Clinical and mycological features of onychomycosis in central Tunisia: a 22 years retrospective study (1986-2007).

Onychomycosis is the most frequently encountered nail disease and may be difficult to diagnose and treat. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, the clinical and mycological characteristics of onychomycosis in central Tunisia. It is a retrospective study performed over a 22-year period (1986-2007). It included 7151 patients (4709 women and 2442 men) with suspected fingernails and/or toenails onychomycosis. The patients were referred to the Mycology-Parasitology Laboratory of Farhat Hached hospital in Sousse for mycological examination. Both direct microscopy and culture of the nail material were performed to diagnose and identify the causative fungal species. Onychomycosis was confirmed in 78.6% of investigated patients (5624/7151). The positivity rate was higher in women as compared with men. In both men and women, fingernails were most frequently involved than toenails. No significant relation was found between gender and toenails onychomycosis, whereas fingernails were frequently involved in women. As far as aetiological agents are considered, dermatophytes, yeast and moulds were responsible for 49.9%, 47.4% and 2.7% of onyxis cases respectively. In fingernail infections, yeast were the most frequent fungi (83.6%), Candida albicans being the leading species (51.6%). In contrast, in toenail infections, dermatophytes were more frequent (74.1%). Trichophyton rubrum was by far the dominant species (88.1%). Yeast were observed more frequently in women whereas dermatophytes were more common in men. Moulds were involved in 4.2% of cases. The most frequent species were Aspergillus sp. and Chrysosporium sp. Onychomycosis is a frequent disease in central Tunisia. T. rubrum is the predominant agent in toenails infection and yeast, mainly C. albicans, in fingernails onychomycosis.

[Attitudes of teachers to tobacco smoking]. / Attitudes des enseignants à l'égard du tabagisme.

We aimed to evaluate the attitudes of teachers to tobacco smoking in Kalaa Kebira (a semi-urban region in the Tunisian Sahel). Data from 358 of 402 teachers surveyed were obtained using a self-completed questionnaire. The mean age of the teachers was 35.7 (SD 7.9) years. The prevalence of smoking was 29.3% (51.6% of men and 3.6% of women), and 79% of smokers were addicted to nicotine according to the Fagerström test. About 50% of the teachers were badly-informed about the dangers of smoking and 75.2% of smoking teachers did not refrain from smoking in front of their pupils. The lack of knowledge of teachers limits their role as a model and information source in the anti-tobacco struggle. It is essential to draw up an education programme for the teaching staff.

[Knowledge of patients with type 2 diabetes about their condition in Sousse, Tunisia]. / Connaissances des patients diabétiques de type 2 sur leur maladie à Sousse (Tunisie).

We assessed the knowledge of 404 type 2 diabetic patients about their condition in order to evaluate the quality of diabetes education in primary health care units in Sousse in 2003. We found that knowledge was satisfactory in only 59% of the patients. Their knowledge about the definition of diabetes and its pathophysiology were the 2 main areas where knowledge was lacking: the proportion of correct answers were 62.6% and 50.3% respectively. More attention should be paid to educating diabetic patients within the chronic disease care national programme.

Medical students and tobacco in 2004: a survey in Sousse, Tunisia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the behaviour, knowledge and attitudes towards smoking among medical students in Sousse, Tunisia. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey in classroom settings using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted at the School of Medicine during September 2004. RESULTS: The numbers of students who entered the first and the fifth years of medical training at the University of Sousse in 2004 and completed the questionnaire were respectively 120 and 110. The population age ranged from 18 to 21 years (mean 19 +/- 0.62 years) in first year students and from 22 to 30 years (mean 23 +/- 1.38 years) in fifth year students. The prevalence of daily smoking (both sexes combined) was 4.5% among first year students and 16.7% among final year students. The prevalence of daily smoking according to sex was 29.6% among boys and 0.7% among girls. Over 90% of students thought smoking was harmful to health, but there was considerable underestimation of its causal role in a number of diseases, notably coronary heart disease, bladder cancer and peripheral vascular disease. There were important defects in both knowledge and motivation regarding counselling patients to stop smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study may provide baseline data to develop an anti-smoking programme in the university.

[Tobacco use among teachers in a district of the Tunisian Sahel]. / Le tabagisme des enseignants dans une commune du Sahel Tunisien.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the scale of tobacco use among teachers in the district of Kalaa Kebira (a semi-urban region in the Tunisian Sahel). METHODS: The study design was descriptive and cross sectional, employing a self administered questionnaire given to 402 teachers. RESULTS: The response rate was 89%. The average age of respondents was 35.7 7.9 years. The global prevalence of smoking among teachers was 29.3% (men: 51.6%; women: 3.6%). 79% of smokers were addicted to nicotine according to the Fagerstrôm test. Half of the teachers were poorly informed about the hazards of smoking and 77.9% of smoking teachers didn't refrain from smoking in front of their pupils. CONCLUSIONS: The teachers' lack of knowledge limits their effectiveness both as a role model and information relay in the war against tobacco.

Epidemiology of dyslipidemia among schoolchildren in Sousse, Tunisia.

In Tunisia, there is no available data on the CVD risk profile in the children population, although it is well known that risk factor development takes place during childhood. We undertook an epidemiological survey based on a representative sample of 1569 urban school children of Sousse in Tunisia to assess the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and other lipid disorders. Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (8.1%), high level of LDL-cholesterol (3.9%), high level of Lp(a) (14.5%), hypertriglyceridemia (1.3%) and hyper Apo B (3.4%) were found. These informations will be useful to set up a regional program of Heart Health promotion in schools.

[The quality of first line management of arterial hypertension in the sanitary region of Sousse]. / La qualité de prise en charge de l'hypertension artérielle en première ligne dans la région sanitaire de Sousse.

The aim of the study is to value determinants of the quality of management of hypertension in structures of primary health care, a medical audit has been achieved on a representative sample of 456 hypertensive patients followed in the sanitary region of Sousse during the year 2002. It takes out again this work that the global quality of management of hypertension in primary health care have been considered satisfactory at only 28,7% of the hypertensive patients. It was statistically differential according to surroundings (farming: 40,5%, urban: 24,9%) and categories of the seniority of follow-up in primary health care (< or = five years: 34,6%, > five years: 23,9%). A survey multi varied by logistical regression controlling the other factors of confusion (kind, seniority of the illness, geographical and financial accessibility) kept these two factors: the farming middle (ORa: 1,97; P = 0,003) and the lower seniority to five years (ORa: 1,64; P = 0,023). So, the hypertensive patients followed in the urban health centres since more that five years should constitute the population targets a program of improvement of the quality of health care dispensed to hypertensive patients in extra hospital structures of health.

[Epidemiology of diabetes in a school children population in Tunisia]. / Epidémiologie du diabète chez l'enfant en milieu scolaire à Sousse, Tunisie.

OBJECTIVE: Study the diabetes prevalence on children because, in Tunisia there are not any available data concerning the epidemiological profile of diabetes in the population aged less than 19 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We undertook an epidemiological survey on a representative sample of 1,569 pupils from Sousse in Tunisia aged between 13 and 19 years with a global answer rate of 95.4%. Fasting blood glucose was measured by the glucose oxidase method. RESULTS: The main results showed that prevalences of the moderate hyperglycaemia on an empty stomach (2%) and of the mellitus diabetes (0.4%) did not reveal any significant statistical difference between girls and boys. The moderate hyperglycaemia prevalence varied according to the existence of other cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia (3.3%), arterial hypertension (2.1%) and overweight (3.4%). CONCLUSION: Our survey has provided a first evaluation related to a population of youngsters on the diabetes prevalence and other cardiovascular risk factors. This would help to sensitise health authorities on the importance of primary prevention and its setting in health clubs at schools.

[Cardiovascular risk in schoolchildren in rural Sousse, Tunisia]. / Risque cardiovasculaire chez l'enfant en milieu scolaire rural à Sousse, Tunisie.

There is no data available on the cardiovascular risk of children under 18 years of age in Tunisia, although it is well known that these risk factors present themselves in childhood. The authors performed an epidemiological study based on a representative sample of 793 schoolchildren in the rural region of Sousse, in Tunisia, to determine the incidence of the following risk factors: hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and other lipid disorders, obesity and smoking. The main results show that the prevalence of hypertension is 11.2% with no statistically significant difference between the sexes. The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia (2.9%), of hyper-LDL cholesterolaemia (0.6%) and hypertriglyceridaemia (1%) were comparable in boys and girls. Obesity (BMI > 30) was observed in 1.8% of the study population and was as common in girls (1.7%) as in boys (1.9%). Smoking was recorded in 4% of the study population and was commoner in boys (7.3%) than in girls (1.2%). This cardiovascular risk profile is encouraging and efforts should be made to maintain these levels until adulthood. This data will form the basis of a regional programme for the promotion of cardiovascular health in schools.

[Circulation of pharmaceutical information among general practitioners in the region of Sousse (Tunisia)]. / Les moyens d'information pharmaceutique des médecins généralistes dans la région sanitaire de Sousse (Tunisie).

The general practitioner plays an essential role in the rational strategy of drug-use by the quality of his prescription which translates the validity and the relevance of his pharmaceutical information. The objective of this work is to study the different means of pharmaceutical information used by general practitioners in the region of Sousse (Tunisia). We conducted a transversal, descriptive, exhaustive survey of 140 general practitioners in private (68) and public (72) practice during 1999. Data were collected through a questionnaire. This study, with a participation rate of 78%, showed that pharmaceutical dictionaries are the major source of information for 86% of general practitioners, that medical delegates have a positive image for 84% of them and that 36% of general practitioners do not subscribe to any medical journal. Thus, general practitioners are exposed to relatively unreliable pharmaceutical information coming generally from the pharmaceutical industry.

[Study of overweight and obesity in a population of urban school children in Sousse, Tunisia]. / Etude de la surcharge pondérale et de l'obésité dans une population d'enfants et d'adolescents scolarisés en milieu urbain à Sousse en Tunisie.

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of obesity and overweight and their relationship with cardiovascular disease risk factors. METHODS: Epidemiological survey based on a representative sample of 1569 urban school children of Sousse, Tunisia. RESULTS: Overweight (BMI > or = 25) was significantly higher in girls (16.1%) than in boys (11.6%); (chi 2 = 8.2; p = 0.004). Obesity (BMI > or = 30) was slightly higher in girls (3.7%) than in boys (2.7%); (chi 2 = 0.89; p = 0.34). Girls had significantly higher BMI, diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels than boys who had however significantly higher levels of systolic blood pressure. Overweight was significantly higher in children who did not practice sport at school: 22 versus 13.1% (p < 0.002), in groups of youngsters who were not affiliated to school sport or city associations. Overweight children had a significantly higher levels of cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and means of systolic and diastolic blood pressures. CONCLUSION: These results will serve to set up a regional program of health promotion at schools.

[Smoking among school children in Sousse, Tunisia]. / Le tabagisme en milieu scolaire à Sousse, Tunisie.

In order to study smoking habits of children and adolescents from Sousse in Tunisia, we undertook an epidemiological survey on a representative sample of 1569 pupils aged between 13 and 19 years with a global answer rate of 95,4%. The objective of the study was both to describe Tunisian adolescent smoking behaviour and also to evaluate the influence of the home environment, friends and the different socio-demographic factors on acquiring or maintaining the habit. Students were surveyed in schools using a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire. Overall 7,6% of our sample smoked tobacco with prevalence amongst boys being much higher than in girls: 14,7% versus 1,1%; X(2)=103,4, p=0,00001. The smoking prevalence rose with age: in boys it increased from 3,4% at 13 years to 32,3% at 19 years; X(2)=40,9, p=0,0001. 60,6% of youngsters interrogated were exposed to passive smoking at home. Peer smoking behaviour has a clear effect on the tobacco habits of boys. These findings suggest school and medical authorities should design specific programs to limit the spread of the tobacco phenomenon in youngsters.

Study of cardiovascular disease risk factors among rural schoolchildren in Sousse, Tunisia.

We undertook an epidemiological survey based on a representative sample of 793 rural schoolchildren in Sousse, Tunisia to assess the prevalence of certain cardiovascular disease risk factors. The prevalence of hypertension (11.2%), hypercholesterolaemia (2.9%), hypertriglyceridaemia (1.0%), high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.6%) and obesity (4.0%) showed no statistically significant difference based on sex. However, smoking (4%) showed a significant gender difference (boys: 7.3%; girls 1.2%). The relatively low cardiovascular disease risk factor profile of Tunisian children needs to be encouraged through to adulthood. Thus a school programme of heart health promotion should be established.

Study of cardiovascular disease risk factors among urban schoolchildren in Sousse, Tunisia.

To assess the risk to Tunisian children of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), we undertook an epidemiological survey of 1569 urban schoolchildren from Sousse. Prevalence rates for the following CVD risk factors were determined: hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and other lipid disorders, obesity and tobacco consumption. Hypertension and hypertriglyceridaemia showed no statistically significant difference by sex. Hypercholesterolaemia, high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and obesity were all significantly higher for girls than boys. Smoking was significantly higher among boys. The relatively low CVD risk factor profile of Tunisian schoolchildren should be encouraged in adulthood and a school heart health programme should be established.

Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors among obese urban schoolchildren in Sousse, Tunisia.

Against a background of increasing obesity among Tunisians, we conducted a transversal survey of 1569 children aged 13-19 years selected by multistage cluster sampling to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors among obese schoolchildren in the urban area of Sousse. Obese children were found to have higher blood pressure, higher triglyceride levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than children of normal weight. In both genders, the mean height and weight across all age groups was significantly higher in urban than in rural children. Our study indicates that obesity and the adverse effects of being over the ideal body weight are no longer limited to industrialized countries.

[Drug prescription typology in primary healthcare centers in Tunisian Sahel]. / Typologie des médicaments prescrits dans les structures publiques de première ligne du centre tunisien.

The objective of this survey was to determine the typology of prescription drugs ordered in primary healthcare centers of the Tunisian Sahel. We conducted a cross sectional descriptive survey to analyze 2586 medical orders written by 20 general practitioners working in the public sector of the Sousse sanitary region. The sample included 5628 types of prescription for 209 pharmaceutical agents. More than half of the prescribed drugs (56%) belonged to two therapeutic families: anti-infectious agents and antalgesic-antiinflammatory agents. The 30 most prescribed drugs in general practice accounted for 80% of the prescription lines for agents belonging to 10 therapeutic families. In this "Top 30" list, we found seven antibiotics and four cardiology medicines. The prescription profile in primary healthcare in the Tunisian Sahel shows widespread use of drugs and reflects the diversity of the morbidity encountered in the general medicine setting which corresponds to an advanced "epidemiological transition" in this geographical area. The development of a "Top 30" list could be the starting point for more efficient pharmaceutical management and for more relevant education in therapeutics.

[Profile of tobacco use among the teachers of Sousse, Tunisia]. / Les facteurs déterminants le comportement tabagique chez les enseignants de la ville de Sousse, Tunisie.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of tobacco use among the teachers in the region of Sousse (Tunisia) and to identify the factors, which determine this behavior. PATIENTS AND METHODS: It is a transactional study; using a self-administered and pre-tested questionnaire to 800 teachers. RESULTS: The population being studied was made up of 739 teachers including 50.6% of professors. The sample was 35.4% male and the average age was of 45.3±8.1 years. The total prevalence of tobacco use was 17.8% (41.4% among men and 4.7% among women). Half of these teachers smoked in their school establishments and in the presence of their pupils. The multivariate analysis had made it possible to identify four factors, which determine the profile of tobacco use in our teachers; these factors were: the sex, the age, knowledge and attitudes. CONCLUSION: It's necessary to intervene with the teachers of the town of Sousse with specific trainings on the topic of the tobacco use and dispose their adapted tools which will be used in the educational programmes of tobacco use prevention in schools.

Tracking of lipids in schoolchildren: a four-year followup, population-based study in Sousse (Tunisia).

OBJECTIVE: Dyslipidaemia, which is now seen as one of the most important cardiovascular risk factors, is becoming more common in the younger population. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of tracking serum lipid levels over a four-year period in an urban population of schoolchildren. METHODS: The study began in 1999 with a cohort of 789 schoolchildren. Four years later this group was resurveyed and a further 452 adolescent were recruited to the study. RESULTS: The percentages of boys who were initially in the extreme quartile for total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides were 42.5, 54.8 and 40.4%, respectively. Similarly, the percentages of girls in the extreme quartile were 62.7, 53.8 and 38.2%. Four years later, both the boys and girls were still in the extreme quartile for these parameters. Therefore, the best predictor of followup level for each of the serum lipoprotein cholesterol fractions was the corresponding baseline level. Interestingly, the next best predictor in most of the groups was change in body mass index (DeltaBMI) and smoking status. CONCLUSION: Prevention of coronary heart diseases in adults must begin early on in childhood, and should be driven by health education towards achieving a healthy lifestyle.

[Intervention on smoking in adolescents in Sousse, Tunisia]. / Etude d'intervention sur le tabagisme chez les adolescents dans la région de Sousse, Tunisie.

PURPOSE: To increase knowledge about smoking via a school prevention programme. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This quasi-experimental study included two groups: a control and an intervention group with a pre- and a post-evaluation of knowledge about smoking in each group. The target population consisted of students of 12 to 16 years old in Sousse, Tunisia. To evaluate the intervention, stratified and proportional sampling was used to include 2100 students in the questionnaire. All the students in the intervention group received a standardized program of information about smoking. A pre-tested and self-managed questionnaire in Arabic was used to assess knowledge about smoking, attitudes and behavioural intent before and after the intervention. RESULTS: The intervention group's post-test knowledge and behavioural intent were significantly higher than that of the control group's. No significant differences were found in post-test attitudes between the control and the intervention groups. CONCLUSION: The authors carried out this survey to evaluate the difficulties and resources in order to institute a more complete and durable program.