Association of selected adipokines with vitamin D deficiency in children with inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND: Adipose tissue is significantly involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Vitamin D can affect both adipogenesis and inflammation. The aim of this study was to compare the production of selected adipokines, potentially involved in the pathogenesis of IBD - adiponectin, resistin, retinol binding protein 4 (RBP-4), adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and nesfatin-1 in children with IBD according to the presence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency. METHODS: The study was conducted as a case-control study in pediatric patients with IBD and healthy children of the same sex and age. In addition to adipokines and 25(OH)D, anthropometric parameters, markers of inflammation and disease activity were assessed in all participants. RESULTS: Children with IBD had significantly higher resistin levels regardless of 25(OH)D levels. IBD patients with 25(OH)D deficiency only had significantly lower RBP-4 compared to healthy controls and also compared to IBD patients without 25(OH)D deficiency. No other significant differences in adipokines were found in children with IBD with or without 25(OH)D deficiency. 25(OH)D levels in IBD patients corelated with RBP-4 only, and did not correlate with other adipokines. CONCLUSIONS: Whether the lower RBP-4 levels in the 25(OH)D-deficient group of IBD patients directly reflect vitamin D deficiency remains uncertain. The production of other adipokines does not appear to be directly related to vitamin D deficiency.

Role of Adipose Tissue in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), chronic inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract, include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. There are increasing clinical and experimental data showing that obesity, especially visceral adiposity, plays a substantial role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Obesity seems to be an important risk factor also for IBD disease severity and clinical outcomes. Visceral adipose tissue is an active multifunctional metabolic organ involved in lipid storage and immunological and endocrine activity. Bowel inflammation penetrates the surrounding adipose tissue along the mesentery. Mesenteric fat serves as a barrier to inflammation and controls immune responses to the translocation of gut bacteria. At the same time, mesenteric adipose tissue may be the principal source of cytokines and adipokines responsible for inflammatory processes associated with IBD. This review is particularly focusing on the potential role of adipokines in IBD pathogenesis and their possible use as promising therapeutic targets.

Aminoacylase 1 deficiency: case report on three affected siblings.

Background: Aminoacylase 1 (ACY1, EC 3.5.1.14) deficiency (ACY1D) is a very rare inherited metabolic disease (IMD) with autosomal recessive inheritance (OMIM #609924). Up to date, only 15 cases have been reported in the literature. It is diagnosed by detecting acetylated amino acids among the patient's urine organic acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Its clinical manifestations are highly variable, ranging from severe neurological symptoms to being asymptomatic. Case Description: We present a 14-year-old boy with mild intellectual disability, speech sound disorder and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease who exhibited increased urinary excretion of N-acetylalanine, N-acetylmethionine and N-acetylglutamine during testing for inherited metabolic disorders. A suspected ACY1D was subsequently confirmed by targeted next generation sequencing, which revealed the presence of a homozygous pathogenic missense mutation in the ACY1 gene, c.1057C>T (p.Arg353Cys). The proband underwent speech education with good outcome. The same homozygous mutation in ACY1 gene was found in the boy's two brothers, who exhibited slightly varied intellectual abilities. Follow-up examinations of the siblings revealed no deterioration in their mental skills. Conclusions: These results suggest that uneven mental abilities in pediatric patients with various disorders including autism spectrum disorder may be sufficient grounds to warrant metabolic testing for ACY1D. The acylglycines urine excretion could be a promising novel metabolic marker for ACY1D testing.

Wide metabolite coverage LC-MS/MS assay for the diagnosis of inherited metabolic disorders in urine.

OBJECTIVE: The laboratory diagnosis of inherited metabolic disorders (IMD) has undergone significant development in recent decades, mainly due to the use of mass spectrometry, which allows rapid multicomponent analysis of a wide range of metabolites. Combined with advanced software tools, the diagnosis becomes more efficient as a benefit for both physicians and patients. METHODS: A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry assay for determination of urinary purines, pyrimidines, N-acylglycines, N-acetylated amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohols and other diagnostically important biomarkers was developed and validated. Evaluation of the results consisting of utilisation of robust scaling and advanced visualization tools is simple and even suitable for urgent requirements. RESULTS: The developed method, covering 65 biomarkers, provides a comprehensive diagnostic platform for 51 IMD. For most analytes, linearity with R2 > 0.99, intra and inter-day accuracy between 80 and 120 % and precision lower than 20 % were achieved. Diagnostic workflow was evaluated on 47 patients and External Quality Assurance samples involving a total of 24 different IMD. Over seven years, more than 2300 urine samples from patients suspected for IMD have been routinely analysed. CONCLUSIONS: This method offers the advantage of a broad coverage of intermediate metabolites of interest and therefore may be a potential alternative and simplification for clinical laboratories that use multiple methods for screening these markers.

Impact of Newborn Screening and Early Dietary Management on Clinical Outcome of Patients with Long Chain 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Medium Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency-A Retrospective Nationwide Study.

Long chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHADD/MTPD) and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) were included in the expanded neonatal screening program (ENBS) in Czechia in 2009, allowing for the presymptomatic diagnosis and nutritional management of these patients. The aim of our study was to assess the nationwide impact of ENBS on clinical outcome. This retrospective study analysed acute events and chronic complications and their severity in pre-ENBS and post-ENBS cohorts. In total, 28 children (12 before, 16 after ENBS) were diagnosed with LCHADD/MTPD (incidence 0.8/100,000 before and 1.2/100,000 after ENBS). In the subgroup detected by ENBS, a significantly longer interval from birth to first acute encephalopathy was observed. In addition, improvement in neuropathy and cardiomyopathy (although statistically non-significant) was demonstrated in the post-ENBS subgroup. In the MCADD cohort, we included 69 patients (15 before, 54 after ENBS). The estimated incidence rose from 0.7/100,000 before to 4.3/100,000 after ENBS. We confirmed a significant decrease in the number of episodes of acute encephalopathy and lower proportion of intellectual disability after ENBS (p < 0.0001). The genotype-phenotype correlations suggest a new association between homozygosity for the c.1528C > G variant and more severe heart involvement in LCHADD patients.