Toxoplasmosis outbreak in São Paulo, Brazil: Epidemiology and visual outcome.

PURPOSE: To describe a 2019 acute toxoplasmosis outbreak in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, and to evaluate the laboratory serological profile for toxoplasmosis for three consecutive years. The ophthalmological manifestations of the patients involved in the outbreak were also studied. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study of a toxoplasmosis outbreak in São Paulo, Brazil, between February and May 2019. Epidemiological data were described, as were the observed ocular manifestations. As part of this study the number of patients with positive IgM toxoplasmosis serology was obtained from a large laboratory network (DASA) for three consecutive years, including the year of the outbreak (2018, 2019, 2020). RESULTS: Eighty-three individuals were identified in the outbreak and two clusters were studied. The clinical picture of at least 77% of the patients, the epidemiological analysis, and the short incubation period (5-8 days) suggested contamination by oocysts. Serological laboratory data analysis revealed an increase of positive toxoplasmosis IgM in 2019 of 73% compared to the previous year. Ophthalmological examination revealed that at least 4.8% of the patients developed toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, none of whom had been treated during the acute systemic disease. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate vegetable contamination as the possible source of this outbreak, a high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in São Paulo during the outbreak period, and a drop in the number of tests during the COVID-19 pandemic. Retinochoroiditis was observed in at least 4.8% of the cases. We confirm the need to implement effective means for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. This may involve raising awareness among the population of the importance of vegetable hygiene, and improved quality control of food and water.

Assessment of quality of life, psychosocial, and epidemiological aspects in patients diagnosed with tuberculous uveitis.

PURPOSE: To assess the quality of life in patients diagnosed as having tuberculous uveitis and its association with sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial aspects. METHOD: By conducting standardized interviews, clinical and demographic data were collected using a measure developed in this study. This measure was applied in addition to other measures, namely SF-12, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and NEI-VFQ-39, which were used to assess health-related quality of life, anxiety and depression symptoms, and visual functioning. RESULTS: The study included 34 patients [mean age: 46.5 ± 15.1 years, female patients: 21 (61.8%)]. The mean of the VFQ-39 score was 74.5 ± 16.6 and that of SF-12 physical and mental component scores were 45.8 ± 10.1 and 51.6 ± 7.5, respectively, for the health-related quality of life. Anxiety symptoms were the most prevalent compared with depression symptoms and were found in 35.3% of the participants. CONCLUSION: Tuberculous uveitis affects several scales of quality of life, thereby affecting a population economically active with a social, psychological, and economic burden.

Role of Interferon-Gamma Release Assay for the Diagnosis and Clinical Follow up in Ocular Tuberculosis.

PURPOSE: To assess the performance of interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) associated with tuberculosis skin test (TST) for ocular tuberculosis (OTB) diagnosis and therapeutic decision making. METHOD: One hundred and ninety-one patients with ocular inflammation were prospectively followed-up. Patients with clinical signs highly suspected of OTB, TST≥10 mm, and/or IGRA≥0.35 IU/mL received antitubercular therapy (ATT). Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and area under the curve (AUC) were assessed. RESULTS: Seventy-two (37.7%) patients received ATT for presumed OTB. Combining TST and IGRA had Se=89.6%, Sp=99.2%, and AUC (0.98) significantly higher compared to TST (0.85, Z=6.3, p<.001) or IGRA (0.95, Z=2.5, p=.01). Prior history of corticosteroids or immunosuppressant with concomitantly oral prednisone and baseline IGRA> 2.0 IU/mL was associated significantly with more recurrences in ATT patients (p=.01)      . CONCLUSION: Considering TST and IGRA together was more effective in assessing OTB diagnosis. The real value of the IGRA test to predict recurrences needs further studies.

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome following COVID-19 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine.

The challenge of COVID-19 has rapidly changed medical management worldwide. The relatively small time from pandemic to vaccines regulatory approval triggered a race toward vaccines development. However, important questions regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccines remain. A case of complete Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) Syndrome that occurred 4 days following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and another patient that developed VKH 14 days post COVID-19 clinical onset are presented. A causal relationship between COVID-19 and uveitis may exist.

Current Practices in Ocular Tuberculosis: A Survey of Brazilian Specialists.

Purpose: To describe the approach of Brazilian specialists in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis-associated uveitis (TBU).Methods: Members of the Brazilian Uveitis Society received an electronic invitation to participate in an online questionnaire.Results: Of the 169 invited specialists, 78 answered the questionnaire. Specialists evaluated 5.6 patients with TBU annually. Tuberculin skin test (TST, 81%) was primarily used for diagnosis. Patients with presumed TBU should always be tested for syphilis and HIV according to 51 (88%) and 47 (81%) of respondents, respectively. Chest computed tomography (CT, 72%) was preferable to chest radiography (CXR) for diagnosis. A positive TST (81%) and CXR (60%) were the main indicators of anti-tuberculous therapy, with 34%, 39%, and 14% of specialists treating for 6, 9, and 12 months, respectively.Conclusions: TST remains the preferred method for TBU diagnosis and prompt treatment by Brazilian specialists, though there is no consensus regarding disease treatment and management.

Assessment of quality of life, psychosocial, and epidemiological aspects in patients diagnosed with tuberculous uveitis

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess the quality of life in patients diagnosed as having tuberculous uveitis and its association with sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial aspects. Method: By conducting standardized interviews, clinical and demographic data were collected using a measure developed in this study. This measure was applied in addition to other measures, namely SF-12, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and NEI-VFQ-39, which were used to assess health-related quality of life, anxiety and depression symptoms, and visual functioning. Results: The study included 34 patients [mean age: 46.5 ± 15.1 years, female patients: 21 (61.8%)]. The mean of the VFQ-39 score was 74.5 ± 16.6 and that of SF-12 physical and mental component scores were 45.8 ± 10.1 and 51.6 ± 7.5, respectively, for the health-related quality of life. Anxiety symptoms were the most prevalent compared with depression symptoms and were found in 35.3% of the participants. Conclusion: Tuberculous uveitis affects several scales of quality of life, thereby affecting a population economically active with a social, psychological, and economic burden.

Toxoplasmosis outbreak in São Paulo, Brazil: Epidemiology and visual outcome

ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe a 2019 acute toxoplasmosis outbreak in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, and to evaluate the laboratory serological profile for toxoplasmosis for three consecutive years. The ophthalmological manifestations of the patients involved in the outbreak were also studied. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study of a toxoplasmosis outbreak in São Paulo, Brazil, between February and May 2019. Epidemiological data were described, as were the observed ocular manifestations. As part of this study the number of patients with positive IgM toxoplasmosis serology was obtained from a large laboratory network (DASA) for three consecutive years, including the year of the outbreak (2018, 2019, 2020). Results: Eighty-three individuals were identified in the outbreak and two clusters were studied. The clinical picture of at least 77% of the patients, the epidemiological analysis, and the short incubation period (5-8 days) suggested contamination by oocysts. Serological laboratory data analysis revealed an increase of positive toxoplasmosis IgM in 2019 of 73% compared to the previous year. Ophthalmological examination revealed that at least 4.8% of the patients developed toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, none of whom had been treated during the acute systemic disease. Conclusion: Our findings indicate vegetable contamination as the possible source of this outbreak, a high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in São Paulo during the outbreak period, and a drop in the number of tests during the COVID-19 pandemic. Retinochoroiditis was observed in at least 4.8% of the cases. We confirm the need to implement effective means for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. This may involve raising awareness among the population of the importance of vegetable hygiene, and improved quality control of food and water.

[Ocular manifestation in patients with tuberculosis]. / Alterações oculares em pacientes com tuberculose.

PURPOSE: To analyze clinical findings of ocular tuberculosis and its epidemiological features. METHODS: Were reviewed clinical files of patients who attended the Ophthalmology-Uveitis and AIDS sector of UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, Brazil between January 1999 and July 2002 and had a diagnosis of ocular tuberculosis. Patients who had Mantoux test higher than 10 mm, epidemiological history of tuberculosis and ocular findings that improved after specific treatment were included. RESULTS: Seventeen medical files were analyzed, of those, 12 (70.6%) were females. The mean age was 54 (24-84) years. The average time between symptoms and diagnosis was 100 days. Ocular findings at the first interview were multiple but most were at the anterior segment of the eye and 41% of patients who had clinical findings that suggested tuberculosis other than ocular. Situations as glaucoma, retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage were responsible for reduction of visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular tuberculosis showed a low prevalence but important visual loosing morbidity. The multiplicity of clinical findings is responsible for the delay of diagnosis.

[Teleophthalmology as an auxiliary approach for the diagnosis of infectious and inflammatory ocular diseases: evaluation of an asynchronous method of consultation]. / Teleoftalmologia como auxílio diagnóstico nas doenças infecciosas e inflamatórias oculares.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of teleophthalmology as an auxiliary approach for diagnosis of infectious and inflammatory ocular diseases and to study the main problems associated with the conclusion reached by consultation. METHODS: Two hundred and thirty three 35 mm slides (retinography or biomicroscopy photos) were digitalized and stored in a Compact Disc to be later analyzed in a computer monitor by two consultants, specialists in uveitis. The consultants filled out a form and a questionnaire, indicating the diagnosis and probable treatment for the analyzed cases also the main difficulties found to reach a conclusion of the consultation. The Kappa statistic, an assessment of the change-corrected agreement (reproducibility) among consultants, was calculated. Kappa values of > 0.7 indicated excellent agreement; values between 0.4 and 0.7 indicated fair to good agreement and values of < 0.4 indicated poor agreement. RESULTS: Agreement between the consultants and the final diagnosis was of 73.5%. Treatment suggestion or management was not possible in 8% of the cases for consultant A and in 10.4% for consultant B. The higher agreement rate among consultants, relating to the reasons that rendered diagnosis difficult, was found in relation to "lack of clinical data" and "low quality of images". CONCLUSION: Teleophthalmology, through the asynchronous method, was an efficient means for diagnosis of patients with infectious and inflammatory ocular diseases. The main problems affecting the teleophthalmology consultation were lack of detailed clinical data and low quality of the images.

[Cytomegalovirus retinitis in pediatric patients with AIDS receiving highly active antiretrovirus therapy]. / Retinite por citomegalovírus em pacientes pediátricos infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana em tratamento com "highly active antiretrovirus therapy".

BACKGROUND: To describe three cases of cytomegalovirus retinitis occurring in HIV-infected children taking protease inhibitors combined with transcriptase inhibitors (HAART). METHODS: Three cases of HIV-infected children taking highly active antiretrovirus therapy (HAART) underwent an ocular examination at a university referral center-UNIFESP. RESULTS: The average age was 6 years (10 months to 13 years old), and all of them were C3 (CDC-Atlanta-EUA 1994). Median CD4 cell count and plasma HIV RNA were 67 cells/mm3 (43-98 cells/mm3) and 190.000 copies/ml (53.600-460.000 copies/ml). The three patients presented HAART failure and all of them were treated with anti-CMV agents without success. CONCLUSION: The unprecedented benefits resulting from highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have been well described. However, treatment failure has become increasingly complex, because of the aggressive forms of opportunistic diseases like CMV retinitis, despite anti-CMV agents. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to minimize the risk of long-term loss of vision for these infected children.

Ocular changes due to the treatment of juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: To assess retrospectively the ocular changes in children and adolescents with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) in a tertiary pediatric rheumatology service. METHODS: This study assessed 117 JSLE patients (85.5% female, 60.7% non-Caucasian), who met at least four criteria of the 1997 SLE classification of the American College of Rheumatology. Their mean age was 10.4 years, and their mean time of disease progression was 5.4 years. A protocol containing clinical and demographic data, ophthalmologic complaints and changes, age of onset, duration of medication use, and cumulative medication dose was applied. RESULTS: Of the 117 patients, 24 (20.5%) had ocular changes. Sixteen of them had abnormal fundoscopy associated with systemic hypertension and/or use of chloroquine; four had cataract; two had glaucoma; and two had cataract and glaucoma. The mean age of ocular change onset was 14.1 years. Patients with ocular changes received statistically higher and longer doses of glucocorticoid pulse therapy as compared with patients without ocular changes [1.5 (0.4 to 1.6) versus 1 (0.2 to 1.6) mg/kg, P = 0.003; 25.7 (2-99) versus 17.8 (1-114) months, P = 0.0001, respectively]. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of ocular changes relating mainly to the treatment of JSLE was observed. This demonstrates the need for regular ophthalmologic examinations even in asymptomatic patients, aiming at the early diagnosis and intervention, and at decreasing the ocular morbidity related to that disease.

Alterações oftalmológicas decorrentes do tratamento do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil / Ocular changes due to the treatment of juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJETIVO: Avaliar retrospectivamente as alterações oftalmológicas de crianças e adolescentes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil (LESJ) em um serviço de reumatologia pediátrica terciário. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos 117 pacientes com LESJ (85,5% do gênero feminino, 60,7% não caucasoides) com média de idade de 10,4 anos e média de tempo de evolução da doença de 5,4 anos que preenchiam no mínimo quatro critérios de classificação do LES de acordo com o American College of Rheumatology de 1997. Aplicamos um protocolo que continha dados clínicos e demográficos, queixas e alterações oftalmológicas, idade do início, tempo de uso e dose cumulativa das medicações. RESULTADOS: Dos 117 pacientes, 24 (20,5%) apresentaram alterações oftalmológicas. Destes, 16 apresentaram alteração de fundo de olho associada a hipertensão arterial sistêmica e/ou uso de cloroquina, quatro apresentaram catarata, dois apresentaram glaucoma e dois apresentaram catarata e glaucoma. A média de idade do aparecimento das alterações oftalmológicas foi de 14,1 anos. Os pacientes com alterações oftalmológicas receberam, estatisticamente, maiores doses e tempos de pulsoterapia de glicocorticoide em relação aos pacientes sem alterações oftalmológicas [1,5 (0,4-1,6) versus 1 (0,2-1,6) mg/kg, P = 0,003; 25,7 (2-99) versus 17,8 (1-114) meses, P = 0,0001; respectivamente]. CONCLUSÃO: Verificamos alta prevalência de alterações oftalmológicas relacionadas principalmente ao tratamento do LESJ, o que demonstra a necessidade de avaliações regulares mesmo em pacientes assintomáticos, visando ao diagnóstico e intervenção precoces e à diminuição da morbidade ocular relacionada a essa doença.

OBJECTIVE: To assess retrospectively the ocular changes in children and adolescents with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) in a tertiary pediatric rheumatology service. METHODS: This study assessed 117 JSLE patients (85.5% female, 60.7% non-Caucasian), who met at least four criteria of the 1997 SLE classification of the American College of Rheumatology. Their mean age was 10.4 years, and their mean time of disease progression was 5.4 years. A protocol containing clinical and demographic data, ophthalmologic complaints and changes, age of onset, duration of medication use, and cumulative medication dose was applied. RESULTS: Of the 117 patients, 24 (20.5%) had ocular changes. Sixteen of them had abnormal fundoscopy associated with systemic hypertension and/or use of chloroquine; four had cataract; two had glaucoma; and two had cataract and glaucoma. The mean age of ocular change onset was 14.1 years. Patients with ocular changes received statistically higher and longer doses of glucocorticoid pulse therapy as compared with patients without ocular changes [1.5 (0.4 to 1.6) versus 1 (0.2 to 1.6) mg/kg, P = 0.003; 25.7 (2-99) versus 17.8 (1-114) months, P = 0.0001, respectively]. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of ocular changes relating mainly to the treatment of JSLE was observed. This demonstrates the need for regular ophthalmologic examinations even in asymptomatic patients, aiming at the early diagnosis and intervention, and at decreasing the ocular morbidity related to that disease.

Alterações oculares em pacientes com tuberculose / Ocular manifestation in patients with tuberculosis

OBJETIVO: Analisar os achados clínicos da tuberculose ocular e seus aspectos epidemiológicos. MÉTODOS: Foram revisados prontuários médicos de pacientes que foram atendidos no Departamento de Oftalmologia - setor de Uveíte e AIDS da Unifesp-EPM, São Paulo, Brasil, entre janeiro de 1999 e julho de 2002 e que tiveram diagnóstico de tuberculose ocular. Foram inclusos os pacientes que apresentaram PPD forte reator, epidemiologia positiva para tuberculose e lesão ocular que melhorou com tratamento específico. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados prontuários médicos de 17 pacientes, sendo 12 (70,6 por cento) do sexo feminino. A idade média foi de 54 (24-84) anos. O tempo médio entre o início dos sintomas e a primeira consulta foi de 100 dias. Os achados oculares foram inespecíficos nesta ocasião mas prevaleceram as alterações de segmento anterior e 41 por cento dos pacientes apresentavam sinais de tuberculose sistêmica. Alterações como glaucoma, descolamento de retina e hemorragia vítrea foram responsáveis pela redução da acuidade visual. CONCLUSÃO: Embora pouco prevalente, a tuberculose ocular apresenta morbidade elevada. A inespecificidade da apresentação clínica da doença ocular pode atrasar o seu diagnóstico.

Teleoftalmologia como auxílio diagnóstico nas doenças infecciosas e inflamatórias oculares / Teleophthalmology as an auxiliary approach for the diagnosis of infectious and inflammatory ocular diseases: evaluation of an asynchronous method of consultation

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a eficácia da teleoftalmologia como auxílio diagnóstico nas doenças infecciosas e inflamatórias oculares, assim como avaliar os principais fatores limitantes para a realização e conclusão de consultoria em oftalmologia. MÉTODOS: Duzentas e trinta e três fotos (retinografias e/ou exames de biomicroscopia), em diapositivos 35-mm de 87 pacientes, foram digitalizadas e armazenadas em CD-ROM, para posterior análise, em monitor de computador, por dois consultores especialistas em uveítes, que responderam formulário e questionário indicando o diagnóstico provável, tratamento e/ou conduta e as dificuldades encontradas para a conclusão da consultoria. Teste estatístico Kappa foi utilizado para avaliação da concordância entre os observadores. Valores de Kappa acima de 0,7 indicam concordância excelente; valores entre 0,4 e 0,7 indicam concordância moderada/boa e valores menores que 0,4 indicam concordância ruim. RESULTADOS: A concordância diagnóstica observada na consultoria, em relação ao padrão ouro, foi de 73,5 por cento para ambos os consultores. Sugestão de tratamento e/ou conduta não foi possível em 8 por cento dos casos para o consultor A, e em 10,4 por cento para o consultor B. A falta de dados clínicos (Kappa: 0,8) e a má qualidade das imagens (Kappa: 0,74) foram os motivos com maior concordância em relação às dificuldades para conclusão da consultoria. CONCLUSÃO: A teleoftalmologia por meio de consultoria por método assíncrono foi eficaz para o diagnóstico de doenças infecciosas e inflamatórias oculares. A falta de dados clínicos detalhados e a má qualidade das imagens foram os principais fatores limitantes para a conclusão da consultoria.

Corticoterapia e uveítes / Costicosteroid therapy and uveitis

Os corticosteróides têm sido utilizados na prática clínica desde 1949, e seus efeitos benéficos na oftalmologia, principalmente nas doenças inflamatórias e autoimunes, é indiscutível. O artigo discute os tipos mais comuns de corticóides usados na oftalmologia, suas indicações, efeitos adversos e vias de administração.

Neovascularização retiniana secundária a obstrução vascular em retinocoroidite por toxoplasmose em paciente HIV positivo: relato de caso / Retinal vascular occlusion and neovascularization in acute toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in a patient with AIDS: case report

Apresentar e discutir o caso de paciente infectado pelo HIV, que desenvolveu quadro de obstrução vascular seguido de neovascularização retiniana e de papila, durante o tratamento específico para retinocoroidite por toxoplasmose e que evoluiu com resolução espontânea da neovascularização sem a necessidade de tratamento associado. Paciente com retinocoroidite por toxoplasmose, que após 4 semanas de tratamento específico (sulfadiazina e pirimetamina) desenvolveu quadro de obstrução vascular, seguido de neovascularização retiniana, apresentou involução espontânea, não havendo necessidade de fotocoagulação a laser, ou de outro tratamento adicional. As lesões retinianas ativas de toxoplasmose podem cursar com complicações vasculares, mesmo na vigência de tratamento específico, e geralmente apresentam bom prognóstico com regressão espontânea dos neovasos, sem necessidade de tratamentos adicionais.

Triancinolona intravítrea em vasculite retiniana: relato de caso / Intravitreal triamcinolone in retinal vasculitis: case report

Os autores relatam o caso de paciente com vasculite retiniana primária submetida à injeção intravítrea de triancinolona que apresentou melhora da inflamação e da acuidade visual logo após o procedimento. Observou-se também melhora da neovascularização de íris e de papila, porém houve surgimento de tração vítreo-retiniana na área macular com o passar do tempo, levando à discreta piora da visão. Os autores discutem também as ações da triancinolona sobre a inflamação e a angiogênese, assim como os efeitos colaterais encontrados nesta paciente.

Retinite por citomegalovírus em pacientes pediátricos infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana em tratamento com highly active antiretrovirus therapy / Cytomegalovirus retinitis in pediatric patients with AIDS receiving highly active antiretrovirus therapy

OBJETIVO: Descrever uma série de casos de retinite pelo citomegalovírus (CMV), na população pediátrica infectada pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), em tratamento com inibidores de protease e inibidores da transcriptase reversa (HAART), que apresentaram falência terapêutica e ausência de resposta aos antivirais utilizados no tratamento do CMV. MÉTODOS: Três pacientes pediátricos portadores da síndrome da imunodeficiência humana (AIDS), em tratamento com HAART, foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico em um centro universitário de referência - UNIFESP. RESULTADOS: Os três pacientes do sexo masculino apresentavam média de idade de seis anos (variando entre 10 meses e 13 anos) e todos pertenciam à classificação C3 (CDC - Atlanta - EUA 1994). A média obtida entre a contagem de linfócitos CD4+ dos três casos foi de 67 cel/mm (variando entre 43 - 98 cel/mm ); e a média da carga viral foi de 190.000 cópias/ml (variando entre 53.600 - 460.000 cópias/ml). Os três pacientes desenvolveram resistência ao uso dos antiretrovirais análogos de nucleosídeos inibidores da transcriptase reversa e aos inibidores de protease (HAART), e em todos os casos foram utilizados antivirais específicos para o tratamento da retinite pelo CMV sem sucesso. CONCLUSÕES: Os benefícios obtidos desde a introdução da era HAART são, sem dúvida, sem precedentes dentro do quadro evolutivo da AIDS. O início da falência terapêutica observado com relação às drogas do HAART tem colaborado de maneira decisiva para o surgimento de casos de retinite pelo CMV tão agressivos quanto os observados na era pré-HAART. O exame de rotina para pacientes pediátricos torna-se fundamental, tanto pela escassez de estudos realizados neste grupo específico, quanto pela importância de seu prognóstico visual.