Obtainment, selection and characterization of a mutant strain of Kluyveromyces marxianus that displays improved production of 2-phenylethanol and enhanced DAHP synthase activity.

AIMS: Yeasts produce 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) from sugars via de novo synthesis; however, its synthesis is limited due to feedback inhibition on the isofunctional 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthases (Aro3p and Aro4p). This work aimed to select Kluyveromyces marxianus mutant strains with improved capacity to produce 2-PE from sugars. METHODS AND RESULTS: Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7735 mutant strains were selected from UV irradiation coupled with screening of p-fluoro-dl-phenylalanine (PFP) tolerant strains on culture medium without l-Phe addition. Most of them produced 2-PE titres higher than the parental strain and the Km_PFP41 mutant strain stood out for displaying the highest 2-PE specific production rate. Moreover it showed higher activity of DAHP synthase than the parental strain. We sequenced both ARO3 and ARO4 genes of Km_PFP41 mutant and identified mutations in ARO4 which caused changes in both size and conformation of the Aro4p. These changes seem to be associated with the enhanced activity of DAHP synthase and improved production of 2-PE exhibited by that mutant strain. CONCLUSIONS: The Km_PFP41 mutant strain presented improved 2-PE production via de novo synthesis and enhanced DAHP synthase activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The mutant strain obtained in this work may be exploited as a yeast cell factory for high-level synthesis of 2-PE.

Kinetics and regulation of lactose transport and metabolism in Kluyveromyces lactis JA6.

Kluyveromyces lactis strains are able to assimilate lactose. They have been used industrially to eliminate this sugar from cheese whey and in other industrial products. In this study, we investigated specific features and the kinetic parameters of the lactose transport system in K. lactis JA6. In lactose grown cells, lactose was transported by a system transport with a half-saturation constant (K s) of 1.49 ± 0.38 mM and a maximum velocity (V max) of 0.96 ± 0.12 mmol. (g dry weight)(-1) h(-1) for lactose. The transport system was constitutive and energy-dependent. Results obtained by different approaches showed that the lactose transport system was regulated by glucose at the transcriptional level and by glucose and other sugars at a post-translational level. In K. lactis JA6, galactose metabolization was under glucose control. These findings indicated that the regulation of lactose-galactose regulon in K. lactis was similar to the regulation of galactose regulon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of Lychnophora species from Brazil ("Arnica").

Twenty-two extracts from five Lychnophora species and one Lychnophoriopsis species, traditionally used in Brazil as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and to treat bruise and rheumatism were examined for the inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XO), the enzyme that catalyses the metabolism of hypoxanthine and xanthine into uric acid. Sixteen extracts were tested. All of them were found to have excellent XO inhibitory activity, with inhibitions greater than 38% at 100 microg/mL in the assay mixture. The most active plants examined were Lychnophora trichocarpha, Lychnophora ericoides, Lychnophora staavioides and Lychnophoriopsis candelabrum, with inhibitions of 77%, 78%, 66% and 63% at 100 microg/mL, respectively, and IC(50) values of 6.16, 8.28, 33.97 and 37.70 microg/mL, respectively.

Relationship between protein kinase C and derepression of different enzymes.

The PKC1 gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes for protein kinase C which is known to control a MAP kinase cascade consisting of different kinases: Bck1, Mkk1 and Mkk2, and Mpk1. This cascade affects the cell wall integrity but the phenotype of pkc1Delta mutants suggests additional targets that have not yet been identified [Heinisch et al., Mol. Microbiol. 32 (1999) 671-680]. The pkc1Delta mutant, as opposed to other mutants in the MAP kinase cascade, displays defects in the control of carbon metabolism. One of them occurs in the derepression of SUC2 gene after exhaustion of glucose from the medium, suggesting an involvement of Pkc1p in the derepression process that is not shared by the downstream MAP kinase cascade. In this work, we demonstrate that Pkc1p is required for the increase of the activity of enzymatic systems during the derepression process. We observed that Pkc1p is involved in the derepression of invertase and alcohol dehydrogenase activities. On the other hand, it seems not to be necessary for the derepression of the enzymes of the GAL system. Our results suggest that Pkc1p is acting through the main glucose repression pathway, since introduction of an additional mutation in the PKC1 gene in yeast strains already presenting mutations in the HXKII or MIG1 genes does not interfere with the typical derepressed phenotype observed in these single mutants. Moreover, our data indicate that Pkc1p participates in this process through the control of the cellular localization of the Mig1 transcriptional factor.

The involvement of calcium carriers and of the vacuole in the glucose-induced calcium signaling and activation of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells.

Previous work from our laboratories demonstrated that the sugar-induced activation of plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is dependent on calcium metabolism with the contribution of calcium influx from external medium. Our results demonstrate that a glucose-induced calcium (GIC) transporter, a new and still unidentified calcium carrier, sensitive to nifedipine and gadolinium and activated by glucose addition, seems to be partially involved in the glucose-induced activation of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase. On the other hand, the importance of calcium carriers that can release calcium from internal stores was analyzed in glucose-induced calcium signaling and activation of plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase, in experimental conditions presenting very low external calcium concentrations. Therefore the aim was also to investigate how the vacuole, through the participation of both Ca(2+)-ATPase Pmc1 and the TRP homologue calcium channel Yvc1 (respectively, encoded by the genes PMC1 and YVC1) contributes to control the intracellular calcium availability and the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase activation in response to glucose. In strains presenting a single deletion in YVC1 gene or a double deletion in YVC1 and PMC1 genes, both glucose-induced calcium signaling and activation of the H(+)-ATPase are nearly abolished. These results suggest that Yvc1 calcium channel is an important component of this signal transduction pathway activated in response to glucose addition. We also found that by a still undefined mechanism Yvc1 activation seems to correlate with the changes in the intracellular level of IP(3). Taken together, these data demonstrate that glucose addition to yeast cells exposed to low external calcium concentrations affects calcium uptake and the activity of the vacuolar calcium channel Yvc1, contributing to the occurrence of calcium signaling connected to plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase activation.

Intracellular signal triggered by cholera toxin in Saccharomyces boulardii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

As is the case for Saccharomyces boulardii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303 protects Fisher rats against cholera toxin (CT). The addition of glucose or dinitrophenol to cells of S. boulardii grown on a nonfermentable carbon source activated trehalase in a manner similar to that observed for S.cerevisiae. The addition of CT to the same cells also resulted in trehalase activation. Experiments performed separately on the A and B subunits of CT showed that both are necessary for activation. Similarly, the addition of CT but not of its separate subunits led to a cyclic AMP (cAMP) signal in both S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae. These data suggest that trehalase stimulation by CT probably occurred through the cAMP-mediated protein phosphorylation cascade. The requirement of CT subunit B for both the cAMP signal and trehalase activation indicates the presence of a specific receptor on the yeasts able to bind to the toxin, a situation similar to that observed for mammalian cells. This hypothesis was reinforced by experiments with 125I-labeled CT showing specific binding of the toxin to yeast cells. The adhesion of CT to a receptor on the yeast surface through the B subunit and internalization of the A subunit (necessary for the cAMP signal and trehalase activation) could be one more mechanism explaining protection against the toxin observed for rats treated with yeasts.