Prediction of net energy value of feeds for growing pigs.

Digestible (DE), metabolizable (ME), and net (NE) energy values of 61 diets were measured in 45-kg growing Large White boars. Net energy was calculated as energy retained at an average ME intake equivalent to 540 kcal/kg BW.60 plus fasting heat production estimated from data of the present experiment as 179 kcal/kg BW.60. Retained energy was measured as the difference between ME intake and heat production obtained in respiration chambers. The amounts of DE digested before the end of the ileum (DEi) and in the hindgut (DEh) were also measured for each diet. Regression equations for predicting dietary NE content from digestible nutrient levels or from DE or ME and chemical characteristics or from chemical composition only were calculated. Efficiencies of utilization of ME for NE (k, %) were also obtained. The mean k value for the 61 diets was 74% (range: 69 to 77). Digestible nutrients were used differently for NE: k values varied from approximately 60% for digestible CP or digestible cell wall fractions to 82% for starch and 90% for digestible ether extract. Accordingly, k for ME associated with DEh was lower than ME from DEi (58 vs 76%). Equations for predicting NE content are proposed. Their applicability, the comparison with other available NE prediction equations, and the effects of energy system on diet formulation are discussed.

Feed restriction strategy in the growing rabbit. 2. Impact on digestive health, growth and carcass characteristics.

A field enquiry mentioned the potential positive impact of a feed restriction on the health of young rabbits, but no objective information relates the intake to digestive health. The effects of a post-weaning feed restriction strategy were thus studied on digestive health and growth and carcass parameters of the growing rabbit, using a monofactorial design that produces a quantitative linear reduction of the intake, from ad libitum (AL group) to 80%, 70% and 60% of AL. The study was performed simultaneously in six experimental sites, on 1984 growing rabbits (496 per treatment) collectively caged from weaning (34 to 38 days of age, depending on the site) to slaughter (68 to 72 days). The feeding programme was applied as followed: restriction during 21 days after weaning, and then ad libitum till slaughter. During the feed restriction period the growth rate was linearly reduced with the restriction level, by 0.5 g/day for each percent of intake reduction. When returning to ad libitum intake (after 54 days old) a compensatory growth and a higher feed efficiency occurred. Therefore, the impact of the feeding programme on the slaughter weight (SW) was significant (-4.5 g/% of restriction), but relatively moderate: the weight loss of the more-restricted rabbits (60%) reached 7.7% (-200 g) compared to the AL group. Over the whole fattening period, the feed restriction reduced linearly and significantly the feed conversion (FC) (-0.0077 unit/% of restriction). Carcass traits were little affected by the feeding programme, except for a slightly lower decrease of the dressing percentage (mean: 1.2 units between AL and the three restricted groups). On the six experimental sites, mortality and morbidity were always caused by acute digestive disorders, namely diarrhoea and/or caecal impaction. Independent of the treatment, the mortality rate strongly varied according to the site (between 7% and 18% from weaning to 54 days and for the AL group). During feed restriction, the mortality was significantly lower from a restriction threshold of 80% (meanly: -9% compared to AL). The morbidity was also significantly reduced (-6%) for the two most restricted groups (70% and 60%). The favourable effect of a lower intake on health did not persist after returning to ad libitum intake (54 days to slaughter), since mortality and morbidity were not significantly different among the treatments. Such a feeding strategy thus represents a double benefit in terms of feed costs and lower losses of young rabbits.

Estudio radiológico simple en el diagnóstico del tumor de células gigantes en población pediátrica: correlación anatomoradiológica / Plain radiological study in giant cell tumor (GCT) diagnosis among pediatric patients: anatomo-radiological correlation

Background. Giant cell tumor (GCT) is an uncommon primary bone neoplasm in pediatric patients. Plain radiograph of the affected area is the first diagnostic approach in most cases. Objective. To show radiographic features that could allow the radiologist to suspect the diagnosis of GCT through plain radiological study. Methods. Records from the National Bone Tumor File between 1959 and 1999 were retrospectively analyzed. Twenty-nine cases of patients under 20 years with biopsy proven diagnosis of GCT were found. The radiological study was available in 14 cases. Results. From a total of 29 patients, 83 percent were females and 17 percent males. Age ranged from 7 to 19 years, with an average of 16.3 years. In cases with radiological study, 93 percent of them presented epiphyseal involvement of long bones. Osteolytic lesions with metaphyseal extension were the most frequent radiological pattern. One case showed malignancy with metastases. Conclusions. GCT is regarded as an infrequent occurrence in pediatric patients and its diagnosis can be suspected based on plain radiographic findings.

El tumor de células gigantes es un tumor óseo primario, poco frecuente en población pediátrica. En la mayoría de los casos, la radiografía simple es la primera aproximación diagnóstica, por lo que nuestro objetivo es mostrar las características radiológicas que permiten sospechar el diagnóstico del tumor de células gigantes en el estudio radiológico simple. Se analizó retrospectivamente los datos del Registro Nacional de Tumores Óseos, entre los años 1959 y 1999, encontrando 29 casos de tumor de células gigantes histológicamente confirmados en menores de 20 años; en 14 se dispuso de estudio radiológico. El 83 por ciento (24/29) correspondió a mujeres y 17 por ciento (5/29) a hombres, con edades entre 7 y 19 años (promedio = 16.3 años). Radiológicamente, el 93 por ciento mostró compromiso epifisiario de huesos largos y el patrón más frecuente fue osteolítico con extensión metafisiaria.

Estudio radiológico simple en el diagnóstico de condroblastoma epifisiario benigno: correlación anatomo – radiológica / Radiographic study in benign epiphyseal chondroblastoma diagnosis: anatomoradiological correlation

Introduction: A chondroblastoma is a rare, usually benign, tumor of bone that accounts for approximately 1 percent of all bone tumors, which mainly affects the growing skeleton. Local pain is the most common presenting symptom, and for some patients it implies functional involvement due to its periarticular site. Chondroblastoma most commonly affects the epiphysis of long bones, specially occuring on the lower extremities. Usually, radiography is the first diagnostic imaging technique to be performed and its relatively characteristic findings may cause alarm or lead to misdiagnosis. Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are complementary studies that best show the lesion, its extension, and soft tissue involvement. Objectives: To present the most frequent manifestations of chondroblastoma in radiographies, establishing the anatomoradiological correlation of lesions. Material and Methods: Thirty-six patients with histologically proven chondroblastoma, who were registered in the National Register of Bone Tumors, between 1959 and 2004, were retrospectively investigated under clinical and radiological viewpoints. Results: Thirty-six patients (26 male, 10 female) whose ages ranged from 5 to 19 years (mean age 14.5 years) were studied. In all cases, biopsy results confirmed the diagnosis of chondroblastoma. Bone lesions were sited as follows: long bones of lower extremities in 22 patients; long bones of upper extremities, 8 cases; feet bones, 3 patients; pelvis, 3 cases, and rib cage in 1 case. Lesions, which were unique in all cases and involved epiphyseal region, were predominantly osteolytic in 30 patients. Metaphyseal extension was found in 28 patients. Eccentric bone lesions were seen in 27 cases, while calcifications were present in 18 patients and 9 cases were found to have soft tissue extensions. Conclusions: Benign epiphyseal chondroblastoma is an unusual bone lesion occuring in young patients, with well-characterized and constant...

Introducción: El condroblastoma es una lesión ósea benigna poco frecuente (1 por ciento - 4.7 por ciento de los tumores óseos primarios), que afecta principalmente al esqueleto en crecimiento. Se manifiesta por dolor local de larga evolución y en algunos pacientes, compromiso funcional por su localización periarticular. Tiene predilección por las epífisis de los huesos largos o su equivalente epifisiarío, especialmente en extremidades inferiores. La radiografía simple es generalmente el primer examen y los hallazgos son relativamente característicos, pudiendo alarmar e inducir a error. Tomografía computada (TC) y resonancia magnética (RM) son complementarias y muestran mejor la lesión, extensión dentro del hueso y compromiso de partes blandas. Objetivos: Mostrarlas manifestaciones más frecuentes del condroblastoma en radiografías, estableciendo correlación anátomo-radiológica de las lesiones. Material y Métodos. Se analizaron retrospectivamente las características clínicas y radiológicas de 36 pacientes con condroblastoma confirmado por histología, incluidos en Registro Nacional de Tumores Óseos (RENATO), entre los años 1959 y 2004. Resultados. Se estudiaron 36 pacientes, 26 varones y 10 niñas, de 5 a 19 años (promedio = 14.5 años). Biopsia compatible con condroblastoma en todos los pacientes y su localización: huesos largos de extremidades inferiores(22), huesos largos de extremidades superiores(8), huesos del pie(3), pelvis(3) y parrilla costal(1). Las lesiones fueron únicas en todos los casos, predominantemente osteolíticas(30). La totalidad comprometía la epífisis; se observó extensión hacia la metáfisis(28), lesión ósea excéntrica(27), calcificaciones(W) y extensión hacia partes blandas(9). Conclusión. El condroblastoma epifisiario benigno es una lesión poco frecuente, de pacientes jóvenes, con manifestaciones radiológicas relativamente constantes y características, lo que puede permitir al radiólogo sospechar el diagnóstico en la radiografía simple ini...

Compromiso óseo en histiocitosis de celulas de Langerhans en el niño: estudio radiológico simple: presentación clínica y diagnóstico radiológico / Bone compromised in childrens with Langerhans cell histiocytosis: clinical report and radiological diagnosis

Introducción. La Histiocitosis de células de Langerhans (HCL) es una patología poco frecuente, con diferentes manifestaciones radio-lógicas. Su causa es desconocida y se caracteriza por una proliferación de las células de Langerhans. Sus manifestaciones varían desde lesiones óseas aisladas hasta el compromiso sistémico. Muchas veces el primer estudio diagnóstico corresponde a la radiografía simple de la zona afectada y sus hallazgos pueden ser difíciles de interpretar. El diagnóstico diferencial debe incluir fundamen-talmente osteomielitis, sarcoma de Ewing y linfoma. Objetivos: Mostrar las manifestaciones radiológicas de la HCL, que permiten al radiólogo sospechar el diagnóstico. Material y métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de las manifestaciones clínicas y radiológicas en los casos de HCL confirmados con histología, que forman parte del Registro Nacional de Tumores Oseos (RENATO) y que fueron incorporados a éste entre los años 1959 y 1999. Resultados: Se obtuvo un total de 59 pacientes, 34 (58 por ciento) varones y 25 (42 por ciento) niñas en quienes el estudio histológico fue compatible con el diagnóstico de HCL. El rango de edad varió desde 0.8 hasta 17 años (promedio 6.1 años). Se tuvo acceso a las historias clínicas en 56 de los casos. El tiempo promedio de duración de los síntomas fue de 5,5 meses, y el motivo de consulta más frecuente fue dolor del sitio afectado (n= 50). Del total, 48 (81 por ciento) presentaron lesión ósea única y 11 (19 por ciento) dos o más lesiones. En 35 pacientes hubo compromiso de huesos largos y en 26, del esqueleto axial. El patrón radiológico predominante fue el de una lesión osteolítica pura (45 pacientes). En 13 pacientes se observó un patrón permeativo y 3 se presentaron con una vértebra plana. En 30 había reacción perióstica y 29 tenían aumento de volumen de las partes blandas vecinas. Conclusiones: El patrón de presentación radiológica de la HCL es variado, sin embargo su diagnóstico debe ser sospechado por el médico rad...

El médico clínico y el paciente ortopédico / The clinical physician and the orthopedic patient

Existe em enfermagem a preocupaçäo relacionada com as condiçöes ambientais oferecidas ao paciente hospitalizado. As condiçöes oferecidas devem contribuir para o bem estar e recuperaçäo da saúde do indivíduo. Para tanto foi realizado estudo de uma situaçäo a partir da percepçäo do paciente sobre esta. Com o objetivo de identificar o grau de satisfaçäo dos pacientes com o ambiente e as condiçöes ambientais por eles percebidas como mais e menos agradáveis, foram entrevistados 58 pacientes internados num hospital-escola governamental. Análise das respostas obtidas, mostrou que as condiçöes hospitalares oferecidas atendem as necessidadess de ambiente em 81% dos pacientes, que demonstraram pelas respostas um alto grau de satisfaçäo. As condiçöes mais agradáveis, isto é, aquelas que apresentam menor índice de problemas estäo relacionadas a iluminaçäo, conforto térmico, móveis e equipamentos. As menos agradáveis estäo relacionadas a condiçöes gerais (territorialidade, agradabilidade, conforto e limpeza); privacidade e silêncio; comunicaçäo. O estudo oferece subsídios a enfermeira que atua tanto no cuidado direto como em planejamento e organizaçäo dos espaços para os pacientes hospitalizados e a docente que prepara o aluno para atuar na vida profissional