The Long-Term Associations of Perinatal Obesogenic Environment with Offspring Biological Aging.

Biological age (BA), reflecting aging-related health decline beyond chronological age, varies among individuals. While previous research explored associations of maternal pregnancy-related body size with offspring health outcomes, its implications for BA in young adults remain unclear. Utilizing longitudinal data of 1,148 mother-offspring pairs from the Jerusalem Perinatal Study, we analyzed associations of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain (GWG) with offspring Klemera-Doubal method (KDM)-based BA at age 32, and potential familial life-course underlying mechanisms. Maternal pregnancy-related body size, adjusted for sociodemographic/lifestyle factors was associated with offspring BA (ßmaternal pre-pregnancy BMI=0.183,95%CI:0.098,0.267;ßGWG=0.093,95%CI:0.021,0.165). Association of GWG with BA was largely direct (90%,95%CI,44%,100%), while association with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was partially mediated through adolescent BMI (36%,95%CI=18%,75%), with both associations eliminated after adjustment for offspring adult BMI. Associations persisted after adjusting for offspring polygenic risk score for BMI (ßmaternal pre-pregnancy BMI=0.128;95%CI=0.023,0.234; ßGWG=0.102;95%CI=0.006,0.198), and somewhat altered after adjustment for maternal cardiometabolic conditions (ßmaternal pre-pregnancy BMI=0.144,95%CI=0.059, 0.230). Impact on GWG associations was negligible. Thus, perinatal obesogenic environment contributes to offspring BA beyond sociodemographic factors and maternal cardiometabolic history, yet intergenerational transmission of obesity seems to underlie these associations. Nonetheless, the period between adolescence and young adulthood could be targeted for weight-reducing interventions, ultimately promoting healthy aging.

Obesity risk in young adults from the Jerusalem Perinatal Study (JPS): the contribution of polygenic risk and early life exposure.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The effects of early life exposures on offspring life-course health are well established. This study assessed whether adding early socio-demographic and perinatal variables to a model based on polygenic risk score (PRS) improves prediction of obesity risk. METHODS: We used the Jerusalem Perinatal study (JPS) with data at birth and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) measured at age 32. The PRS was constructed using over 2.1M common SNPs identified in genome-wide association study (GWAS) for BMI. Linear and logistic models were applied in a stepwise approach. We first examined the associations between genetic variables and obesity-related phenotypes (e.g., BMI and WC). Secondly, socio-demographic variables were added and finally perinatal exposures, such as maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (mppBMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) were added to the model. Improvement in prediction of each step was assessed using measures of model discrimination (area under the curve, AUC), net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). RESULTS: One standard deviation (SD) change in PRS was associated with a significant increase in BMI (ß = 1.40) and WC (ß = 2.45). These associations were slightly attenuated (13.7-14.2%) with the addition of early life exposures to the model. Also, higher mppBMI was associated with increased offspring BMI (ß = 0.39) and WC (ß = 0.79) (p < 0.001). For obesity (BMI ≥ 30) prediction, the addition of early socio-demographic and perinatal exposures to the PRS model significantly increased AUC from 0.69 to 0.73. At an obesity risk threshold of 15%, the addition of early socio-demographic and perinatal exposures to the PRS model provided a significant improvement in reclassification of obesity (NRI, 0.147; 95% CI 0.068-0.225). CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion of early life exposures, such as mppBMI and maternal smoking, to a model based on PRS improves obesity risk prediction in an Israeli population-sample.

Women's attitudes towards disclosure of genetic information in pregnancy with varying levels of penetrance.

BACKGROUND: Chromosomal-microarray-analysis (CMA) may reveal susceptibility-loci (SL) of varied penetrance for autism-spectrum-disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental conditions. Attitudes of women/parents to disclosure of SL during pregnancy are understudied. METHODS: A multiple-choice questionnaire was distributed to postpartum women. Data were collected on women's interest to receive prenatal genetic information with various levels of penetrance. RESULTS: Women's (n = 941) disclosure choices were dependent on the magnitude of risk: approximately 70% supported disclosure of either full or 40% penetrance, 53% supported disclosure at a 20% risk threshold, and 40% supported disclosure at 10% or less. Although most women supported, rejected or were indecisive about disclosure consistently across all risk levels, nearly one-quarter (24%) varied their responses based on penetrance, and this was associated with religiosity, education, parity and concern about fetal health (p-values <0.04). Among those who varied their choices, the risk threshold was lower among secular women (20%) than among ultraorthodox women (40%). In a multivariable analysis, ultraorthodox women were much less likely to vary their choices on ASD disclosure compared with secular women (aOR = 0.37, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Women's attitudes toward disclosure are influenced by the level of risk and their individual characteristics. We therefore encourage engaging women/couples in disclosure decisions regarding uncertain and probabilistic results from prenatal genomic tests.

Receiving uncertain results from prenatal chromosomal microarray analysis: Women's decisions on continuation or termination of pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) may detect variants of uncertain clinical significance (VUS) and susceptibility loci (SL) with incomplete penetrance for neurodevelopmental disorders. This qualitative study provides empirical data on women's experiences with receiving such findings in pregnancy and their decisions regarding continuation or termination of the pregnancy. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who received a VUS and/or SL from prenatal CMA in the last 2-4 years and were analyzed using Grounded Theory. RESULTS: The vast majority of women recalled being stressed by the findings. All women sought further advice and information to be able to decide whether to continue or terminate their pregnancy. The three pregnancies that were terminated have in common a de novo SL with a 10%-20% penetrance. Similar reasoning (coping with uncertainty, the quest for a perfect child, and a chance for recurrence in future pregnancies) led different women to contradicting conclusions regarding their pregnancies. All women felt satisfied with their decisions. CONCLUSION: Although uncertain/probabilistic information commonly involves a psychological burden, it may also be perceived as valuable and actionable. Pre-test parental choice regarding the disclosure of such information could allow personalized utilization of advanced genomic tests in pregnancy.

Postpartum women's attitudes to disclosure of adult-onset conditions in pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Advanced prenatal genomic technologies can identify risks for adult-onset (AO) conditions in the fetus, challenging the traditional purpose of prenatal testing. Professional guidelines commonly support disclosure of high-penetrance AO actionable conditions, yet attitudes of women/parents to these findings and factors affecting their attitudes are understudied. METHODS: We explored 941 (77% response rate) postpartum women's attitudes towards receiving prenatal genetic information, and associations of sociodemographic, medical and psychological characteristics with their choices, focusing on AO conditions. RESULTS: Women largely support the disclosure of actionable AO findings (58.4%), in line with professional guidelines. A third of the women also supported the disclosure of non-actionable AO conditions. Stronger religious observance (p < 0.001) and higher psychological distress (p = 0.024) were associated with decreased interest in receiving actionable AO conditions, whereas higher concern for fetal health yielded increased interest (p = 0.032). Attitudes towards disclosure were strongly associated with women's perceived benefit of such information for their own, partner's, and future child's health. Termination of pregnancy based on such information received very little support. CONCLUSION: In-light of the demonstrated understanding of nuanced genetic information and the observed diversity in attitudes, a culturally competent opt-in/out policy could be considered. If full-disclosure is practiced, support should be provided to those expressing higher levels of distress.

Holocaust Experience and Mortality Patterns: 4-Decade Follow-up in a Population-Based Cohort.

Research on mortality associated with exposure to the Holocaust is relevant for a better understanding of the effects of genocides on survivors. To our knowledge, previous studies have not investigated the long-term cause-specific mortality of Holocaust survivors. We compared mortality rates among Israelis born in European countries controlled by the Nazis during World War II with those among Israelis of European descent who did not have this exposure. Records of 22,671 people (45% women; 5,042 survivors) from the population-based Jerusalem Perinatal Study (1964-1976) were linked to the Israeli Population Registry, which was updated through 2016. Cox models were used for analysis, with 2-sided tests of statistical significance. Risk of all-cause mortality was higher among exposed women (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05, 1.27) than in unexposed women. No association was found between Holocaust exposure and male all-cause mortality. In both sexes, survivors had higher cancer-specific mortality (HR = 1.17 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.35) in women and HR = 1.14 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.28) in men). Exposed men also had excess mortality due to coronary heart disease (HR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.77) and lower mortality from other known causes combined (HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75, 0.99). In summary, experiencing the Holocaust was associated with excess all-cause and cancer-specific mortality in women and cancer- and coronary heart disease-specific mortality in men.

The association of genetically determined serum glycine with cardiovascular risk in East Asians.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Glycine is involved in a wide range of metabolic pathways and increased circulating glycine is associated with reduced risk of cardio-metabolic diseases in Europeans but the genetic association between circulating glycine and cardiovascular risk is largely unknown in East Asians. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in Singaporean Chinese participants and investigated if genetically determined serum glycine were associated with incident coronary artery disease (CAD) (711 cases and 1,246 controls), cardiovascular death (1,886 cases and 21,707 controls) and angiographic CAD severity (as determined by the Modified Gensini score, N = 1,138). CONCLUSION: Our study, a first in East Asians, suggest a protective role of glycine against CAD.

Birth Weight and Maternal Body Size as Determinants of Blood Pressure at Age 17: Results from the Jerusalem Perinatal Study Cohort.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of birth weight (BW) and maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (mBMI) on blood pressure (BP) in adolescence. METHODS: A Population-based cohort of 11,729 births in Jerusalem during 1974-1976, with archival data on maternal and birth characteristics was performed. Measurements at age 17 were assessed and linear regression models were used to evaluate the associations of birth characteristics with BP outcomes. RESULTS: BW was inversely associated with both systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP at age 17 (SBP: B = - 0.829, p = 0.002; DBP: B = - 0.397, p = 0.033). The interaction term between BW and weight at age 17 was significant for DBP (p = 0.017) and pulse pressure (p = 0.005). mBMI yielded significant positive associations with BP, independent of BW. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Our findings indicate that there are at least two distinct pathways linking early life characteristics with subsequent BP: Intrauterine growth, as reflected by BW and other genetic or environmental factors, reflected by mBMI and maternal education, contribute to offspring adolescent BP. These results warrant replication in other birth cohorts and underline the need to explore specific mechanisms that account for these associations.

Early-life factors and adult anti-Müllerian hormone levels.

AIM: This study aims to examine whether early-life factors are associated with adult ovarian reserve, measured by anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels. METHODS: The work is based on the Jerusalem Perinatal Study (JPS), an extensive birth cohort with detailed information on all pregnancies and deliveries in Jerusalem between 1974 and 1976. A subset of individuals participated in a follow-up study that took place between 2007 and 2009 in which they completed questionnaires and were physically examined at mean age of 32. A blood sample was additionally drawn from each participant, and AMH was measured in a sample of 239 women. The associations between each early-life factors, including birth weight, maternal pre-pregnancy weight, gestational weight gain (GWG), socioeconomic position at birth, and parental smoking during pregnancy, were assessed with AMH levels at the age of 32.Multivariable regression models were used to examine the associations with AMH, adjusting for potential confounders at birth and at the age of 32. RESULTS: Low birth weight was significantly associated with lower ovarian reserve reflected by lower levels of AMH at age 32 (range 30-36), independent of other early-life factors and after adjusting for confounders (ß = 0.180, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study demonstrates the association of birth weight and adult ovarian reserve. Underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully understood.

Higher BMI is associated with smaller regional brain volume in older adults with type 2 diabetes.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: There are established relationships between adiposity (obesity) and higher dementia risk, faster cognitive decline and associated neural injury. Type 2 diabetes is strongly linked to greater adiposity and has been consistently associated with neural injury and poor cognitive outcomes. However, although obesity is a major cause of type 2 diabetes, there is limited evidence on the association of adiposity with brain atrophy among individuals with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We examined the association of BMI (a measure of adiposity), and of long-term trajectories of BMI (three empirically identified groups of trajectories-'normal', 'overweight' and 'obese'-using SAS macro PROC TRAJ), with regional brain volume, in a sample of older individuals (aged 64-84) with type 2 diabetes participating in the Israel Diabetes and Cognitive Decline Study (n = 198). RESULTS: Using linear regression, we found that greater BMI was associated with smaller volumes of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) (r = -0.25, p = 0.001) and the middle temporal gyrus (r = -0.19; p = 0.010) after adjusting for sociodemographic covariates and total intracranial volume. In addition, there were significant differences between BMI trajectory groups in IFG volume (F = 4.34, p = 0.014), such that a long-term trajectory of obesity was associated with a smaller volume. Additional adjustment for cardiovascular and diabetes-related potential confounders did not substantively alter the results. There were no associations of adiposity with superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus or total grey matter volumes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: In older adults with type 2 diabetes, long-term adiposity may have a detrimental impact on volume of brain regions relevant to cognitive functioning. Further studies to identify the underlying mechanisms are warranted. Graphical abstract.

Effect of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid levels on leukocyte telomere lengths in the Singaporean Chinese population.

BACKGROUND: Shorter telomere length (TL) has been associated with poor health behaviors, increased risks of chronic diseases and early mortality. Excessive shortening of telomere is a marker of accelerated aging and can be influenced by oxidative stress and nutritional deficiency. Plasma n6:n3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio may impact cell aging. Increased dietary intake of marine n-3 PUFA is associated with reduced telomere attrition. However, the effect of plasma PUFA on leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and its interaction with genetic variants are not well established. METHODS: A nested coronary artery disease (CAD) case-control study comprising 711 cases and 638 controls was conducted within the Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS). Samples genotyped with the Illumina ZhongHua-8 array. Plasma n-3 and n-6 PUFA were quantified using mass spectrometry (MS). LTL was measured with quantitative PCR method. Linear regression was used to test the association between PUFA and LTL. The interaction between plasma PUFAs and genetic variants was assessed by introducing an additional term (PUFA×genetic variant) in the regression model. Analysis was carried out in cases and controls separately and subsequently meta-analyzed using the inverse-variance weighted method. We further assessed the association of PUFA and LTL with CAD risk by Cox Proportional-Hazards model and whether the effect of PUFA on CAD was mediated through LTL by using structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Higher n6:n3 ratio was significantly associated with shorter LTL (p = 0.018) and increased CAD risk (p = 0.005). These associations were mainly driven by elevated plasma total n-3 PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant interaction for an intergenic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs529143 with plasma total n-3 PUFA and DHA on LTL beyond the genome-wide threshold (p < 5 ×  10- 8). Mediation analysis showed that PUFA and LTL affected CAD risk independently. CONCLUSIONS: Higher plasma n6:n3 PUFA ratio, and lower EPA and DHA n-3 PUFAs were associated with shorter LTL and increased CAD risk in this Chinese population. Furthermore, genetic variants may modify the effect of PUFAs on LTL. PUFA and LTL had independent effect on CAD risk in our study population.

Association analyses of East Asian individuals and trans-ancestry analyses with European individuals reveal new loci associated with cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Large-scale meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >175 loci associated with fasting cholesterol levels, including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG). With differences in linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure and allele frequencies between ancestry groups, studies in additional large samples may detect new associations. We conducted staged GWAS meta-analyses in up to 69,414 East Asian individuals from 24 studies with participants from Japan, the Philippines, Korea, China, Singapore, and Taiwan. These meta-analyses identified (P < 5 × 10-8) three novel loci associated with HDL-C near CD163-APOBEC1 (P = 7.4 × 10-9), NCOA2 (P = 1.6 × 10-8), and NID2-PTGDR (P = 4.2 × 10-8), and one novel locus associated with TG near WDR11-FGFR2 (P = 2.7 × 10-10). Conditional analyses identified a second signal near CD163-APOBEC1. We then combined results from the East Asian meta-analysis with association results from up to 187,365 European individuals from the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium in a trans-ancestry meta-analysis. This analysis identified (log10Bayes Factor ≥6.1) eight additional novel lipid loci. Among the twelve total loci identified, the index variants at eight loci have demonstrated at least nominal significance with other metabolic traits in prior studies, and two loci exhibited coincident eQTLs (P < 1 × 10-5) in subcutaneous adipose tissue for BPTF and PDGFC. Taken together, these analyses identified multiple novel lipid loci, providing new potential therapeutic targets.

Gene-diet interaction effects on BMI levels in the Singapore Chinese population.

BACKGROUND: Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 97 body-mass index (BMI) associated loci. We aimed to evaluate if dietary intake modifies BMI associations at these loci in the Singapore Chinese population. METHODS: We utilized GWAS information from six data subsets from two adult Chinese population (N = 7817). Seventy-eight genotyped or imputed index BMI single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that passed quality control procedures were available in all datasets. Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI)-2010 score and ten nutrient variables were evaluated. Linear regression analyses between z score transformed BMI (Z-BMI) and dietary factors were performed. Interaction analyses were performed by introducing the interaction term (diet x SNP) in the same regression model. Analysis was carried out in each cohort individually and subsequently meta-analyzed using the inverse-variance weighted method. Analyses were also evaluated with a weighted gene-risk score (wGRS) contructed by BMI index SNPs from recent large-scale GWAS studies. RESULTS: Nominal associations between Z-BMI and AHEI-2010 and some dietary factors were identified (P = 0.047-0.010). The BMI wGRS was robustly associated with Z-BMI (P = 1.55 × 10- 15) but not with any dietary variables. Dietary variables did not significantly interact with the wGRS to modify BMI associations. When interaction analyses were repeated using individual SNPs, a significant association between cholesterol intake and rs4740619 (CCDC171) was identified (ß = 0.077, adjPinteraction = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: The CCDC171 gene locus may interact with cholesterol intake to increase BMI in the Singaporean Chinese population, however most known obesity risk loci were not associated with dietary intake and did not interact with diet to modify BMI levels.

Parent-of-Origin Effects of the APOB Gene on Adiposity in Young Adults.

Loci identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of cardio-metabolic traits account for a small proportion of the traits' heritability. To date, most association studies have not considered parent-of-origin effects (POEs). Here we report investigation of POEs on adiposity and glycemic traits in young adults. The Jerusalem Perinatal Family Follow-Up Study (JPS), comprising 1250 young adults and their mothers was used for discovery. Focusing on 18 genes identified by previous GWAS as associated with cardio-metabolic traits, we used linear regression to examine the associations of maternally- and paternally-derived offspring minor alleles with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose and insulin. We replicated and meta-analyzed JPS findings in individuals of European ancestry aged ≤50 belonging to pedigrees from the Framingham Heart Study, Family Heart Study and Erasmus Rucphen Family study (total N≅4800). We considered p<2.7x10-4 statistically significant to account for multiple testing. We identified a common coding variant in the 4th exon of APOB (rs1367117) with a significant maternally-derived effect on BMI (ß = 0.8; 95%CI:0.4,1.1; p = 3.1x10-5) and WC (ß = 2.7; 95%CI:1.7,3.7; p = 2.1x10-7). The corresponding paternally-derived effects were non-significant (p>0.6). Suggestive maternally-derived associations of rs1367117 were observed with fasting glucose (ß = 0.9; 95%CI:0.3,1.5; p = 4.0x10-3) and insulin (ln-transformed, ß = 0.06; 95%CI:0.03,0.1; p = 7.4x10-4). Bioinformatic annotation for rs1367117 revealed a variety of regulatory functions in this region in liver and adipose tissues and a 50% methylation pattern in liver only, consistent with allelic-specific methylation, which may indicate tissue-specific POE. Our findings demonstrate a maternal-specific association between a common APOB variant and adiposity, an association that was not previously detected in GWAS. These results provide evidence for the role of regulatory mechanisms, POEs specifically, in adiposity. In addition this study highlights the benefit of utilizing family studies for deciphering the genetic architecture of complex traits.

LDL-cholesterol Predicts a First CHD Event in Senior Citizens, Especially So in Those With Elevated Lipoprotein(a): Dubbo Study of the Elderly.

OBJECTIVE: The analysis was designed to explore the combined effects of LDL-cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) in predicting incident coronary heart disease (CHD) in senior citizens without prior CHD. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study in Dubbo NSW which has followed 2805 men and women 60 years and older for 16 years since 1988-1989. Subjects with prior CHD (n=607) were excluded from this analysis. Incident CHD events were identified by hospital record linkage. The contributions of LDL and Lp(a) to CHD events and their combined effects were evaluated in proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: There were 689 CHD events over 16 years in a cohort of 2198 men and women without prior CHD. LDL-cholesterol (corrected for cholesterol content of Lp(a)) and Lp(a) modelled in quartile categories each independently predicted CHD, but exclusively in Quartile 4 (Q4) for each parameter. Using the combination of LDL Q1 and Lp(a) Q1 as a reference group, LDL Q4 (>4.90mmol/L) most clearly predicted CHD in combination with Lp(a) Q4 (>276mg/L), hazard ratio 1.95 (95%CI 1.31-2.90). CONCLUSION: The present findings may have important practical implications in clinical management. If Lp(a) is assessed in senior citizens without prior CHD and found to be genuinely low, elevated LDL-cholesterol may not require active intervention.

The genetic variation rs6903956 in the novel androgen-dependent tissue factor pathway inhibitor regulating protein (ADTRP) gene is not associated with levels of plasma coagulation factors in the Singaporean Chinese.

BACKGROUND: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) has reported that rs6903956 within the first intron of androgen-dependent tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) regulating protein (ADTRP) gene is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) risk in the Chinese population. Although ADTRP is believed to be involved in the upregulation of TFPI, the underlying mechanism involved is largely unknown. This study investigated the association of rs6903956 with plasma Factor VII coagulant activity (FVIIc) and fibrinogen levels, which are regulated by TFPI and are independent risk predictors for CAD. METHODS: We conducted the analysis in both Chinese adult (N = 309) and neonatal cohorts (N = 447). The genotypes of the rs6903956 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were determined by the polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP). FVIIc and fibrinogen level were measured from citrated plasma. The association between rs6903956 and coagulation factors was tested by linear regression with adjustment for possible confounders. Analysis was carried out in adults and neonates separately. RESULTS: No significant association was observed between rs6903956 and plasma FVIIc nor fibrinogen levels with adjustment for age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and cigarette smoking in adults (P for FVIIc = 0.464; P for fibrinogen = 0.349). The SNP was also not associated with these two coagulation factors in the neonates (P for FVIIc = 0.579; P for fibrinogen = 0.359) after adjusting for gestational age, gender and birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: SNP rs6903956 on ADTRP gene was not associated with plasma FVIIc nor fibrinogen levels.

Accounting for Life-Course Exposures in Epigenetic Biomarker Association Studies: Early Life Socioeconomic Position, Candidate Gene DNA Methylation, and Adult Cardiometabolic Risk.

Recent studies suggest that epigenetic programming may mediate the relationship between early life environment, including parental socioeconomic position, and adult cardiometabolic health. However, interpreting associations between early environment and adult DNA methylation may be difficult because of time-dependent confounding by life-course exposures. Among 613 adult women (mean age = 32 years) of the Jerusalem Perinatal Study Family Follow-up (2007-2009), we investigated associations between early life socioeconomic position (paternal occupation and parental education) and mean adult DNA methylation at 5 frequently studied cardiometabolic and stress-response genes (ABCA1, INS-IGF2, LEP, HSD11B2, and NR3C1). We used multivariable linear regression and marginal structural models to estimate associations under 2 causal structures for life-course exposures and timing of methylation measurement. We also examined whether methylation was associated with adult cardiometabolic phenotype. Higher maternal education was consistently associated with higher HSD11B2 methylation (e.g., 0.5%-point higher in 9-12 years vs. ≤8 years, 95% confidence interval: 0.1, 0.8). Higher HSD11B2 methylation was also associated with lower adult weight and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. We found that associations with early life socioeconomic position measures were insensitive to different causal assumption; however, exploratory analysis did not find evidence for a mediating role of methylation in socioeconomic position-cardiometabolic risk associations.

FTO genetic variants, dietary intake and body mass index: insights from 177,330 individuals.

FTO is the strongest known genetic susceptibility locus for obesity. Experimental studies in animals suggest the potential roles of FTO in regulating food intake. The interactive relation among FTO variants, dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) is complex and results from previous often small-scale studies in humans are highly inconsistent. We performed large-scale analyses based on data from 177,330 adults (154 439 Whites, 5776 African Americans and 17 115 Asians) from 40 studies to examine: (i) the association between the FTO-rs9939609 variant (or a proxy single-nucleotide polymorphism) and total energy and macronutrient intake and (ii) the interaction between the FTO variant and dietary intake on BMI. The minor allele (A-allele) of the FTO-rs9939609 variant was associated with higher BMI in Whites (effect per allele = 0.34 [0.31, 0.37] kg/m(2), P = 1.9 × 10(-105)), and all participants (0.30 [0.30, 0.35] kg/m(2), P = 3.6 × 10(-107)). The BMI-increasing allele of the FTO variant showed a significant association with higher dietary protein intake (effect per allele = 0.08 [0.06, 0.10] %, P = 2.4 × 10(-16)), and relative weak associations with lower total energy intake (-6.4 [-10.1, -2.6] kcal/day, P = 0.001) and lower dietary carbohydrate intake (-0.07 [-0.11, -0.02] %, P = 0.004). The associations with protein (P = 7.5 × 10(-9)) and total energy (P = 0.002) were attenuated but remained significant after adjustment for BMI. We did not find significant interactions between the FTO variant and dietary intake of total energy, protein, carbohydrate or fat on BMI. Our findings suggest a positive association between the BMI-increasing allele of FTO variant and higher dietary protein intake and offer insight into potential link between FTO, dietary protein intake and adiposity.

Interaction Between Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor δ and Epithelial Membrane Protein 2 Polymorphisms Influences HDL-C Levels in the Chinese Population.

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors involved in the regulation of key metabolic pathways. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have established their important roles in lipid metabolism. A few SNPs in PPAR genes have been reported to be associated with lipid levels. In this study, we aimed to investigate the interactive effects between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in three PPAR isoforms α/δ/γ and other genetic variants across the genome on plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Study subjects (N = 2003) were genotyped using Illumina HumanOmniZhongHua-8 Beadchip. Fifty-three tag SNPs ± 100 kb of PPAR α, δ, and γ (r(2) < 0.2) were selected. The effect of interactions between PPAR SNPs and those across the genome on HDL-C was tested using linear regression models. One statistically significant interaction influencing HDL-C was detected between PPARδ SNP rs2267668 and epithelial membrane protein 2 (EMP2) downstream SNP rs7191411 (N = 1993, ß = 0.74, adjusted P = 0.022). This interaction was successfully replicated in the meta-analysis of two additional Chinese cohorts (N = 3948, P = 0.01). The present study showed a novel SNP × SNP interaction between rs2267668 in PPARδ and rs7191411 in EMP2 that has significant impact on circulating HDL-C levels in the Singaporean Chinese population.

Grand multiparity and reproductive cancer in the Jerusalem Perinatal Study Cohort.

OBJECTIVES: Grand multiparity is associated with reduced mortality from reproductive cancers. We aimed to separate the components of mortality, by measuring incidence of and survival after reproductive cancer onset in grand multiparous compared to other parous women. STUDY DESIGN: We linked data from the population-based Jerusalem Perinatal Study Cohort, which included women aged 13-55 who delivered 1964-1976, with Israel's National Cancer Registry. We compared breast and gynecologic cancer risk and all-cause survival following a cancer diagnosis, among grand multiparae (GMPs = parity 5+, n = 8,246) versus women with parity 1-4 (n = 19,703), adjusting for reproductive and demographic variables. RESULTS: Grand multiparae were at significantly lower risk of breast cancer than others (adjusted hazard ratio (HRadj) = 0.62, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.54-0.71), after controlling for age at first birth, education, and other covariates. This reduction was greater among GMPs whose first birth occurred after age 30 (p-interaction = 0.0001) and for cancer occurring before age 50 years (p = 0.002). In contrast, GMPs were at greater risk of death than women with parity <5, following a breast cancer diagnosis (HRadj = 1.69, CI 1.39-2.1). Ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancer incidence did not differ between the groups, but survival was reduced for GMPs with uterine cancer (HRadj = 2.48, CI 1.22-5.03). CONCLUSION: Reduced reproductive cancer mortality reported among GMPs masks two opposing phenomena: decreased breast cancer risk and poorer survival after breast and uterine cancers. The latter unfavorable outcome suggests that tumors in GMPs may be particularly aggressive, having perhaps escaped protective mechanisms conferred by parity. This finding calls for heightened clinical attention in this group.