Lutetium(III) cyclo-tetra-phosphate.

Single crystals of the title compound, tetra-lutetium(III) tris-(cyclo-tetra-phosphate), Lu(4)(P(4)O(12))(3), were obtained by solid-state reaction. The cubic structure is isotypic with its Al(III) and Sc(III) analogues and is built up from four-membered (P(4)O(12))(4-) phosphate ring anions ( symmetry), isolated from each other and further linked through isolated LuO(6) octa-hedra (.3. symmetry) via corner sharing. Each LuO(6) octa-hedron is linked to six (P(4)O(12))(4-) rings, while each (P(4)O(12))(4-) ring is linked to eight LuO(6) octa-hedra.

Manufacture and optimization of low-cost tubular ceramic supports for membrane filtration: application to algal solution concentration.

Low-cost tubular macroporous supports for ceramic membranes were elaborated using the extrusion method, followed by curing, debinding, and sintering processes, from a powder mixture containing kaolin, starch, and sand. The obtained substrates were characterized using mercury intrusion porosimetry, water absorption test, water permeability, scanning electron microscopy, and three-point bending test to evaluate the effects of the additives on the relevant characteristics. According to experimental results, adding the starch ratio to the kaolin powder shows a notable impact on the membrane porosity and consequently on the water permeability of the tubular supports, whereas their mechanical strength decreased compared to those prepared from kaolin alone. It has been shown that the addition of an appropriate amount of starch to the ceramic paste leads to obtaining membrane supports with the desired porosity. Indeed, the water permeability increased significantly from 20 to 612 L h-1 m-2 bar-1 for samples without and with 20 wt% of starch, respectively, as well as the open porosity, the apparent porosity, and the pore size distribution. The bending strength decreased slightly and reached about 4 MPa for samples with the highest starch amounts. On the other hand, the incorporation of sand in a mixture of kaolin + 10 wt% starch increased the mechanical strength and the water permeability. The samples containing 3 wt% of sand exhibited a bending strength four times higher than the supports without sand; the water permeability measured was about 221 L h-1 m-2 bar-1. These elaborated tubular supports for membrane are found to be suitable for solution concentration; they were applied for algal solution and are also easily cleaned by water.