Occurrence and Environmental Risk Assessment of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Brazilian Surface Waters.

We investigated the occurrence and the environmental risk of eight contaminants of emerging concern (CECs; acetaminophen, naproxen, diclofenac, methylparaben, 17ß-estradiol, sulfathiazole, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfamethazine) in three Brazilian water bodies, namely, the Monjolinho River Basin (São Paulo State), the Mogi Guaçu River (São Paulo State), and the Itapecuru River (Maranhão State) in three sampling campaigns. The CECs were only quantified in surface water samples collected at the Monjolinho River Basin. Acetaminophen, naproxen, and methylparaben were detected in the range of <200 to 575.9 ng L-1, <200 to 224.7 ng L-1, and <200 to 303.6 ng L-1, respectively. The detection frequencies of the three measured compounds were between 33% and 67%. The highest concentrations of CECs were associated with intense urbanization and untreated sewage discharge. Furthermore, CEC concentrations were significantly correlated with total organic carbon, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen levels, suggesting that domestic pollution from urban areas is an important source in the distribution of CECs in the Monjolinho River Basin. The environmental risk assessment indicated a high risk for acetaminophen (risk quotient [RQ] values between 2.1 and 5.8), a medium risk for naproxen (RQs between 0.6 and 0.7), and a low risk for methylparaben (RQs < 0.1) to the freshwater biota of the Monjolinho River Basin. Our findings show potential threats of CECs in Brazilian water bodies, especially in vulnerable areas, and reinforce the need for improvements in environmental regulations to include monitoring and control of these compounds in aquatic systems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-12. © 2024 SETAC.

Valor utilitario específico de la técnica modificada de Perls para el diagnóstico anatomopatológico / Specific utilitarian value of the modified technique of Perls for the pathological diagnosis

Se modificó la técnica de Perls para disponer de un medio que pudiera revelar la presencia del pigmento férrico y poder utilizarlo en el diagnóstico histopatológico; para ello se elevó a 58 grados centígrados la temperatura en los reactivos, lo cual no se hace en el procedimiento habitual, y el citado pigmento se tiñó de verde o azul, de manera que fue posible identificarlo en los núcleos grises de la base en un paciente con síndrome de Hallervordem - Spatz, que falleció en esta institución.

The technique of Perls was modified to have a mean that could reveal the presence of the ferric pigment and to be able to use it in the histopathological diagnosis; for this purpose the temperature was rised to 58º centigrades in the reagents, which is not done in the habitual procedure, and the mentioned pigment was stained of green or blue, so that it was possible to identify it in the gray nuclei of the base in a patient with syndrome of Hallervordem - Spatz, who died in this institution.

Detection of streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sobrinus in dental plaque samples from Brazilian preschool children by polymerase chain reaction

The purposes of this study were to detect S. mutans and S. sobrinus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and to relate their presence to the incidence of dental caries in 42 Brazilian preschool children. Dental plaque samples were collected from the cervical margin of all erupted teeth of 5-6 years old children with primary dentition, using a sterile explorer. Examination of the dmft (decayed, missing, filled teeth) index, performed following the World Health Organization (WHO) caries diagnostic criteria, showed a 2.71 score. Prevalence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was respectively, of 85.7 percent and 14.3 percent; no dental plaque sample was either positive or negative for both bacterial species. Children harboring either S. mutans or S. sobrinus presented the same caries prevalence. PCR showed good discriminative ability for differentiation between these species, and suggested that it is a technique suitable for epidemiological studies on mutans streptococci.

A presença de Streptococcus mutans e S. sobrinus, detectadas através da técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi comparada com a incidência de cárie dental em 42 crianças pré-escolares brasileiras. As amostras da placa dental foram obtidas utilizando-se um explorador estéril, o qual foi passado na margem cervical de todos os dentes erupcionados nas crianças de 5-6 anos de idade, as quais possuíam a dentição primária. Foi realizado um exame dental para a avaliação do índice ceod (índice de dentes decíduos cariados, extraídos por cárie ou obturados) de acordo com os critérios de diagnóstico de cárie preconizados pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). O índice ceod foi de 2,71. A presença de S. mutans e S. sobrinus foi detectada em 85,7 por cento e 14,3 por cento das crianças analisadas respectivamente, nenhuma amostra da placa dental foi positiva ou negativa para a presença das duas bactérias ao mesmo tempo. As crianças que apresentavam S. mutans ou S. sobrinus isoladamente apresentaram o mesmo índice de cárie. A técnica de PCR apresentou um grande poder discriminatório entre as duas espécies o que sugere que ela é adequada para estudos epidemiológicos no grupo mutans.