In vivo drug resistance mutation dynamics from the early to chronic stage of infection in antiretroviral-therapy-naïve HIV-infected men who have sex with men.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) primary drug resistance mutations (DRMs) influence the long-term therapeutic effects of antiretroviral treatment (ART). Drug-resistance genotyping based on polymerase gene sequences obtained by next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed using samples from 10 ART-naïve HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM; P1-P10) from the acute/early to chronic stage of infection. Three of the 10 subjects exhibited the presence of major (abundance, ≥ 20%) viral populations carrying DRM at early/acute stage that later, at the chronic stage, dropped drastically (V106M) or remained highly abundant (E138A). Four individuals exhibited additional DRMs (M46I/L; I47A; I54M, L100V) as HIV minority populations (abundance, 2-20%) that emerged during the chronic stage but ephemerally.

Retention among transgender women treated with dolutegravir associated with tenofovir/lamivudine or emtricitabine in Argentina: TransViiV study.

In Argentina, transgender women (TGW) have a high HIV prevalence (34%). However, this population shows lower levels of adherence, retention in HIV care and viral suppression than cisgender patients. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the transition to dolutegravir (DTG)-based regimens to reduce adverse events and improve adherence and retention. The purpose of this study was to determine retention, adherence and viral suppression in naïve TGW starting a DTG-based first-line antiretroviral treatment (ART) and to identify clinical and psychosocial factors associated with retention. We designed a prospective, open-label, single-arm trial among ART-naïve HIV positive TGW (Clinical Trial Number: NCT03033836). Participants were followed at weeks 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48, in a trans-affirmative HIV care service that included peer navigators, between December, 2015 and May, 2019. Retention was defined as the proportion of TGW retained at week 48 and adherence was self-reported. Viral suppression at <50 copies/mL was evaluated using snapshot algorithm and as per protocol analysis. Of 75 TGW screened, 61 were enrolled. At baseline, median age was 28 y/o., HIV-1-RNA (pVL) 46,908 copies/mL and CD4+ T-cell count 383 cells/mm3. At week 48, 77% were retained and 72% had viral suppression (97% per protocol). The regimen was well tolerated and participants reported high adherence (about 95%). Eleven of the fourteen TGW who discontinued or were lost to follow-up had undetectable pVL at their last visit. Older age was associated with better retention. DTG-based treatment delivered by a trans-competent team in a trans-affirmative service was safe and well tolerated by TGW and associated with high retention, high adherence and high viral suppression at 48 weeks among those being retained.

Acute retroviral syndrome and high baseline viral load are predictors of rapid HIV progression among untreated Argentinean seroconverters.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of primary HIV infection (PHI) has important clinical and public health implications. HAART initiation at this stage remains controversial. METHODS: Our objective was to identify predictors of disease progression among Argentinean seroconverters during the first year of infection, within a multicentre registry of PHI-patients diagnosed between 1997 and 2008. Cox regression was used to analyze predictors of progression (LT-CD4 < 350 cells/mm3, B, C events or death) at 12 months among untreated patients. RESULTS: Among 134 subjects, 74% presented with acute retroviral syndrome (ARS). Seven opportunistic infections (one death), nine B events, and 10 non-AIDS defining serious events were observed. Among the 92 untreated patients, 24 (26%) progressed at 12 months versus three (7%) in the treated group (p = 0.01). The 12-month progression rate among untreated patients with ARS was 34% (95% CI 22.5-46.3) versus 13% (95% CI 1.1-24.7) in asymptomatic patients (p = 0.04). In univariate analysis, ARS, baseline LT-CD4 < 350 cells/mm3, and baseline and six-month viral load (VL) > 100,000 copies/mL were associated with progression. In multivariate analysis, only ARS and baseline VL > 100,000 copies/mL remained independently associated; HR: 8.44 (95% CI 0.97-73.42) and 9.44 (95% CI 1.38-64.68), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In Argentina, PHI is associated with significant morbidity. HAART should be considered in PHI patients with ARS and high baseline VL to prevent disease progression.

Prueba piloto de validación del método portátil PIMA para el recuento de células CD4 en comparación con la citometría de flujo / Pilot validation study of the PIMA portatil platform for the CD4 T-cell enumeration compared to flux cytometry

Objetivo: comparar la metodología PIMA con la citometría de flujo convencional para el recuento de linfocitos CD4 en pacientes con infección por HIV. Métodos: se realizaron determinaciones pareadas en sangre veno-sa de pacientes con HIV y se comparó la correlación entre ambos re-sultados. Resultados: se realizaron 223 determinaciones en forma pareadas. La concordancia fue muy buena, con una correlación lineal de Pear-son de 0,974, correlación por rangos de Spearman de 0,971 y con un coeficiente de determinación lineal (R cuadrado) de 0,949 (p < 0,01). El coeficiente de correlación intraclases para las medidas individua-les fue de 0,965 (IC 95 % 0,926-0,980) y para medidas promedio 0,982 (IC95 % 0,961-0,990). El coeficiente de variación para medidas duplicadas fue bajo siendo 11,4 %.Discusión: este estudio demuestra una buena correlación entre la de-terminación de células CD4 con el sistema PIMA frente a la citometría de flujo y apoya el uso de estas metodologías donde no hay acceso a citometría convencional

Objective: To compare PIMA methodology to the standard CD4 FACSCalibur flow cytometry for CD4 testing. Method: Paired blood samples were collectedamong HIV patients and tested using PIMA and Becton Dickinson FACSCalibur. Results: 223 samples were studied in parallel. There was a high concordance, being Pearson Linear Correlation 0.974, the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient 0.971. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient for individual measures was 0.965 (95%CI 0.926-0.980) and for average measures 0.982 (95%CI 0.961-0.990). There was a low coefficient of variation from duplicate measurements (11.4%).Conclusion: This study shows a good correlation between the PIMA CD4 count and the Becton Dickinson FACSCalibur. By being a point of care methodology that produces same-day results, PIMA CD4 might be an alternative for sites without access to standard CD4 count methodology

Enfermedad de whipple en paciente HIV positivo / Whipple disease in an HIV patient

La enfermedad de Whipple es una enfermedad crónica sistématica de infrecuente presentación, causada por una bacteria, Tropheryma Whipplei, del orden Actinomycetales. Existen cerca de 1.000 casos reportados en la actualidad. Presentamos un caso de enfermedad de Whipple en un paciente HIV (+).

Otomastoiditis por Tsukamurella tyrosinosolvens, en un paciente HIV positivo / Tsukamurella tyrosinosolvens, otomastoiditis in an HIV positive patient

Tsukamurella spp. es un bacilo gram positivo, aeróbico, catalasa positivo, no móvil, no esporulado, que pertenece al orden de los actinomicetales. Los géneros incluidos en este orden son Nocardia, Gordonia, dietza, Skermania, Williamsia, Turicella, Streptomyces y Rhodococcus. Otros géneros relacionados son Corynebacterium y Mycobacterium. Las infecciones por esos microorganismos se han asociado con neumopatías crónicas, inmunodepresión (leucemia, tumores, infección por el HIV) e infecciones postoperatorias de heridas. Se notificó la presencia de tsukamurella en hemocultivos asociada al uso de sondas o catéteres, otros dispositivos médicos y en casos individuales de tenosinovitis necrosante con abscesos subcutáneos, infecciones óseas y cutáneas, meningitis, peritonitis y conjuntivitis y también como germen colonizante. Se presenta un caso de otomastoiditis en un paciente HIV positivo causado por este germen.