Clinical features and outcomes of tuberculosis in kidney transplant recipients in Brazil: a report of the last decade.

BACKGROUND: Among kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), tuberculosis is one of the most common opportunistic infections and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to describe the incidence, clinical features, and prognosis of tuberculosis in KTRs. METHODS: Retrospective single-center observational study involving all cases of tuberculosis in KTRs between 2000 and 2010. RESULTS: Of the 1549 KTRs evaluated, 43 (2.8%) developed tuberculosis, translating to an annual incidence of 803 cases/100 000 patients, considerably higher than that reported for the general population of Brazil. The median time to tuberculosis (TB) onset after transplantation was 196 d (range, 19-3626 d). Of the KTRs with tuberculosis, 67% became infected within the first year post-transplant, 74% had pulmonary tuberculosis, and 7% had a previous history of active tuberculosis. No tuberculosis prophylaxis was employed before or after transplantation. The most common symptoms were fever (in 79%), cough (in 35%), and dyspnea (in 16%). The median time from the onset of symptoms to the start of treatment was 28 d. The median duration of antituberculosis therapy was 196 d. In 15 patients (35%), the immunosuppressive therapy was reduced, and the incidence of acute rejection was higher in patients with tuberculosis than in those without (44% vs. 28%). Mortality during tuberculosis treatment was 12% (5 cases), and all five deaths were attributed to tuberculosis. Ten-yr death-censored graft survival and patient survival were similar between patients with tuberculosis and those without. CONCLUSION: Among KTRs, symptoms of tuberculosis are often attenuated, which leads to delayed diagnosis, and tuberculosis-related mortality remains high.

Lumbar puncture for neurosyphilis investigation in asymptomatic patients with HIV-syphilis coinfection: a cross-sectional study among infectious disease specialists.

BACKGROUND: Syphilis is a major public health issue worldwide. In people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV), there are higher incidences of both syphilis and neurosyphilis. The criteria for referring PLHIV with syphilis for lumbar puncture is controversial, and the diagnosis of neurosyphilis is challenging. OBJECTIVE: To describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of infectious disease specialists and residents in the context of care for asymptomatic HIV-syphilis coinfection using close-ended questions and case vignettes. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in three public health institutions in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we invited infectious disease specialists and residents at three academic healthcare institutions to answer a self-completion questionnaire available online or in paper form. RESULTS: Of 98 participants, only 23.5% provided answers that were in line with the current Brazilian recommendation. Most participants believed that the criteria for lumbar puncture should be extended for people living with HIV with low CD4+ cell counts (52.0%); in addition, participants also believed that late latent syphilis (29.6%) and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) titers ≥ 1:32 (22.4%) should be conditions for lumbar puncture in PLHIV with no neurologic symptoms. CONCLUSION: This study highlights heterogeneities in the clinical management of HIV-syphilis coinfection. Most infectious disease specialists still consider syphilis stage, VDRL titers and CD4+ cell counts as important parameters when deciding which patients need lumbar puncture for investigating neurosyphilis.

Metronidazole for Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infections in Brazil: A Single-Center Experience and Risk Factors for Mortality.

We describe the epidemiology of C. difficile infections (CDIs) focused on treatment and analyze the risk factors for mortality. This is a retrospective cohort study of CDI cases with a positive A/B toxin in the stool in 2017-2018. We analyzed the demographic data, comorbidities, previous use of antimicrobials, severity, and treatment, and we performed multivariate analysis to predict the 30-days mortality. We analyzed 84 patients, 37 (44%) of which were male, where the mean age was 68.1 years and 83 (99%) had comorbidities. The percentage of positivity of the A/B toxin was 11.6%, and the overall incidence density was 1.78/10,000 patient days. Among the patients, 65.4% had previous use of antimicrobials, with third-generation cephalosporins being the class most prescribed, and 22.6% of cases were severe. Treatment was prescribed for 70 (83.3%) patients, and there was no statistically significant difference between the initial treatment with metronidazole and vancomycin even in severe cases. The 30-day mortality was 7/84 (8.3%), and the risk factors associated with mortality was a severity score ≥2 (OR: 6.0; CI: 1.15-31.1; p = 0.03). In this cohort of CDI-affected patients with comorbidities and cancer, metronidazole was shown to be a good option for treating CDIs, and the severity score was the only independent risk factor for death.

Microbiology of Diabetic Foot Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital in São Paulo, Brazil.

Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are one of the causes of hospitalization in diabetic patients and, when this occurs, empirical antibiotic therapy is necessary. We have conducted a retrospective study of patients with DFI that required hospitalization to evaluate microbiologic profile and the susceptibility pattern of these infections. We evaluated 320 patients, of which 223 (69.7%) were male with a media age of 71 years with 276 isolates. Gram-positive bacteria were responsible for 188 (68.1%) of the isolates, while Gram-negative bacilli were responsible for 88 (31.9%). E. faecalis was the most prevalent pathogen, followed by S. aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococci. Among Gram-negative pathogens, P. aeruginosa was the most prevalent agent. Regarding the susceptibility profile, we found ampicillin-sensitive enterococci in 89% of the cases, oxacillin-sensitive S. aureus in 47%, but in coagulase-negative staphylococci, oxacillin was sensible only in 20%. The susceptibility profile of Gram-negatives was very good with 76% susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to ceftazidime and meropenem. The other prevalent Enterobacterales had great susceptibility to ceftazidime, piperacillin-tazobactam and 100% susceptibility to meropenem, with the exception of K. pneumoniae, which had 75% susceptibility to meropenem. Knowledge of microbiological profile and susceptibility patterns of patients with DFIs is useful to guide empirical therapy.

Lumbar puncture for neurosyphilis investigation in asymptomatic patients with HIV-syphilis coinfection: a cross-sectional study among infectious disease specialists

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Syphilis is a major public health issue worldwide. In people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV), there are higher incidences of both syphilis and neurosyphilis. The criteria for referring PLHIV with syphilis for lumbar puncture is controversial, and the diagnosis of neurosyphilis is challenging. OBJECTIVE: To describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of infectious disease specialists and residents in the context of care for asymptomatic HIV-syphilis coinfection using close-ended questions and case vignettes. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in three public health institutions in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we invited infectious disease specialists and residents at three academic healthcare institutions to answer a self-completion questionnaire available online or in paper form. RESULTS: Of 98 participants, only 23.5% provided answers that were in line with the current Brazilian recommendation. Most participants believed that the criteria for lumbar puncture should be extended for people living with HIV with low CD4+ cell counts (52.0%); in addition, participants also believed that late latent syphilis (29.6%) and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) titers ≥ 1:32 (22.4%) should be conditions for lumbar puncture in PLHIV with no neurologic symptoms. CONCLUSION: This study highlights heterogeneities in the clinical management of HIV-syphilis coinfection. Most infectious disease specialists still consider syphilis stage, VDRL titers and CD4+ cell counts as important parameters when deciding which patients need lumbar puncture for investigating neurosyphilis.

Avaliaçäo da assistência à saúde da mulher e da criança em localidade urbana da regiäo Sudeste do Brasil / Evaluating mother-and-child health care in Brazil

Objetivo: Analisar e comparar os cuidados prestados à populaçäo materno-infantil e contribuir para a avaliaçäo da assistência integral a esse grupo. Métodos: Inquérito populacional realizado por entrevistas, no principal posto de vacinaçäo do Município de Teresópolis, RJ, no Dia Nacional de Vacinaçäo, que abrangeu questöes sobre utilizaçäo de serviços de saúde e prestaçäo de cuidados primários preventivos. Resultados: Foram colhidas informaçöes de 329 crianças e suas respectivas mäes. Mais de 90 por cento da crianças haviam comparecido à consulta pediátrica nos três meses anteriores e quase todas possuíam o cartäo da criança, embora em 30 por cento desses cartöes näo havia qualquer peso registrado no período. Observou-se que a associaçäo positiva entre consulta de puericultura e registro de peso no cartäo da criança (RP=1,34; IC:1,13-1,58; p=0,0002). Cerca de 59 por cento das mäes compareceram à consulta de revisäo de parto, mas 25 por cento referiram nunca ter feito exame colpocitológico-oncótico e 36 por cento nunca haviam realizado exame de mama. Observou-se associaçäo positiva entre a idade materna acima de 20 anos e a realizaçäo de algum exame colpocitológico-oncótico durante a vida reprodutiva (RP=1,56; IC:1,08-2,26; p=0,03). Quase 70 por cento das mäes relataram uso de algum método anticoncepcional, principalmente pílula, condom e laqueadura tubária. Conclusöes: Apesar de algumas limitaçöes, os resultados sugerem a viabilidade da metodologia utilizada, permitindo a identificaçäo de deficiências importantes na prestaçäo de cuidados primários de saúde para crianças e principalmente para mäes