrial lineages, west and east. Phylogeographic modelling in the context of the Cabrera vole's detailed fossil record supports a demographic scenario of isolation of two populations during the Last Glacial Maximum from a single focus in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. In addition, our data suggest subsequent divergence within the east, and secondary contact and introgression of the expanding western population, during the late Holocene. This work emphasizes that refugial endemics may have a phylogeographic history as rich as that of more widespread species, and conservation of such endemics includes the preservation of that genetic legacy.
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Arvicolinae/genética , Genética de Población , Refugio de Fauna , Animales , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Variación Genética , Haplotipos , Filogenia , Filogeografía , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , EspañaRESUMEN
American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) is the only species raised in Brazilian commercial frog farms, and the intensive culture of these animals has gained great popularity in Brazil over the past several years. Stress is one of the major obstacles in frog culture. To minimise this problem, the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of added vitamin C in the diet of American bullfrogs as an antistress factor through the assessment of plasma corticosterone, leucocyte levels and macrophage activation in animals raised in confinement. The experimental design was entirely randomised, with six treatments (supplementation of 0, 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 2000 mg of vitamin C/kg of feed) and four replications. The plasma corticosterone level, leucocyte level and macrophage activation were evaluated. It was concluded that vitamin C had no influence on the evaluated parameters due to the possible adaptation of the animals to life in captivity (domestication). The results of this research indicate that farmers should not increase the levels of vitamin C in commercial feeds because this would only enhance production costs.
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Ácido Ascórbico/farmacología , Rana catesbeiana/inmunología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos , Fagocitos/fisiología , Fagocitosis/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) is one of the most important corn leaf diseases. Appropriate management strategies and the use of resistant cultivars allow disease control. Therefore, knowing the aspects related to the pathogen and the response of hosts makes it possible to design efficient strategies for selecting genotypes resistant to this disease. In this sense, the objective was to carry out the Bipolaris maydis isolate characterization, evaluating the pathogenicity in different popcorn lines and the symptoms generated in the host after inoculation. The isolate characterization consisted of the macromorphological evaluation of the colonies and the micromorphological evaluation of the conidia in the PDA medium. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse to evaluate the pathogenicity of the isolate, using 20 inbred lines of popcorn in a randomized block design with four replicates. Inoculation was carried out by spraying leaves, with a suspension containing 1.0 x 104 conidia.ml-1 of the CF/UENF 501 isolate of B. maydis. An incidence assessment and three assessments of disease symptom severity were performed, with seven days intervals between evaluations. The morphological characterization data of the isolate were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and for disease severity, the linear regression model was applied the first-degree model. The variance analysis was performed for the linear and angular coefficients obtained for each treatment. When a difference was found, the Scott-Knott clustering algorithm at 5% significance was applied. The isolate had gray-green colonies, a cottony appearance, and an irregular shape. The lines L353, L354, and L624 show more resistance at the beginning and throughout the evaluations. The high virulence of the CF/UENF 501 isolate made it possible to differentiate the lines in terms of disease intensity and the pattern of symptoms presented.
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Enfermedades de las Plantas , Zea mays , Bipolaris , Genotipo , VirulenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Ultra High Dilutions (UHD) are diluted beyond the Avogadro limit with dynamization (dilution with succussion). The process of anuran amphibian metamorphosis is controlled by thyroid hormones, including the resorption of the tadpole tail. METHODS: A randomized and blinded study was performed to investigate the influence of triiodothyronine (T3) 5·10(-24)M (10cH) on apoptosis induced by T3 100 nM in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles' tail tips, in vitro. Explants were randomized to three groups: control: no T3 in pharmacological or UHD dose; test: T3 100 nM and challenged with T3 10cH (UHD); positive control: T3 100 nM, treated with unsuccussed ethanol. The apoptotic index and the area of explants of test and control groups at the first and final day of the experiment were compared by t-test. RESULTS: There was no difference in tail tip area between test and control groups, but a significantly higher (p<0.01) index of apoptosis in explants of the test group. CONCLUSION: This data suggest that T3 10cH modifies the effect of T3 at pharmacological dose, opening new perspectives for further studies and investigation of the dose-effect curve.
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Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Biológicos , Triyodotironina/administración & dosificación , Animales , Homeopatía , Metamorfosis Biológica , Rana catesbeiana , Distribución Aleatoria , Método Simple Ciego , Soluciones , Cola (estructura animal) , Triyodotironina/químicaRESUMEN
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common allergic skin disease that affects individuals subjected to different antigen exposure conditions and significantly impacts the quality of life of those affected. Numerous studies have demonstrated that probiotics suppress inflammation through immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of the probiotic Bifidobacterium longum 51A as a preventive treatment for ACD using an oxazolone-induced murine model. We demonstrated that B. longum 51A exerted a prophylactic effect on oxazolone-induced ACD-like skin inflammation via reductions in ear and dermal thickness and leucocyte infiltration. The administration of inactivated B. longum 51A did not affect oxazolone-induced ACD-like skin inflammation, suggesting that the bacteria must be alive to be effective. Given that B. longum 51A is an acetate producer, we treated mice with acetate intraperitoneally, which also prevented ear and dermal thickening. Moreover, the tissue levels of the inflammatory cytokines and chemokines interleukin (IL)-10, IL-33, tumour necrosis factor-α, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5/RANTES were significantly reduced after probiotic treatment, but only IL-33 and IL-10 were reduced when the mice were treated with acetate. These results show that B. longum 51A exerted a potential prophylactic effect on skin inflammation and that acetate represents one potential mechanism. However, other factors are likely involved since these two treatments do not yield the same results.
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Bifidobacterium longum/fisiología , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/inmunología , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/prevención & control , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Animales , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/inmunología , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-10/inmunología , Interleucina-33/genética , Interleucina-33/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Oxazolona/efectos adversos , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Asthma is an inflammatory lung disease that affects more women than men in adulthood. Clinical evidence shows that hormonal fluctuation during the menstrual cycle and menopause are related to increased asthma severity in women. Considering that life expectancy has increased and that most women now undergo menopause, strategies to prevent the worsening of asthma symptoms are particularly important. A recent study from our group showed that re-exposure of ovariectomised allergic mice to antigen (ovalbumin) leads to an exacerbation of lung inflammation that is similar to clinical conditions. However, little is known about the role of probiotics in the prevention of asthma exacerbations during the menstrual cycle or menopause. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with kefir, a popular fermented dairy beverage, as a preventive strategy for modulating allergic disease. The results show that the preventive kefir administration decreases the influx of inflammatory cells in the airways and exacerbates the production of mucus and the interleukin 13 cytokine. Additionally, kefir changes macrophage polarisation by decreasing the number of M2 macrophages, as shown by RT-PCR assay. Thus, kefir is a functional food that potentially prevents allergic airway inflammation exacerbations in ovariectomised mice.
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Asma/prevención & control , Kéfir/microbiología , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Animales , Asma/genética , Asma/inmunología , Femenino , Fermentación , Humanos , Interleucina-13/genética , Interleucina-13/inmunología , Kéfir/análisis , Lactobacillales/metabolismo , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/inmunología , Activación de Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ovalbúmina/efectos adversos , Ovalbúmina/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) is one of the most important corn leaf diseases. Appropriate management strategies and the use of resistant cultivars allow disease control. Therefore, knowing the aspects related to the pathogen and the response of hosts makes it possible to design efficient strategies for selecting genotypes resistant to this disease. In this sense, the objective was to carry out the Bipolaris maydis isolate characterization, evaluating the pathogenicity in different popcorn lines and the symptoms generated in the host after inoculation. The isolate characterization consisted of the macromorphological evaluation of the colonies and the micromorphological evaluation of the conidia in the PDA medium. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse to evaluate the pathogenicity of the isolate, using 20 inbred lines of popcorn in a randomized block design with four replicates. Inoculation was carried out by spraying leaves, with a suspension containing 1.0 x 104 conidia.ml-1 of the CF/UENF 501 isolate of B. maydis. An incidence assessment and three assessments of disease symptom severity were performed, with seven days intervals between evaluations. The morphological characterization data of the isolate were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and for disease severity, the linear regression model was applied the first-degree model. The variance analysis was performed for the linear and angular coefficients obtained for each treatment. When a difference was found, the Scott-Knott clustering algorithm at 5% significance was applied. The isolate had gray-green colonies, a cottony appearance, and an irregular shape. The lines L353, L354, and L624 show more resistance at the beginning and throughout the evaluations. The high virulence of the CF/UENF 501 isolate made it possible to differentiate the lines in terms of disease intensity and the pattern of symptoms presented.
Mancha-de-Bipolaris é uma das mais importantes doenças foliares do milho. Estratégias de manejo adequadas e o uso de cultivar resistente permitem o controle da doença, mas para tanto, conhecer os aspectos associados ao patógeno e a resposta do hospedeiro é necessário para traçar estratégias eficientes para seleção de genótipos resistentes a essa doença. Neste sentido, objetivou-se realizar a caracterização do isolado de Bipolaris maydis avaliando a patogenicidade em diferentes linhagens de milho-pipoca e os sintomas gerados no hospedeiro a partir da inoculação. A caracterização do isolado consistiu na avaliação macromorfológica das colônias e micromofológica dos conídios em meio nutritivo BDA. Para avaliação da patogenicidade do isolado foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação utilizando 20 linhagens endogâmicas de milho-pipoca, com delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A inoculação foi realizada por meio de pulverização em folhas, com uma suspensão contendo 1,0 x 104 conídios.ml-1 do isolado CF/UENF 501 de B. maydis. Foi realizada uma avaliação de incidência e três avaliações de severidade dos sintomas da doença, com o intervalo de sete dias para cada avaliação. Os dados da caracterização morfológica do isolado foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e para severidade da doença foi aplicado o modelo de regressão linear de primeiro grau. Realizou-se a análise de variância para o coeficiente linear e angular obtido para cada tratamento e quando constatada diferença aplicou-se o agrupamento de médias de Scott-knott a 5% de significância. O isolado apresentou colônias com coloração cinza esverdeado, aspecto algodonoso e forma irregular. As linhagens L353 e L354 e L624 estão entre as linhagens que apresentaram maior resistência no inicio e ao longo das avaliações. A elevada virulência do isolado CF/UENF 501 possibilitou diferenciar as linhagens quanto a intensidade da doença, bem como o padrão dos sintomas apresentados.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Control de Plagas , Zea mays , GenotipoRESUMEN
Abstract Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) is one of the most important corn leaf diseases. Appropriate management strategies and the use of resistant cultivars allow disease control. Therefore, knowing the aspects related to the pathogen and the response of hosts makes it possible to design efficient strategies for selecting genotypes resistant to this disease. In this sense, the objective was to carry out the Bipolaris maydis isolate characterization, evaluating the pathogenicity in different popcorn lines and the symptoms generated in the host after inoculation. The isolate characterization consisted of the macromorphological evaluation of the colonies and the micromorphological evaluation of the conidia in the PDA medium. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse to evaluate the pathogenicity of the isolate, using 20 inbred lines of popcorn in a randomized block design with four replicates. Inoculation was carried out by spraying leaves, with a suspension containing 1.0 x 104 conidia.ml-1 of the CF/UENF 501 isolate of B. maydis. An incidence assessment and three assessments of disease symptom severity were performed, with seven days intervals between evaluations. The morphological characterization data of the isolate were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and for disease severity, the linear regression model was applied the first-degree model. The variance analysis was performed for the linear and angular coefficients obtained for each treatment. When a difference was found, the Scott-Knott clustering algorithm at 5% significance was applied. The isolate had gray-green colonies, a cottony appearance, and an irregular shape. The lines L353, L354, and L624 show more resistance at the beginning and throughout the evaluations. The high virulence of the CF/UENF 501 isolate made it possible to differentiate the lines in terms of disease intensity and the pattern of symptoms presented.
Resumo Mancha-de-Bipolaris é uma das mais importantes doenças foliares do milho. Estratégias de manejo adequadas e o uso de cultivar resistente permitem o controle da doença, mas para tanto, conhecer os aspectos associados ao patógeno e a resposta do hospedeiro é necessário para traçar estratégias eficientes para seleção de genótipos resistentes a essa doença. Neste sentido, objetivou-se realizar a caracterização do isolado de Bipolaris maydis avaliando a patogenicidade em diferentes linhagens de milho-pipoca e os sintomas gerados no hospedeiro a partir da inoculação. A caracterização do isolado consistiu na avaliação macromorfológica das colônias e micromofológica dos conídios em meio nutritivo BDA. Para avaliação da patogenicidade do isolado foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação utilizando 20 linhagens endogâmicas de milho-pipoca, com delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A inoculação foi realizada por meio de pulverização em folhas, com uma suspensão contendo 1,0 x 104 conídios.ml-1 do isolado CF/UENF 501 de B. maydis. Foi realizada uma avaliação de incidência e três avaliações de severidade dos sintomas da doença, com o intervalo de sete dias para cada avaliação. Os dados da caracterização morfológica do isolado foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e para severidade da doença foi aplicado o modelo de regressão linear de primeiro grau. Realizou-se a análise de variância para o coeficiente linear e angular obtido para cada tratamento e quando constatada diferença aplicou-se o agrupamento de médias de Scott-knott a 5% de significância. O isolado apresentou colônias com coloração cinza esverdeado, aspecto algodonoso e forma irregular. As linhagens L353 e L354 e L624 estão entre as linhagens que apresentaram maior resistência no inicio e ao longo das avaliações. A elevada virulência do isolado CF/UENF 501 possibilitou diferenciar as linhagens quanto a intensidade da doença, bem como o padrão dos sintomas apresentados.
RESUMEN
Allergic asthma is a chronic disease mainly characterised by eosinophil inflammation and airway remodelling. Many studies have shown that the gut microbiota of allergic individuals differs from that of non-allergic individuals. Although high levels of bifidobacteria have been associated with healthy persons, Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 15703, a gut bacteria, has been associated with allergic individuals in some clinical studies. The relationship between B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 and asthma or allergies has not been well elucidated, and its effect may be dependent on the host's genetic profile or disease state. To elucidate this question, we evaluated the role of preventive B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 treatment on experimental allergic airway inflammation in two genetically different mouse strains, Balb/c and C57BL/6 (B6). Balb/c mice display a greater predisposition to develop allergic responses than B6 mice. Oral preventive treatment with B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 modulated experimental allergic airway inflammation, specifically in Balb/c mice, which showed decreased levels of eosinophils in the airway. B6 mice did not exhibit any significant alterations in eosinophils but showed an increased influx of total leukocytes and neutrophils into the airway. The mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of these bacteria in experimental allergic mice may involve products of bacteria metabolism, as dead bacteria did not mimic the ability of live B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 to attenuate the influx of eosinophils into the airway. To conclude, preventive oral B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 treatment can attenuate the major characteristic of allergic asthma, eosinophil airway influx, in Balb/c but not B6 mice. These results suggest that oral treatment with this specific live bacterial strain may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of allergic airway disease, although its effect is mouse-strain-dependent.
Asunto(s)
Asma/prevención & control , Bifidobacterium adolescentis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Sistema Respiratorio/patología , Administración Oral , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Eosinófilos/inmunología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of gutta-percha-filled area (GPFA) obtained by Thermafil and System B techniques using light microscopy and digital image processing. Forty-five human mandibular first molars were prepared and obturated as follows: Group 1: lateral condensation (n = 15); Group 2: System B (n = 15); and Group 3: Thermafil system (n = 15). Horizontal sections were cut 4 and 6 mm from the apical foramen of each tooth. The samples were metallographically prepared and taken through photomicrographs. Using digital analysis, the cross-sectional area of the canal and the gutta-percha areas were measured. The GPFA data obtained for the three groups were analysed using the non-parametric Friedman and Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks tests. Significant differences were found between Group 3 and Group 2-Group 1. No significant difference was found between Group 2 and Group 1. The Thermafil system produced significantly higher GPFAs than lateral condensation and System B techniques (P < 0.01). This result suggests that the Thermafil system can reduce sealer and voids.
Asunto(s)
Cavidad Pulpar/anatomía & histología , Gutapercha/química , Materiales de Obturación del Conducto Radicular/química , Obturación del Conducto Radicular/métodos , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Ensayo de Materiales , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Diente Molar , Obturación del Conducto Radicular/instrumentación , Preparación del Conducto Radicular/métodos , Propiedades de Superficie , Factores de Tiempo , Cemento de Óxido de Zinc-Eugenol/químicaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of vascular invasion as a prognostic factor in melanoma. DESIGN: Retrospective survival analysis. SETTING: Academic medical center. PATIENTS: A total of 526 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma from the University of California, San Francisco, Melanoma Center database with 2 years of follow-up or documented relapse. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Presence of vascular involvement defined as vascular invasion with tumor cells within blood or lymphatic vessels; or uncertain vascular invasion, with melanoma cells immediately adjacent to the endothelium. (2) Percentage with metastasis or death and relapse-free and overall survival. RESULTS: The presence of either type of vascular involvement significantly increased the risk of relapse and death and reduced the survival associated with melanoma. The impact of vascular involvement on these outcomes was similar to that of ulceration. In a multivariate analysis, vascular involvement was the second most important factor (after tumor thickness) in the primary tumor in predicting survival. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular involvement is an important independent predictor of metastasis and survival in melanoma. The phenomenon of uncertain vascular invasion describes an earlier step than definite vascular invasion in tumor progression.