RESUMEN
In August to October 2012, a nationwide outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phase type (PT) 1B with 53 cases occurred in Finland. Hypothesis generating interviews pointed toward ready-to-eat chicken salad from a Finnish company and at the same time Estonian authorities informed of a S. enteritidis PT 1B outbreak linked to chicken wrap prepared at an Estonian restaurant. We found that chicken salad was associated with the infection (odds ratio (OR) 16·1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·7-148·7 for consumption and OR 17·5. 95% CI 4·0-76·0 for purchase). The frozen pre-cooked chicken cubes used in Finnish salad and in Estonian wraps were traced back to a production plant in China. Great Britain made two Rapid Alert Systems for Food and Feed notifications on chicken cubes imported to the UK from the same Chinese production plant. Microbiological investigation confirmed that the patient isolates in Estonia and in Finland were indistinguishable from the strains isolated from chicken cubes in Estonia and in the UK. We recommend that despite certificates for tested Salmonella, food items should be analyzed when Salmonella contamination in outbreak investigations is suspected. In outbreak investigations, electronically implemented case-case study saves time, effort, and money compared with case-control study.
Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Microbiología de Alimentos , Alimentos Congelados/microbiología , Carne/microbiología , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/epidemiología , Salmonella enteritidis/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Pollos/microbiología , China , Estonia , Femenino , Finlandia/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/microbiología , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Salmonella enteritidis/aislamiento & purificación , Reino Unido , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
During one week in July 2012, two patients from the same ward at the municipal hospital in Vaasa, Finland, were diagnosed with septicaemia caused by Listeria monocytogenes. An outbreak investigation revealed eight concomitant cases of febrile gastroenteritis caused by L. monocytogenes on the same ward. Median age of the cases was 82 years and median incubation time for listerial gastroenteritis was 21 h (range 9-107). An additional 10 cases of invasive listeriosis caused by the same outbreak strain were identified across the whole country during the summer of 2012. Environmental investigation at the affected municipal hospital ward revealed ready-sliced meat jelly as the suspected source of the infection. During inspection of the meat jelly production plant, one pooled sample taken from a floor drain and a trolley wheel in the food processing environment was positive for the outbreak strain of L. monocytogenes. After the producer stopped the production of meat jelly, no further cases of listeriosis with the outbreak strain were identified via nationwide surveillance.
Asunto(s)
Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Microbiología de Alimentos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/microbiología , Gastroenteritis/microbiología , Listeria monocytogenes/aislamiento & purificación , Listeriosis/microbiología , Productos de la Carne/microbiología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Femenino , Finlandia , Gelatina/análisis , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
A multinational outbreak of salmonellosis linked to the Riga Cup 2015 junior ice-hockey competition was detected by the Finnish health authorities in mid-April and immediately notified at the European Union level. This prompted an international outbreak investigation supported by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. As of 8 May 2015, seven countries have reported 214 confirmed and suspected cases, among which 122 from Finland. The search for the source of the outbreak is ongoing.
Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Hockey , Infecciones por Salmonella/epidemiología , Salmonella enteritidis/aislamiento & purificación , Adolescente , Adulto , Unión Europea , Femenino , Humanos , Letonia/epidemiología , Masculino , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/epidemiología , Infecciones por Salmonella/diagnósticoRESUMEN
In May 2013, Italy declared a national outbreak of hepatitis A, which also affected several foreign tourists who had recently visited the country. Molecular investigations identified some cases as infected with an identical strain of hepatitis A virus subgenotype IA. After additional European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries reported locally acquired and travel-related cases associated with the same outbreak, an international outbreak investigation team was convened, a European outbreak case definition was issued and harmonisation of the national epidemiological and microbiological investigations was encouraged. From January 2013 to August 2014, 1,589 hepatitis A cases were reported associated with the multistate outbreak; 1,102 (70%) of the cases were hospitalised for a median time of six days; two related deaths were reported. Epidemiological and microbiological investigations implicated mixed frozen berries as the vehicle of infection of the outbreak. In order to control the spread of the outbreak, suspected or contaminated food batches were recalled, the public was recommended to heat-treat berries, and post-exposure prophylaxis of contacts was performed. The outbreak highlighted how large food-borne hepatitis A outbreaks may affect the increasingly susceptible EU/EEA general population and how, with the growing international food trade, frozen berries are a potential high-risk food.
Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Contaminación de Alimentos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/epidemiología , Frutas/envenenamiento , Virus de la Hepatitis A/genética , Hepatitis A/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Preescolar , Trazado de Contacto , Estudios Epidemiológicos , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Unión Europea , Femenino , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/virología , Alimentos Congelados/envenenamiento , Alimentos Congelados/virología , Frutas/virología , Hepatitis A/virología , Virus de la Hepatitis A/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
In August 2012, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred among 88 persons attending a wedding reception at a resort/activity centre in Ylöjärvi, Finland. Of 39 interviewed guests, 23 met the case definition. Two persons were hospitalized. Epidemiological, laboratory and environmental investigations were conducted to characterize the outbreak and to recommend control measures. Investigation confirmed the presence of a new strain of norovirus GII.4 Sydney variant in stool specimens obtained from two wedding guests and on several environmental surfaces in the centre. In the questionnaire study, none of the foods or beverages served during the reception were significantly associated with the illness. Additional cases of gastroenteritis that occurred at the centre before and after the wedding reception supported the hypothesis of environmental transmission of norovirus. After thorough cleansing and disinfection and 1 week's quarantine, no new cases with symptoms typical for norovirus infection were identified at the centre.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Caliciviridae/virología , Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Gastroenteritis/virología , Norovirus/clasificación , Adulto , Anciano , Infecciones por Caliciviridae/epidemiología , Femenino , Finlandia/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/etiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/virología , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Variación Genética , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Norovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Instalaciones PúblicasRESUMEN
In 2010, a marked increase in listeriosis incidence was observed in Finland. Listeria monocytogenes PFGE profile 96 was responsible for one-fifth of the reported cases and a cluster of PFGE profile 62 was also detected. Investigations revealed two fishery production plants with persistent Listeria contamination. It appears likely that the plants were at least partly responsible for the increase of listeriosis. Epidemiological investigation revealed that 57% (31/54) of cases with underlying immunosuppressive condition or medication reported eating gravad or cold-smoked fish. Two public notices were issued by THL and Evira informing which groups were most at risk from the effects of listeriosis and should therefore be cautious in consuming certain products. Systematic sampling of foods and adequate epidemiological investigation methods are required to identify the sources of Listeria infections. Continuous control measures at fishery production plants producing risk products are essential.
Asunto(s)
Explotaciones Pesqueras , Contaminación de Alimentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Listeria/clasificación , Listeriosis/epidemiología , Animales , Brotes de Enfermedades , Femenino , Finlandia/epidemiología , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Microbiología de Alimentos , Industria de Procesamiento de Alimentos , Humanos , Incidencia , Listeria/patogenicidad , Listeriosis/diagnóstico , Masculino , Sistema de Registros , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
In 2010, 7/44 (16%) reported foodborne outbreaks in Finland were linked with raw beetroot consumption. We reviewed data from the national outbreak registry in order to hypothesize the aetiology of illness and to prevent further outbreaks. In the seven outbreaks, 124 cases among 623 respondents were identified. Consumption of raw beetroot was strongly associated with gastrointestinal illness (relative risk 8â99, 95% confidence interval 6â06-13â35). The illness was characterized by sudden onset of gastrointestinal symptoms; the median incubation time was 40 min and duration of illness 5 h. No common foodborne pathogens or toxins were found in either clinical or beetroot samples, but all tested beetroot samples were of poor quality according to total bacterial counts. Beta-haemolytic Pseudomonas fluorescens was detected in several beetroot samples but its effect on human health is unknown. No outbreaks were reported after the Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira advised against serving raw beetroot in institutional canteens.
Asunto(s)
Beta vulgaris/envenenamiento , Brotes de Enfermedades , Microbiología de Alimentos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Beta vulgaris/microbiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Finlandia/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/microbiología , Gastroenteritis/microbiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estaciones del Año , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
A cluster of 14 cases of Salmonella Urbana cases in Finland, the Czech Republic and Latvia were identified in January-February, 2010. The majority of cases (11) were male and children under 16 years of age. The investigation is currently ongoing and comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles of the isolates suggests that the cases may have a common source of infection.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Salmonella/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , República Checa/epidemiología , Electroforesis en Gel de Campo Pulsado , Femenino , Finlandia/epidemiología , Humanos , Lactante , Letonia/epidemiología , Masculino , Vigilancia de la Población , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella/metabolismo , Infecciones por Salmonella/fisiopatología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
We report the first foodborne outbreak caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in Finland. The outbreak occurred among personnel of the Public Works Department in Helsinki, who had eaten in the same canteen. 72 persons fell ill with diarrhoea, none was hospitalised. Four faecal samples obtained from 12 ill persons were positive for Cryptosporidium by an antigen identification assay and microscopy. The vehicle of infection could not be identified with certainty but a salad mixture was suspected.
Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Cryptosporidium parvum/aislamiento & purificación , Brotes de Enfermedades , Parasitología de Alimentos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Finlandia/epidemiología , Manipulación de Alimentos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/parasitología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Estudios Retrospectivos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Verduras/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Salmonella infections are caused by consumption of contaminated food, person-to-person transmission, waterborne transmission and numerous environmental and animal exposures. Specifically, reptiles and other cold blooded animals (often referred to as "exotic pets") can act as reservoirs of Salmonella, and cases of infection have been associated with direct or indirect contact with these animals. Approximately 1.4 million human cases of Salmonella infection occur each year in the United States and it has been estimated that 74,000 are a result of exposure to reptiles and amphibians. Regular case reports of reptile-associated salmonellosis in the US are available for the period 1994-2002. Cases of Salmonella infection attributed to direct or indirect contact with reptiles or other exotic pets have been described in a number of European countries, too but a more comprehensive overview of the magnitude of this problem in Europe is lacking. In total, 160,649 human cases of salmonellosis were reported in 2006 in the then 25 European Union Member States, Bulgaria, Romania, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.
Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Vigilancia de la Población , Reptiles , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Infecciones por Salmonella/epidemiología , Animales , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Factores de RiesgoAsunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/epidemiología , Alimentos Congelados/microbiología , Frutas/microbiología , Virus de la Hepatitis A/aislamiento & purificación , Hepatitis A/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Bases de Datos Genéticas , Dinamarca/epidemiología , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Femenino , Finlandia/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/etiología , Hepatitis A/etiología , Virus de la Hepatitis A/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The performance of immunofluorescence microscopy (IF) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in canine feces was evaluated. IF and Cryptosporidium ELISA detected 10(5)oocysts/g, while the detection limit for Giardia ELISA was 10(4)cysts/g. The Cryptosporidium ELISA showed 94% specificity but only 71% sensitivity. The Giardia ELISA correlated well with IF (sensitivity 100%, specificity 96%) and was capable of detecting animal specific Giardia duodenalis genotypes. Visual interpretation appeared appropriate for assessment of ELISA results. The proportion of positive samples and possible zoonotic character of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in 150 asymptomatic Finnish dogs from the Helsinki area were studied. The overall proportion of dogs positive for Cryptosporidium was 5% (7/150) and that for Giardia 5% (8/150). In dogs < or =12 months old, the corresponding proportions were 17% and 19% (n=36). Sequence analyses of the 18S rDNA gene identified the isolates as Cryptosporidium canis and animal specific genotypes of G. duodenalis (assemblages C-E), indicating restricted risk of zoonotic transmission.
Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis/veterinaria , Cryptosporidium/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Giardia/aislamiento & purificación , Giardiasis/veterinaria , Microscopía Fluorescente/veterinaria , Animales , Criptosporidiosis/diagnóstico , Cryptosporidium/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Perros , Giardia/inmunología , Giardiasis/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Shiga toxin-producing, sorbitol-fermenting Escherichia coli O157 (SF O157) has emerged as a cause of severe human illness. Despite frequent human findings, its transmission routes and reservoirs remain largely unknown. Foodborne transmission and reservoir in cattle have been suspected, but with limited supporting evidence. This study describes the outbreak of SF O157 that occurred in Finland in 2012. The outbreak originated from a recreational farm selling unpasteurized milk, as revealed by epidemiologic and microbiological investigations, and involved six hospitalized children and two asymptomatic adults with culture-confirmed infection. An identical strain of SF O157 was isolated from patients, cattle and the farm environment, and epidemiologic analysis suggested unpasteurized milk as the vehicle of transmission. This study reports the first milkborne outbreak of SF O157, provides supporting evidence of cattle as a reservoir and highlights the health risks related to the consumption of unpasteurized milk.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Escherichia coli O157/aislamiento & purificación , Leche/microbiología , Zoonosis , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Reservorios de Enfermedades , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Microbiología Ambiental , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/transmisión , Escherichia coli O157/clasificación , Fermentación , Finlandia/epidemiología , Microbiología de Alimentos , Humanos , PasteurizaciónRESUMEN
Over 250 individuals fell ill in five outbreaks caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in Finland, October-November 2012. The cases were connected by lunch meals at restaurants in four different cities. In two outbreaks, the same C. parvumIIdA17G1 subtype was found in patients' stool samples which supports a single source of infection. Frisée salad was the only common food item served at the restaurants, and consumption of lunch salad containing the frisée salad was associated with the illness. Lunch customers who responded that they had eaten lunch salad were three times more likely to have become ill than those who had not answered whether they had eaten the salad or not (RR 2.66; 95% Cl 1.02-6.9, P-value <0.01). Cryptosporidiosis should be considered as a causal agent in long-lasting watery diarrhoea combined with abdominal cramps, and clinical samples should be tested for Cryptosporidium at the same time bacteria and viruses are tested. Measures to prevent contamination of 'ready-to-eat vegetables' with Cryptosporidium oocysts and methods to test frozen food samples should be developed.
Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Cryptosporidium parvum , Brotes de Enfermedades , Parasitología de Alimentos , Verduras/parasitología , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Heces/parasitología , Finlandia/epidemiología , HumanosRESUMEN
We report a case of inflammatory cap polyposis of the colon, a rare syndrome, affecting the rectosigmoid. It was observed in a context of mucous diarrhea. Endoscopic and radiological features consisted of elevated and umbilicated nodular lesions. Histology revealed polypoid lesions containing elongated crypts with superficial abrasions, covered by inflammatory and fibrinoid material. Etiopathogenesis of this new syndrome is unknown.
Asunto(s)
Pólipos del Colon/patología , Colon Sigmoide/patología , Pólipos del Colon/complicaciones , Diarrea/complicaciones , Endoscopía del Sistema Digestivo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Recto/patologíaRESUMEN
A test was performed to evaluate the microbial and chemical purification capacity of nine portable, small-scale water purification filter devices with production capacity less than 100 L/h. The devices were tested for simultaneous removal capacity of bacteria (cultured Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae), enteric protozoans (formalin-stored Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts), viral markers (F-RNA bacteriophages) and microcystins produced by toxic cyanobacterial cultures. In general, the devices tested were able to remove bacterial contaminants by 3.6-6.9 log10 units from raw water. Those devices based only on filtration through pores 0.2-0.4 microm or larger failed in viral and chemical purification. Only one device, based on reverse osmosis, was capable of removing F-RNA phages at concentrations under the detection limit and microcystins by 2.5 log10. The present study emphasised the need for evaluation tests of water purification devices from the public safety and HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) points of view. Simultaneous testing for various pathogenic/indicator microbes and microcystins was shown to be a useful and practical way to obtain essential data on actual purification capacity of commercial small-scale drinking-water filters.
Asunto(s)
Purificación del Agua/instrumentación , Animales , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Cryptosporidium/aislamiento & purificación , Oocistos , Ósmosis , Fagos ARN/aislamiento & purificación , Microbiología del AguaRESUMEN
Salmonella enterica serotype Bovismorbificans is a rare serotype in Finland. In June 2009, a nationwide outbreak of S. Bovismorbificans infections occurred, and 42 clinical isolates were identified. We conducted a case-control study enrolling 28 cases and 48 matched controls, and found ready-to-eat alfalfa sprouts associated with the infection (odds ratio = 35.2, 95% confidence interval 2.8-435). The sprouts were traced back to a domestic producer, with the seeds originating in Italy. Although finding microbiological evidence for sprouts as a source of this outbreak was very challenging, S. Bovismorbificans was finally found in sprouts germinated in the laboratory, and in soaking and rinse waters during the germination process. The pulsed field gel electrophoresis showed that these isolates were identical to the human outbreak isolates. Before sampling, it is important to mix the seeds well and to take several large-size samples from different seed lots. Instead of analysing seeds, the analysis should be targeted to soaking or rinse water samples and to the sprouts germinated in a laboratory. Accordingly, the sprout producers should only buy seeds that have been analysed for Salmonella. The producers have to include Salmonella testing in their internal quality control to ensure that Salmonella is absent from sprouts placed on the market during their shelf-life. In order to reduce the health hazard caused by sprouts, an effective and safe decontamination procedure should also be developed for the seeds.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación de Alimentos , Microbiología de Alimentos , Medicago sativa/microbiología , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/epidemiología , Semillas/microbiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Brotes de Enfermedades , Electroforesis en Gel de Campo Pulsado , Finlandia/epidemiología , Genotipo , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Modelos Logísticos , Factores de Riesgo , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/transmisión , Salmonella enterica/genética , Salmonella enterica/aislamiento & purificación , SerotipificaciónRESUMEN
Little is known about the public health burden of rabies in rabies-free countries. In these countries, the surveillance of suspected and treated cases serves as a substitute for estimating the risk and burden of human rabies because deaths due to rabies are extremely rare. Suspected rabies exposures among Finnish inhabitants were characterized using data from the National Infectious Disease Registry as well as animal surveillance data from the Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, 1995-2006. In total, 195 suspected rabies exposures were reported (incidence 3/million inhabitants/year). Exposures were equally common among both genders and the median age was 35 years. Exposures were more common among 20- to 49-year olds than among other age groups. Less than one-third of the exposures occurred in Finland (incidence of indigenous exposures 0.9/million inhabitants/year). Indigenous rabies exposures were most frequently reported in southeastern Finland, with cats and dogs as the main sources. The high prevalence in the Baltic countries and Russia poses a risk for rabies reintroduction. The present control of wildlife rabies appears successful and important. The import of animals from endemic areas, however, remains a risk, which can be reduced by increasing public awareness of the disease, vaccination of imported animals and better rabies control in endemic countries.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas Antirrábicas/inmunología , Rabia/veterinaria , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Gatos , Niño , Preescolar , Perros , Femenino , Finlandia/epidemiología , Humanos , Inmunoglobulinas/inmunología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vigilancia de la Población , Rabia/epidemiología , Rabia/prevención & control , Adulto Joven , ZoonosisRESUMEN
A large outbreak of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:1 infection affected over 400 children from 23 schools and 5 day-care centres in two municipalities in southern Finland in August-September, 2006. A retrospective cohort study conducted in a large school centre showed that the outbreak was strongly associated with the consumption of grated carrots served at a school lunch. The risk of illness increased with the amount of carrots eaten. Poor quality carrots grown the previous year had been delivered to the school kitchens in the two municipalities affected. In the patients' samples and in the environmental samples collected from the carrot distributor's storage facility, identical serotypes and genotypes of Y. pseudotuberculosis were found, but the original source and the mechanism of the contamination of the carrots remained unclear. Outbreaks of Y. pseudotuberculosis linked to fresh produce have been detected repeatedly in Finland. To prevent future outbreaks, instructions in improved hygiene practices on the handling of raw carrots have been issued to farmers, vegetable-processing plants and institutional kitchens.