Implementation of sepsis bundles in public hospitals in Brazil: a prospective study with heterogeneous results.

BACKGROUND: Public hospitals in emerging countries pose a challenge to quality improvement initiatives in sepsis. Our objective was to evaluate the results of a quality improvement initiative in sepsis in a network of public institutions and to assess potential differences between institutions that did or did not achieve a reduction in mortality. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of patients with sepsis or septic shock. We collected baseline data on compliance with the Surviving Sepsis Campaign 6-h bundles and mortality. Afterward, we initiated a multifaceted quality improvement initiative for patients with sepsis or septic shock in all hospital sectors. The primary outcome was hospital mortality over time. The secondary outcomes were the time to sepsis diagnosis and compliance with the entire 6-h bundles throughout the intervention. We defined successful institutions as those where the mortality rates decreased significantly over time, using a logistic regression model. We analyzed differences over time in the secondary outcomes by comparing the successful institutions with the nonsuccessful ones. We assessed the predictors of in-hospital mortality using logistic regression models. All tests were two-sided, and a p value less than 0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS: We included 3435 patients from the emergency departments (50.7%), wards (34.1%), and intensive care units (15.2%) of 9 institutions. Throughout the intervention, there was an overall reduction in the risk of death, in the proportion of septic shock, and the time to sepsis diagnosis, as well as an improvement in compliance with the 6-h bundle. The time to sepsis diagnosis, but not the compliance with bundles, was associated with a reduction in the risk of death. However, there was a significant reduction in mortality in only two institutions. The reduction in the time to sepsis diagnosis was greater in the successful institutions. By contrast, the nonsuccessful sites had a greater increase in compliance with the 6-h bundle. CONCLUSIONS: Quality improvement initiatives reduced sepsis mortality in public Brazilian institutions, although not in all of them. Early recognition seems to be a more relevant factor than compliance with the 6-h bundle.

Daily laxative therapy reduces organ dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: a phase II randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Constipation is a common problem in intensive care units. We assessed the efficacy and safety of laxative therapy aiming to promote daily defecation in reducing organ dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled, nonblinded phase II clinical trial at two general intensive care units. Patients expected to remain ventilated for over 3 days were randomly assigned to daily defecation or control groups. The intervention group received lactulose and enemas to produce 1-2 defecations per day. In the control group, absence of defecation was tolerated up to 5 days. Primary outcome was the change in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score between the date of enrollment and intensive care unit discharge, death or day 14. RESULTS: We included 88 patients. Patients in the treatment group had a higher number of defecations per day (1.3 ± 0.42 versus 0.7 ± 0.56, p < 0.0001) and lower percentage of days without defecation (33.1 ± 15.7% versus 62.3 ± 24.5%, p < 0.0001). Patients in the intervention group had a greater reduction in SOFA score (-4.0 (-6.0 to 0) versus -1.0 (-4.0 to 1.0), p = 0.036) with no difference in mortality rates or in survival time. Adverse events were more frequent in the treatment group (4.5 (3.0-8.0) versus 3.0 (1.0-5.7), p = 0.016), including more days with diarrhea (2.0 (1.0-4.0) versus 1.0 (0-2.0) days, p < 0.0001). Serious adverse events were rare and did not significantly differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Laxative therapy improved daily defecation in ventilated patients and was associated with a greater reduction in SOFA score. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials.gov NCT01607060, registered 24 May 2012.

Determinants of death in critically ill COVID-19 patients during the first wave of COVID-19: a multicenter study in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical outcomes and factors associated with mortality, focusing on secondary infections, in critically ill patients with COVID-19 in three Brazilian hospitals during the first pandemic wave. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study involving adult patients with COVID-19 admitted to one of the participating ICUs between March and August of 2020. We analyzed clinical features, comorbidities, source of SARS-CoV-2 infection, laboratory data, microbiology data, complications, and causes of death. We assessed factors associated with in-hospital mortality using logistic regression models. RESULTS: We included 645 patients with a mean age of 61.4 years. Of those, 387 (60.0%) were male, 12.9% (83/643) had undergone solid organ transplant, and almost 10% (59/641) had nosocomial COVID-19 infection. During ICU stay, 359/644 patients (55.7%) required invasive mechanical ventilation, 225 (34.9%) needed renal replacement therapy, 337 (52.2%) received vasopressors, and 216 (33.5%) had hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), mainly caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. HAIs were independently associated with a higher risk of death. The major causes of death were refractory shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome but not ARDS, as previously reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, most of our cohort required invasive mechanical ventilation and almost one third had HAIs, which were independently associated with a higher risk of death. Other factors related to death were Charlson Comorbidity Index, SOFA score at admission, and clinical complications during ICU stay. Nosocomial COVID-19 infection was not associated with death. The main immediate causes of death were refractory shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.

[Professional satisfaction of the nurse professor: a qualitative study]. / Satisfação profissional do enfermeiro professor de enfermagem: um estudo qualitativo.

The aim of this study was to recognize the satisfaction of the nurse professor of the nursing graduation course and to identify factors which, according to the professors, interfere in this state of satisfaction. Semi-structured interviews were performed with eight nurse professors from an official nursing school in the city of São Paulo. The results were analyzed according to the plan of the content analysis proposed by Bardin, under a qualitative approach. The results showed that they feel satisfied regarding their labor activities and the positive or negative influential feeling of satisfaction of the professors coincide and have a relation with the student, the teaching institution and the professors themselves. Evidence of the important influence of the teaching period of service and the trajectory of the professor formation suggest the need of new studies related to these factors.

Availability of resources to treat sepsis in Brazil: a random sample of Brazilian institutions. / Disponibilidade de recursos para tratamento da sepse no Brasil: uma amostra aleatória de instituições brasileiras.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize resource availability from a nationally representative random sample of intensive care units in Brazil. METHODS: A structured online survey of participating units in the Sepsis PREvalence Assessment Database (SPREAD) study, a nationwide 1-day point prevalence survey to assess the burden of sepsis in Brazil, was sent to the medical director of each unit. RESULTS: A representative sample of 277 of the 317 invited units responded to the resources survey. Most of the hospitals had fewer than 500 beds (94.6%) with a median of 14 beds in the intensive care unit. Providing care for public-insured patients was the main source of income in two-thirds of the surveyed units. Own microbiology laboratory was not available for 26.8% of the surveyed intensive care units, and 10.5% did not always have access to blood cultures. Broad spectrum antibiotics were not always available in 10.5% of surveyed units, and 21.3% could not always measure lactate within three hours. Those institutions with a high resource availability (158 units, 57%) were usually larger and preferentially served patients from the private health system compared to institutions without high resource availability. Otherwise, those without high resource availability did not always have broad-spectrum antibiotics (24.4%), vasopressors (4.2%) or crystalloids (7.6%). CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that a relevant number of units cannot perform basic monitoring and therapeutic interventions in septic patients. Our results highlight major opportunities for improvement to adhere to simple but effective interventions in Brazil.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a disponibilidade de recursos a partir de amostra aleatória representativa das unidades de terapia intensiva do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um questionário estruturado on-line para ser respondido pelo diretor médico de cada unidade participante do estudo SPREAD (Sepsis PREvalence Assessment Database), um estudo de prevalência de um único dia para avaliar o ônus da sepse no Brasil. RESULTADOS: Uma amostra representativa de 277 das 317 unidades convidadas participou por meio de resposta ao questionário estruturado. Em sua maior parte, os hospitais participantes tinham menos que 500 leitos (94,6%), com mediana de 14 leitos na unidade de terapia intensiva. A principal fonte de recursos financeiros para dois terços das unidades pesquisadas era o atendimento de pacientes do sistema público de saúde. Não havia disponibilidade de laboratório de microbiologia próprio em 26,8% das unidades de terapia intensiva pesquisadas, e 10,5% geralmente não tinham acesso à realização de hemoculturas. Em 10,5% das unidades pesquisadas geralmente não estavam disponíveis antibióticos de amplo espectro, e 21,3% das unidades geralmente não podiam obter mensurações de lactato dentro de 3 horas. As instituições com alta disponibilidade de recursos (158 unidades; 57%) eram, em geral, maiores e atendiam principalmente pacientes do sistema de saúde privado. As unidades sem alta disponibilidade de recursos geralmente não dispunham de antibióticos de amplo espectro (24,4%), vasopressores (4,2%) e cristaloides (7,6%). CONCLUSÃO: Um número importante de unidades não tem condições para realizar intervenções básicas de monitoramento e terapêutica em pacientes sépticos. Nossos resultados salientam importantes oportunidades que o Brasil tem para melhorar, em termos de adesão a intervenções simples, porém eficazes.

Determinants of death in critically ill COVID-19 patients during the first wave of COVID-19: a multicenter study in Brazil / Determinantes de mortalidade em pacientes com COVID-19 em estado crítico durante a primeira onda da doença: estudo multicêntrico no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate clinical outcomes and factors associated with mortality, focusing on secondary infections, in critically ill patients with COVID-19 in three Brazilian hospitals during the first pandemic wave. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study involving adult patients with COVID-19 admitted to one of the participating ICUs between March and August of 2020. We analyzed clinical features, comorbidities, source of SARS-CoV-2 infection, laboratory data, microbiology data, complications, and causes of death. We assessed factors associated with in-hospital mortality using logistic regression models. Results: We included 645 patients with a mean age of 61.4 years. Of those, 387 (60.0%) were male, 12.9% (83/643) had undergone solid organ transplant, and almost 10% (59/641) had nosocomial COVID-19 infection. During ICU stay, 359/644 patients (55.7%) required invasive mechanical ventilation, 225 (34.9%) needed renal replacement therapy, 337 (52.2%) received vasopressors, and 216 (33.5%) had hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), mainly caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. HAIs were independently associated with a higher risk of death. The major causes of death were refractory shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome but not ARDS, as previously reported in the literature. Conclusions: In this study, most of our cohort required invasive mechanical ventilation and almost one third had HAIs, which were independently associated with a higher risk of death. Other factors related to death were Charlson Comorbidity Index, SOFA score at admission, and clinical complications during ICU stay. Nosocomial COVID-19 infection was not associated with death. The main immediate causes of death were refractory shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar desfechos clínicos e fatores associados à mortalidade, com foco em infecções secundárias, em pacientes com COVID-19 em estado crítico em três hospitais brasileiros durante a primeira onda da pandemia. Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospectivo envolvendo pacientes adultos com COVID-19 internados nas UTIs participantes entre março e agosto de 2020. Analisaram-se características clínicas, comorbidades, fonte de infecção por SARS-CoV-2, dados laboratoriais, dados microbiológicos, complicações e causas de óbito. Os fatores associados à mortalidade hospitalar foram avaliados por meio de modelos de regressão logística. Resultados: Foram incluídos 645 pacientes com média de idade de 61,4 anos. Desses, 387 (60,0%) eram do sexo masculino, 12,9% (83/643) haviam sido submetidos a transplante de órgão sólido, e quase 10% (59/641) apresentaram infecção nosocomial por COVID-19. Durante a internação na UTI, 359/644 pacientes (55,7%) necessitaram de ventilação mecânica invasiva, 225 (34,9%) necessitaram de terapia renal substitutiva, 337 (52,2%) receberam vasopressores, e 216 (33,5%) apresentaram infecções hospitalares (IHs), causadas principalmente por bactérias Gram-negativas multirresistentes. As IHs associaram-se de forma independente a maior risco de óbito. As principais causas de óbito foram choque refratário e síndrome de disfunção de múltiplos órgãos, mas não SDRA, como relatado anteriormente na literatura. Conclusões: Neste estudo, a maior parte de nossa coorte necessitou de ventilação mecânica invasiva, e quase um terço apresentou IHs, que se associaram de forma independente a maior risco de óbito. Outros fatores relacionados à mortalidade foram Índice de Comorbidade de Charlson, SOFA na admissão e complicações clínicas durante a internação na UTI. A infecção nosocomial por COVID-19 não se associou à mortalidade. As principais causas imediatas de óbito foram choque refratário e síndrome de disfunção de múltiplos órgãos.

Positive fluid balance as a prognostic factor for mortality and acute kidney injury in severe sepsis and septic shock.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to assess whether late positive fluid balances are associated with acute kidney injury and mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock. METHODS: In this retrospective study, fluid balances were calculated at 3 different time points: the onset of organ dysfunction attributed to sepsis, sepsis diagnosis, and vasopressors initiation. Data were analyzed in logistic regression models for mortality and acute kidney injury as outcomes. RESULTS: We included 116 patients. A RIFLE score F, diuresis less than 0.9 L from the second day after the first organ dysfunction, and fluid balance more than 3 L between the 24th and the 48th hour after diagnosis were independently associated with higher mortality, whereas in the subgroup with shock, only the latter parameter and diuresis less than 0.85 L on the first day of shock were independent risk factors. After adjusting for age, creatinine more than 1.2 mg/dL, a nonrenal Sequential Organ Failure Assessment greater than or equal to 7.5 on the first day and urine output less than 1.3 L on the first day after organ dysfunction were independent risk factors for RIFLE F. No relationship was found between fluid balance and acute kidney injury. CONCLUSION: Late positive fluid balance is an independent risk factor for mortality in severe sepsis. Positive fluid balances are not associated with either protection against or risk for acute kidney injury.

Implementation of a multifaceted sepsis education program in an emerging country setting: clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness in a long-term follow-up study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether a multifaceted, centrally coordinated quality improvement program in a network of hospitals can increase compliance with the resuscitation bundle and improve clinical and economic outcomes in an emerging country setting. METHODS: This was a pre- and post-intervention study in ten private hospitals (1,650 beds) in Brazil (from May 2010 to January 2012), enrolling 2,120 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. The program used a multifaceted approach: screening strategies, multidisciplinary educational sessions, case management, and continuous performance assessment. The network administration and an external consultant provided performance feedback and benchmarking within the network. The primary outcome was compliance with the resuscitation bundle. The secondary outcomes were hospital mortality, hospital and ICU length of stay, quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gain, and cost-effectiveness. RESULTS: The proportion of patients who received all the required items for the resuscitation bundle improved from 13% [95% confidence interval (CI) 8-18%] at baseline to 62% (95% CI 54-69%) in the last trimester (p < 0.001). Hospital mortality decreased from 55% (95% CI 48-62%) to 26% (95% CI 19-32%, p < 0.001). Full compliance with the resuscitation bundle was associated with lower risk of hospital mortality (propensity weighted corrected risk ratio 0.74; 95% CI 0.56-0.94, p = 0.02). There was a reduction in the total cost per patient from 29.3 (95% CI 23.9-35.4) to 17.5 (95% CI 14.3-21.1) thousand US dollars from baseline to the last 3 months (mean difference -11,815; 95% CI -18,604 to -5,338). The mean QALY increased from 2.63 (95% CI 2.15-3.14) to 4.06 (95% CI 3.58-4.57). For each QALY, the full compliance saves US$5,383. CONCLUSIONS: A multifaceted approach to severe sepsis and septic shock patients in an emerging country setting led to high compliance with the resuscitation bundle. The intervention was cost-effective and associated with a reduction in mortality.

Disponibilidade de recursos para tratamento da sepse no Brasil: uma amostra aleatória de instituições brasileiras / Availability of resources to treat sepsis in Brazil: a random sample of Brazilian institutions

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar a disponibilidade de recursos a partir de amostra aleatória representativa das unidades de terapia intensiva do Brasil. Métodos: Realizou-se um questionário estruturado on-line para ser respondido pelo diretor médico de cada unidade participante do estudo SPREAD (Sepsis PREvalence Assessment Database), um estudo de prevalência de um único dia para avaliar o ônus da sepse no Brasil. Resultados: Uma amostra representativa de 277 das 317 unidades convidadas participou por meio de resposta ao questionário estruturado. Em sua maior parte, os hospitais participantes tinham menos que 500 leitos (94,6%), com mediana de 14 leitos na unidade de terapia intensiva. A principal fonte de recursos financeiros para dois terços das unidades pesquisadas era o atendimento de pacientes do sistema público de saúde. Não havia disponibilidade de laboratório de microbiologia próprio em 26,8% das unidades de terapia intensiva pesquisadas, e 10,5% geralmente não tinham acesso à realização de hemoculturas. Em 10,5% das unidades pesquisadas geralmente não estavam disponíveis antibióticos de amplo espectro, e 21,3% das unidades geralmente não podiam obter mensurações de lactato dentro de 3 horas. As instituições com alta disponibilidade de recursos (158 unidades; 57%) eram, em geral, maiores e atendiam principalmente pacientes do sistema de saúde privado. As unidades sem alta disponibilidade de recursos geralmente não dispunham de antibióticos de amplo espectro (24,4%), vasopressores (4,2%) e cristaloides (7,6%). Conclusão: Um número importante de unidades não tem condições para realizar intervenções básicas de monitoramento e terapêutica em pacientes sépticos. Nossos resultados salientam importantes oportunidades que o Brasil tem para melhorar, em termos de adesão a intervenções simples, porém eficazes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize resource availability from a nationally representative random sample of intensive care units in Brazil. Methods: A structured online survey of participating units in the Sepsis PREvalence Assessment Database (SPREAD) study, a nationwide 1-day point prevalence survey to assess the burden of sepsis in Brazil, was sent to the medical director of each unit. Results: A representative sample of 277 of the 317 invited units responded to the resources survey. Most of the hospitals had fewer than 500 beds (94.6%) with a median of 14 beds in the intensive care unit. Providing care for public-insured patients was the main source of income in two-thirds of the surveyed units. Own microbiology laboratory was not available for 26.8% of the surveyed intensive care units, and 10.5% did not always have access to blood cultures. Broad spectrum antibiotics were not always available in 10.5% of surveyed units, and 21.3% could not always measure lactate within three hours. Those institutions with a high resource availability (158 units, 57%) were usually larger and preferentially served patients from the private health system compared to institutions without high resource availability. Otherwise, those without high resource availability did not always have broad-spectrum antibiotics (24.4%), vasopressors (4.2%) or crystalloids (7.6%). Conclusion: Our study indicates that a relevant number of units cannot perform basic monitoring and therapeutic interventions in septic patients. Our results highlight major opportunities for improvement to adhere to simple but effective interventions in Brazil.

Reclassifying the spectrum of septic patients using lactate: severe sepsis, cryptic shock, vasoplegic shock and dysoxic shock.

OBJECTIVE: The current definition of severe sepsis and septic shock includes a heterogeneous profile of patients. Although the prognostic value of hyperlactatemia is well established, hyperlactatemia is observed in patients with and without shock. The present study aimed to compare the prognosis of septic patients by stratifying them according to two factors: hyperlactatemia and persistent hypotension. METHODS: The present study is a secondary analysis of an observational study conducted in ten hospitals in Brazil (Rede Amil - SP). Septic patients with initial lactate measurements in the first 6 hours of diagnosis were included and divided into 4 groups according to hyperlactatemia (lactate >4mmol/L) and persistent hypotension: (1) severe sepsis (without both criteria); (2) cryptic shock (hyperlactatemia without persistent hypotension); (3) vasoplegic shock (persistent hypotension without hyperlactatemia); and (4) dysoxic shock (both criteria). RESULTS: In total, 1,948 patients were analyzed, and the sepsis group represented 52% of the patients, followed by 28% with vasoplegic shock, 12% with dysoxic shock and 8% with cryptic shock. Survival at 28 days differed among the groups (p<0.001). Survival was highest among the severe sepsis group (69%, p<0.001 versus others), similar in the cryptic and vasoplegic shock groups (53%, p=0.39), and lowest in the dysoxic shock group (38%, p<0.001 versus others). In the adjusted analysis, the survival at 28 days remained different among the groups (p<0.001) and the dysoxic shock group exhibited the highest hazard ratio (HR=2.99, 95%CI 2.21-4.05). CONCLUSION: The definition of sepsis includes four different profiles if we consider the presence of hyperlactatemia. Further studies are needed to better characterize septic patients, to understand the etiology and to design adequate targeted treatments.

Intestinal constipation in intensive care units. / Constipação intestinal em terapia intensiva.

Constipation is a common complication identified among critically ill patients. Its incidence is highly variable due to lack of definition of such patients. Besides the already known consequences of constipation, in recent years it was observed that this complication may also be related to worse prognosis of critically ill patients. This review endeavors to describe the main available scientific evidence showing that constipation is a prognostic marker and a clinical representation of intestinal dysfunction, in addition to eventually interfering in the prognosis with treatment. Ogilvie syndrome, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units was also reviewed. Considering the above cases it was concluded that more attention to this disorder is required in intensive care units as well as development of protocols for diagnosis and management of critically ill patients.

Reclassificando o espectro de pacientes septicos com o uso do lactato: sepse grave, choque criptico, choque vasoplegico e choque disoxico / Reclassifying the spectrum of septic patients using lactate: severe sepsis, cryptic shock, vasoplegic shock and dysoxic shock

Objetivo: A definição atual de sepse grave e choque séptico inclui um perfil heterogêneo de pacientes. Embora o valor prognóstico de hiperlactatemia seja bem estabelecido, ela está presente em pacientes com ou sem choque. Nosso objetivo foi comparar o prognóstico de pacientes sépticos estratificando-os segundo dois fatores: hiperlactatemia e hipotensão persistente. Métodos: Este estudo é uma análise secundária de um estudo observacional conduzido em dez hospitais no Brasil (Rede Amil - SP). Pacientes sépticos com valor inicial de lactato das primeiras 6 horas do diagnóstico foram incluídos e divididos em 4 grupos segundo hiperlactatemia (lactato >4mmol/L) e hipotensão persistente: (1) sepse grave (sem ambos os critérios); (2) choque críptico (hiperlactatemia sem hipotensão persistente); (3) choque vasoplégico (hipotensão persistente sem hiperlactatemia); e (4) choque disóxico (ambos os critérios). Resultados: Foram analisados 1.948 pacientes, e o grupo sepse grave constituiu 52% dos pacientes, seguido por 28% com choque vasoplégico, 12% choque disóxico e 8% com choque críptico. A sobrevida em 28 dias foi diferente entre os grupos (p<0,001), sendo maior para o grupo sepse grave (69%; p<0,001 versus outros), semelhante entre choque críptico e vasoplégico (53%; p=0,39) e menor para choque disóxico (38%; p<0,001 versus outros). Em análise ajustada, a sobrevida em 28 dias permaneceu diferente entre os grupos (p<0,001), sendo a maior razão de risco para o grupo choque disóxico (HR=2,99; IC95% 2,21-4,05). Conclusão: A definição de pacientes com sepse inclui quatro diferentes perfis, se considerarmos a presença de hiperlactatemia. Novos estudos são necessários para melhor caracterizar pacientes sépticos e gerar conhecimento ...

Objective: The current definition of severe sepsis and septic shock includes a heterogeneous profile of patients. Although the prognostic value of hyperlactatemia is well established, hyperlactatemia is observed in patients with and without shock. The present study aimed to compare the prognosis of septic patients by stratifying them according to two factors: hyperlactatemia and persistent hypotension. Methods: The present study is a secondary analysis of an observational study conducted in ten hospitals in Brazil (Rede Amil - SP). Septic patients with initial lactate measurements in the first 6 hours of diagnosis were included and divided into 4 groups according to hyperlactatemia (lactate >4mmol/L) and persistent hypotension: (1) severe sepsis (without both criteria); (2) cryptic shock (hyperlactatemia without persistent hypotension); (3) vasoplegic shock (persistent hypotension without hyperlactatemia); and (4) dysoxic shock (both criteria). Results: In total, 1,948 patients were analyzed, and the sepsis group represented 52% of the patients, followed by 28% with vasoplegic shock, 12% with dysoxic shock and 8% with cryptic shock. Survival at 28 days differed among the groups (p<0.001). Survival was highest among the severe sepsis group (69%, p<0.001 versus others), similar in the cryptic and vasoplegic shock groups (53%, p=0.39), and lowest in the dysoxic shock group (38%, p<0.001 versus others). In the adjusted analysis, the survival at 28 days remained different among the groups (p<0.001) and the dysoxic shock group exhibited the highest hazard ratio (HR=2.99, 95%CI 2.21-4.05). Conclusion: The definition of sepsis includes four different profiles if we consider the presence of hyperlactatemia. Further studies are needed to better characterize septic patients, to understand the etiology and to design adequate targeted treatments. .

Constipação intestinal em terapia intensiva / Intestinal constipation in intensive care units

A constipação intestinal é uma complicação comumente identificada entre pacientes graves. Sua incidência é bastante variável devido à carência de uma definição aplicável a estes pacientes. Além das consequências já conhecidas da constipação, nos últimos anos tem-se percebido que essa complicação também pode estar relacionada ao pior prognóstico de pacientes críticos. Ao longo desta revisão procurou-se descrever as principais evidências científicas disponíveis mostrando ser a constipação um marcador prognóstico e uma das representações clínicas da disfunção intestinal, além da possibilidade de interferir no prognóstico com o tratamento. Revisou-se também a síndrome de Ogilvie, importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade nas unidades de terapia intensiva. Conclui-se, por todo o exposto, ser necessária mais atenção a esse distúrbio nas unidades de terapia intensiva, com elaboração de protocolos de diagnóstico e manejo em pacientes graves.

Constipation is a common complication identified among critically ill patients. Its incidence is highly variable due to lack of definition of such patients. Besides the already known consequences of constipation, in recent years it was observed that this complication may also be related to worse prognosis of critically ill patients. This review endeavors to describe the main available scientific evidence showing that constipation is a prognostic marker and a clinical representation of intestinal dysfunction, in addition to eventually interfering in the prognosis with treatment. Ogilvie syndrome, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units was also reviewed. Considering the above cases it was concluded that more attention to this disorder is required in intensive care units as well as development of protocols for diagnosis and management of critically ill patients.

Prazer e sofrimento no processo de trabalho do enfermeiro docente / Placer y sufrimiento en el trabajo del enfermero docente / Pleasure and suffering in the work process of the faculty nursing

Trata-se de um estudo exploratório e descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, que compreende sentimentos que perpassam o processo de trabalho do enfermeiro em três universidades privadas do Município de São Paulo, revelando-se experiências enriquecedoras de significados do saber-fazer na prática docente. Assim, a presente investigação tem como objetivo identificar os aspectos geradores de prazer e de sofrimento no processo de trabalho do enfermeiro docente, analisados segundo o referencial teórico de Christophe Dejours, pontuando-se a importância de fatores psicossociais em relação ao objeto estudado. Os resultados da investigação apontam para as relações ambíguas presentes no processo de trabalho dos docentes, expressando sentimentos de prazer e sofrimento decorrentes dessa prática e evidenciando as condições e a organização do trabalho como elementos que podem potencializar tais sentimentos no cotidiano do trabalho do enfermeiro naquelas instituições.

This is an exploratory and descriptive qualitative approach, which includes feelings that go through the work process of nurses in three private universities in the city of São Paulo, revealing rich experiences of know-how meanings in the teaching practice. Thus, this research aims to identify the causes of pleasure and suffering in the work of the faculty nursing, and analyze then according to Christophe Dejours' theory, pointing the importance of psychosocial factors in relation to the studied object. The results of the research point to the ambiguous relationships present in the work process of facultys, expressing pleasure and suffering resulting from the practice and showing the conditions and organization of work as elements that enhance these feelings in the daily work of nurses in these institutions.

Se trata de un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo, que comprende los sentimientos que pasan por el proceso de trabajo del enfermero en tres universidades privadas de la ciudad de São Paulo, mostrando experiencias ricas de significados del saber hacer de la práctica docente. Así, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los aspectos generadores de placer y de sufrimiento en el proceso de trabajo del enfermero docente, analizados según el referencial teórico de Christophe Dejours, señalando la importancia de factores psicosociales en relación con el objeto de estudio. Los resultados de la investigación apuntan para las relaciones ambiguas presentes en el proceso de trabajo de los docentes, expresando sentimientos de placer y sufrimiento derivados de esa práctica y evidenciando las condiciones y la organización del trabajo como elementos que pueden potenciar estos sentimientos en el cotidiano del trabajo enfermero en estas instituciones.

Satisfação profissional do enfermeiro educador: uma revisão da literatura / Nursing educator professional’s satisfaction: a review of the literature

Através desta revisão de literatura, reunimos conhecimentos existentes acerca da satisfaçãoprofissional e identificamos uma ampla diversidade teórica e conceitual, bem como a escassez deestudos que contemplem a satisfação profissional do enfermeiro educador. Esta revisão permitiu apercepção clara da necessidade da realização de pesquisas que identifiquem o estado de satisfaçãoprofissional, variáveis envolvidas e suas relações com a influência da trajetória da formação e doestágio de desenvolvimento profissional do enfermeiro professor de Enfermagem.

Satisfação profissional do enfermeiro docente no ensino superior de enfermagem / Job satisfaction of teaching staff nurses at a higher education level

Este estudo buscou conhecer a satisfação profissional de enfermeiros docentes de cursos de graduação em Enfermagem do Município de São Paulo e identificar os fatores relacionados à sua satisfação e insatisfação no trabalho. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, com abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa dos dados. O projeto foi submetido à apreciação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, obtendo aprovação Parecer n° 1539. A amostra constituiu-se de 90 enfermeiros docentes, que exerciam suas atividades profissionais em dez das 23 universidades que disponibilizavam o curso de graduação em Enfermagem no Município de São Paulo, em 2007. Para a abordagem quantitativa, foi utilizado o Job Satisfaction Questionnarie for Teachers e a análise foi realizada segundo os parâmetros da estatística descritiva. Na abordagem qualitativa, foram realizadas entrevistas, estas submetidas à análise de conteúdo preconizada por Bardin. Ambas as análises foram norteadas por referenciais da educação e pautadas nos pressupostos dos estudos de Herzberg, no que se referem aos fatores de satisfação e insatisfação no trabalho. Os resultados quantitativos mostraram que o trabalho direto com os alunos, a relação com eles e a realização pessoal são fatores relevantes à satisfação do docente de enfermagem, bem como os fatores de natureza político-sociais propiciam a insatisfação. Na análise qualitativa, a satisfação surgiu relacionada às categorias Gostar de ensinar, Busca por novos conhecimentos, Relação entre os pares, Relação professor-aluno, Ser reconhecido, Interesse do aluno pelo aprendizado e Desenvolvimento do aluno. No que se refere à insatisfação, emergiram como categorias a Baixa gestão, oDéficit de conhecimentos do aluno ingressante, o Déficit de recursos para o ensino, a Pesquisa em detrimento do ensino de graduação, a Sobrecarga de trabalho e o Baixo salário e instabilidade no emprego. Em síntese, o estudo mostrou que os docentes apresentam baixos níveis de satisfação, provenientes do equilíbrio entre os fatores de satisfação e insatisfação mencionados. Em ambos os sentidos, foram verbalizados pontos a serem trabalhados ante todos os fatores, em diferentes graus, para que o docente possa elevar seus níveis de satisfação.

This study aimed to know the professional satisfaction of teaching staff nurses from undergraduate nursing courses at the municipal district of São Paulo and identify the factors related to their satisfaction and dissatisfaction at work. It is a descriptive, exploratory research with quantitative and qualitative data approach. The project was submitted to the appreciation of the Ethics Committee in Research from the Federal University of São Paulo, receiving the approval number 1539. The sample was made up of 90 teaching staff nurses that followed their professional activities in 10 of the 23 universities that offered the undergraduate nursing courses in the municipal district of São Paulo in 2007. For the quantitative approach the Job Satisfaction Questionnaire for Teachers and the analysis made according to the framework of the descriptive statistics was used. In the qualitative approach, interviews were made, which were submitted to content analysis according to Bardin. Both analyses were guided by educational referentials and followed by the line of study of Herzberg which referred to satisfaction and dissatisfaction factors at work. The quantitative results showed that working directly with students, the relationship with work and personal achievement are all relevant factors to the satisfaction of the nursing teaching staff, as well as social political factors which were prone to dissatisfaction. In the qualitative analysis, satisfaction was evident in the following categories: Enjoying Teaching, Search for New Knowledge, Relationship between Pairs, Teacher Student Relationship, Being Acknowledged, Students Interest in Learning and Students Development. Regarding the dissatisfaction, the categories that came up were Poor Management, DeficientKnowledge from the Starting Student, Deficit of Resources for Teaching, Research on the Detriment of Undergraduate Teaching, Work Overload and the Low Salary and Instability in the Job. In short, the study showed that the teaching staff members presented low levels of satisfaction resultant because of the balance between the satisfaction and dissatisfaction factors aforementioned. In conclusion, it was expressed, in view of all factors that points needed to be worked on in different degrees in order for the staff members to be able to improve their satisfaction levels.

Fatores de satisfação e insatifasção profissional do enfermeiro de centro cirúrgico de um hospital universitário de grande porte / Nurse's professional satisfaction at a surgical center of a public school hospital

O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer os sentimentos (satisfação e insatisfação) dos enfermeiros de Centro cirúrgico em relação ao seu trabalho. Assim, 17 profissionais de um hospital-escola público, em São Paulo, responderam a um questionário após terem tido ciência da pesquisa e assinado o termo de consentimento pós-informação....