Anaesthetic considerations for elective cesarean section in a patient with a giant Tarlov cyst.

Tarlov cysts are a pathological dilatation of the meninges. Their incidence is more frequent in women between 30 and 50 years of age. The imaging test of choice for diagnosis is MRI. Of unknown etiology, most cases are asymptomatic, but symptoms of radicular irritation, among others, may occur. The therapeutic possibilities are multiple, reserving surgical excision as the last option. We report a case of successful spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section in a patient with a giant Tarlov cyst but with potential airway compromise, in whom the risks of general anaesthesia would be increased. Anaesthetic management presents a challenge for the anesthesiologist, especially in situations where the patient presents an increased anaesthetic risk for general anaesthesia, as is the case in the obstetric patient.

A case series of the use of the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway in emergency lower abdominal surgery.

The ProSeal laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) has been used routinely for anaesthesia and for difficult airway management including airway rescue in non-fasted patients. Compared with the classic laryngeal mask airway the PLMA increases protection against gastric inflation and pulmonary aspiration, by separating the respiratory and gastro-intestinal tracts. The PLMA has potential advantages over use of the tracheal tube including smoother recovery, reduced pharyngolaryngeal morbidity and even reduced postoperative pain. We report a series of patients scheduled for emergency appendicectomy, without other risk factors for regurgitation, managed with the PLMA. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with remifentanil, target controlled propofol and rocuronium. A series of 102 cases were managed without complications and high rates of first time placement of the PLMA (inserted over a suction tube placed in the oesophagus). With careful patient selection the PLMA may offer an alternative airway for use by experienced anaesthetists in patients undergoing minor lower abdominal surgery.

Monitoring intraoperative neuromuscular blockade and blood pressure with one device (TOF-Cuff): A comparative study with mechanomyography and invasive blood pressure. / Monitorización intraoperatoria del bloqueo neuromuscular y la presión arterial con un solo dispositivo (TOF-Cuff): estudio comparativo con la mecanomiografía y la presión arterial invasiva.

OBJECTIVE: The overall objective of the study is to determine the ability of TOF-Cuff device (blood-pressure modified cuff, including stimulation electrodes) to monitor with the same device the non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) and the depth of a neuromuscular blockade (NMB) induced pharmacologically, by stimulation of the brachial plexus at the humeral level and recording evoked changes in arterial pressure. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Clinical, single-centre, open-controlled study with 32 adult patients ASA I-III for scheduled elective surgery under general anaesthesia in supine position, for the validation of neuromuscular monitoring, comparing the values obtained from neuromuscular relaxation TOF-Cuff with those obtained by mechanomyography (MMG) (control method) during the recovery phase of NMB, when a TOF ratio>0.7 and>0.9 (primary endpoint) were reached respectively. And an additional consecutive study of 17 patients for validation of NIBP monitoring with TOF-Cuff device vs invasive blood pressure measured by an intra-arterial catheter. All data were analyzed using the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: Recovery from NMB measured with the TOF-Cuff was earlier compared to MMG. Comparing TOF-ratio>0.9 measured with TOF-Cuff vs TOF-ratio>0.7 with MMG, a specificity of 91% and a positive predictive value of 84% were obtained. In NIBP measurement, the mean error and standard deviation of both systolic blood pressure (1.6±7mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (-3.4±6.3) were within the European accuracy requirements for medical devices. CONCLUSIONS: The TOF-Cuff device has been shown to be valid and safe in the monitoring of NMB and in the measurement of NIBP, with no patient presenting any adverse events, skin-level lesions or residual pain. It is not interchangeable with MMG, having a TOF-ratio>0.9 quantified by the TOF-Cuff device, a good correlation with a TOF-ratio>0.7 on MMG.

Ocular melanoma: an experimental model in New Zealand white rabbits.

An experimental model is suggested for reproducing ocular melanoma in New Zealand white rabbits using B16 melanoma cells and protocols differing with respect to either tumour origin (subcutaneous fragments of melanoma B16 or B16-F10 tumour cell cultures) or implant site (the anterior chamber or subchoroidal). In 20 animals, 20 mg of methylprednisolone acetate was injected subconjunctivally as a local immunosuppressant. The only protocol resulting in tumour was inoculation of 4 x 10(6) B16-F10 melanocytes into the anterior chamber of the eye. Trans-scleral injections of cell suspensions produced tumour growth in 43% (13/30) of animals so treated. Thirteen animals developed non-neoplastic pigmented lesions formed of numerous melanophages. Another 19 animals showed non-pigmented lesions caused by reaction to the surgical procedures. Subconjunctivally injected methylprednisolone acetate did not increase the incidence of tumour growth.

Infantile cutaneous rhabdomyosarcoma (Li-Fraumeni syndrome): cytological presentation of fine-needle aspirate biopsy, report of a case.

We describe the cytopathological picture of a cutaneous rhabdomyosarcoma located in the left nasal furrow of a 4-mo-old girl, some of whose close relatives have died or suffered from different types of neoplasias (Li-Fraumeni syndrome). We believe that the cytological picture is highly characteristic and rules out other round cell tumours of childhood. We underline the usefulness of FNAC in dermatology and strongly advocate the introduction of this technique into the diagnostic armoury of every dermatologist.

Basal-cell carcinoma: cytologic and immunocytochemical findings in fine-needle aspirates.

The smears of fine-needle aspirates corresponding to 137 histologically proven basal-cell carcinomas (BCCs) were reviewed. Satisfactory for evaluation were 127 smears; the remaining 10 were unsatisfactory. In 124 cases (97.6%), the cytologic diagnoses coincided with the histologic ones. The remaining 3 were false negatives, and the subsequent histologic correlation demonstrated superficial BCC missed by the needle. The cytologic criteria that permitted a diagnosis of BCC were: variable-sized and irregular-shaped cohesive epithelial clusters, round to oval monomorphic nuclei, bland chromatin pattern, and sparse cytoplasm. In 35 cases, a panel of antibodies was used in the smears and in the respective histologic sections. Epithelial clusters of BCC showed an intense and diffuse positivity for AE-3 and BerEP4, while UEAI and AE-1 were negative. Although HMB45 and S100-A tested negative in the epithelial clusters, a faint and sparse focal positivity for HMB45 and S-100A was seen in some clusters. This positivity is believed to correspond to just a few normal melanocytes and Langerhans cells trapped in the neoplastic epithelial clusters. In the histologic correlates, the same results were obtained, although HMB45 positivity was more conspicuous at the periphery of the neoplastic nests.

On the utility and limitations of fine-needle aspiration of palpable lesions located in the hand.

Various types of superficial and deep-seated lesions may occur in the hand, causing concern to the patient and posing diagnostic dilemmas to the clinician. A study was undertaken to evaluate the utility of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or scraping for the diagnosis of palpable lesions located in the hand. From a clinico-cytologic point of view, lesions were classified as superficial (n = 41) or deep-seated (n = 66), and aspirates were categorized into five groups: benign without specific cytohistologic diagnosis, benign with specific cytohistologic diagnosis, atypical, malignant without specific cytohistologic diagnosis, and malignant with specific cytohistologic diagnosis. Out of 107 cases with aspirates adequate for cytologic evaluation, 85 had histologic correlation; in 22 cases, histologic confirmation was deemed unnecessary because of unequivocal cytologic findings and/or clinical workup. Sensitivity was 90.9%, specificity 100%, and efficacy 98%. Based on these findings, we believe that FNA or scraping may help in the clinical workup of patients with either superficial or deep-seated lesions located in this anatomic region.

On the limited value of fine-needle aspiration for the diagnosis of benign melanocytic proliferations of the skin.

This a retrospective study of 39 patients with pigmented cutaneous lesions with a subsequent histologic diagnosis of melanocytic neoplasia. The most important cytologic features seen in the fine-needle aspirates were assessed in the 26 cases deemed satisfactory for evaluation. Though cytology, along with essential clinical data, could enable a general diagnosis of melanocytic lesion and could differentiate it from other nonmelanocytic pigmented lesions, cytology could not provide a precise diagnosis of the different histologic types of benign melanocytic nevi, nor could it enable their differentiation from dysplastic melanocytic nevi or incipient malignant melanoma.

Utility of fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of panniculitis.

This is a retrospective reassessment of the most important cytopathologic features of 23 FNA smears with a cytologic diagnosis of panniculitis (PN). Patients were sent by clinicians. Clinical diagnoses were as follows: 16 suspicious of PN; three cutaneous metastases of an extracutaneous primary neoplasm; four with no clinical diagnosis. Thirteen cases were subsequently submitted to histopathologic study. The following cytoarchitectural patterns were found to be very useful for the cytologic diagnosis of PN: adipocytes intermingled with foamy histiocytes, donut-like granulomas, aggregates of adipocytes intermingled with plump histiocytes, a granular basophilic background forming a lattice-like pattern, and well-formed granulomas with or without multinucleated giant cells. Inflammatory cells could be seen combined with any of these cytoarchitectural patterns. FNA does not pretend to replace excisional biopsy as the diagnostic procedure for these entities but it is a very useful diagnostic tool in certain cases: for confirming the recurrence of PN previously diagnosed by histology, for evaluating the onset of subcutaneous nodules in patients with a non-cutaneous malignant primary neoplasm, for evaluating cutaneous nodules with no clinical suspicion, and for confirming a clinical diagnosis of PN and differentiating it from other entities that mimic PN clinically.

On the utility of fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of primary scalp lesions.

A study of the clinico-cytologic findings of 62 primary palpable lesions located in the scalp is reported. Trichilemmal cyst (16 cases) followed by lipoma (8 cases) and benign melanocytic proliferation (4 cases) were the most frequent benign conditions (n = 45); basal-cell carcinoma (6 cases) and squamous-cell carcinoma (5 cases) were the most frequently aspirated malignant tumors (n = 17). In the cytologic category of benign lesions (n = 45), cytohistologic correlation was carried out in 19 cases and the cytohistologic agreement was 100%, except for the three actinic keratosis cases that were diagnosed as atypical epidermal lesions. Cytohistologic agreement was 100% in the 16 malignant lesions in which excisional biopsy was performed. Based on the findings reported here, fine-needle aspiration is indicated as the first-choice technique for the clinical evaluation of primary scalp lesions. Experience with cutaneous cytopathology is essential in order to be able to carry out this task.

Consideraciones anestésicas para cesárea electiva en una paciente con quiste de Tarlov gigante / Anaesthetic considerations for elective cesarean section in a patient with a giant Tarlov cyst

Los quistes de Tarlov son una dilatación patológica de las meninges. Su incidencia es más frecuente en mujeres de edades comprendidas entre 30 y 50 años. La prueba de imagen de elección para su diagnóstico es la RM. De etiología desconocida, la mayoría de los casos son asintomáticos, pero pueden manifestarse síntomas de irritación radicular, entre otros. Las posibilidades terapéuticas son múltiples, reservando la escisión quirúrgica como último escalón. Presentamos un caso en el que se realiza con éxito una anestesia raquídea para una cesárea electiva en una paciente con un quiste de Tarlov gigante, pero con potencial compromiso de la vía aérea, en la que la que los riesgos de una anestesia general podrían estar aumentados. El manejo anestésico presenta un desafío para el anestesiólogo, especialmente en situaciones en las que el paciente presente un riesgo anestésico aumentado para la anestesia general, como es el caso de la paciente obstétrica.(AU)

Tarlov cysts are a pathological dilatation of the meninges. Their incidence is more frequent in women between 30 and 50 years of age. The imaging test of choice for diagnosis is MRI. Of unknown etiology, most cases are asymptomatic, but symptoms of radicular irritation, among others, may occur. The therapeutic possibilities are multiple, reserving surgical excision as the last option. We report a case of successful spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section in a patient with a giant Tarlov cyst but with potential airway compromise, in whom the risks of general anaesthesia would be increased. Anaesthetic management presents a challenge for the anesthesiologist, especially in situations where the patient presents an increased anaesthetic risk for general anaesthesia, as is the case in the obstetric patient.(AU)

Monitorización intraoperatoria del bloqueo neuromuscular y la presión arterial con un solo dispositivo (TOF-Cuff): estudio comparativo con la mecanomiografía y la presión arterial invasiva / Monitoring intraoperative neuromuscular blockade and blood pressure with one device (TOF-Cuff): A comparative study with mechanomyography and invasive blood pressure

Objetivo. Determinar la capacidad del dispositivo TOF-Cuff (manguito de presión modificado que incluye electrodos de estimulación) para monitorizar la presión arterial no invasiva (PANI) y el nivel de bloqueo neuromuscular (BNM) inducido farmacológicamente. Material y método. Estudio observacional, prospectivo, de 32 pacientes adultos ASA I-III programados para cirugía bajo anestesia general, para la validación de la monitorización del BNM con el dispositivo TOF-Cuff vs. mecanomiografía (MMG, método control) durante la fase de recuperación del BNM, cuando se alcanzó un TOF-ratio de 0,9 con TOF-Cuff y de 0,7 con la MMG (variable principal). Para completar el estudio principal se realizó un estudio adicional consecutivo al anterior y que incluyó a 17 pacientes para validar el dispositivo TOF-Cuff en la monitorización de la PANI en comparación con la presión arterial invasiva a nivel de la arteria radial (método control). Los datos fueron analizados mediante el método de Bland-Altman. Resultados. Se produjo un adelanto de la recuperación medida con TOF-Cuff respecto a la mecanomiografía. Al comparar un TOF-ratio>0,9 cuantificado mediante TOF-Cuff con un TOF-ratio>0,7 en la MMG tuvo una especificidad del 91% y un valor predictivo positivo del 84%. En la medición de la PANI, el error medio y la desviación estándar tanto de la presión arterial sistólica (1,6±7mmHg) como diastólica (−3,4±6,3) estuvieron dentro de los requisitos europeos de precisión para aparatos sanitarios. Conclusiones. El dispositivo TOF-Cuff ha mostrado ser válido y seguro en la monitorización del BNM y en la medición de la PANI, no presentando ningún paciente acontecimientos adversos, lesiones a nivel de la piel o dolor residual. No es intercambiable con la MMG, teniendo un TOF-ratio>0,9 cuantificado mediante el dispositivo TOF-Cuff, una buena correlación con un TOF-ratio>0,7 en la MMG (AU)

Objective. The overall objective of the study is to determine the ability of TOF-Cuff device (blood-pressure modified cuff, including stimulation electrodes) to monitor with the same device the non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) and the depth of a neuromuscular blockade (NMB) induced pharmacologically, by stimulation of the brachial plexus at the humeral level and recording evoked changes in arterial pressure. Material and method. Clinical, single-centre, open-controlled study with 32 adult patients ASA I-III for scheduled elective surgery under general anaesthesia in supine position, for the validation of neuromuscular monitoring, comparing the values obtained from neuromuscular relaxation TOF-Cuff with those obtained by mechanomyography (MMG) (control method) during the recovery phase of NMB, when a TOF ratio>0.7 and>0.9 (primary endpoint) were reached respectively. And an additional consecutive study of 17 patients for validation of NIBP monitoring with TOF-Cuff device vs invasive blood pressure measured by an intra-arterial catheter. All data were analyzed using the Bland-Altman method. Results. Recovery from NMB measured with the TOF-Cuff was earlier compared to MMG. Comparing TOF-ratio>0.9 measured with TOF-Cuff vs TOF-ratio>0.7 with MMG, a specificity of 91% and a positive predictive value of 84% were obtained. In NIBP measurement, the mean error and standard deviation of both systolic blood pressure (1.6±7mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (−3.4±6.3) were within the European accuracy requirements for medical devices. Conclusions. The TOF-Cuff device has been shown to be valid and safe in the monitoring of NMB and in the measurement of NIBP, with no patient presenting any adverse events, skin-level lesions or residual pain. It is not interchangeable with MMG, having a TOF-ratio>0.9 quantified by the TOF-Cuff device, a good correlation with a TOF-ratio>0.7 on MMG (AU)

Fine needle aspiration cytology of cutaneous vascular tumours.

We have studied 12 cutaneous vascular tumours by means of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC): six capillary haemangiomas, one cavernous haemangioma, one Masson's pseudo-angiosarcoma, two angiosarcomas, one benign haemangioendothelioma and one glomus tumour. We describe the main cytopathological findings and we discuss the differential diagnosis in each case. We consider that the cytopathological findings of the above lesions, evaluated in the context of the clinical findings, are sufficiently characteristic for us to be able to make a definitive diagnosis. We believe that FNAC can play an important part in the diagnosis and therapeutic planning of these tumours.

Tratamiento del Síndrome de Dolor Miofascial con Toxina Botulínica tipo A / Botulinum toxin type A in the management of Myofascial pain syndrome

Introducción: El síndrome de dolor miofascial (SDM) se caracteriza por áreas dolorosas de la musculatura esquelética y por la evidencia clínica y electromiográfica de contracción de bandas musculares sobre las cuales existe un punto cuya presión desencadena un dolor intenso local y referido (punto gatillo). La fisiopatología es incierta pero una posible explicación sería la lesión del músculo por microtraumatismos, sobreuso o espasmo prolongado. La toxina botulínica la produce el microorganismo Clostridium botulinum en condiciones anaeróbicas y se trata de una de las sustancias más potentes que se conocen. Material y métodos: Se trata de un estudio observacional prospectivo en el que hemos estudiado la aplicación de la toxina botulínica tipo A en el tratamiento del síndrome de dolor miofascial en una serie de 20 pacientes. Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a una infiltración diagnóstica de la musculatura lumbar o del músculo piramidal con 8 ml de ropivacaína al 0,2% y 6 mg de fosfato sódico de betametasona y 6 mg de acetato de betametasona. Para la localización de los músculos utilizamos referencias anatómicas y administramos de 3 a 5 ml de contraste hidro-soluble para asegurarnos mediante fluoroscopia de la correcta localización de la aguja. La administración de toxina botulínica se realizó siguiendo el mismo método utilizado en las infiltraciones diagnósticas. Decidimos utilizar una dosis de 250 U de Dysport® en cada músculo a infiltrar sin pasar en ningún caso de 1000 U para un mismo paciente. La eficacia del tratamiento se basó en el control del dolor según la Escala Visual Analógica basal (EVA 1), a los 15 días (EVA 15), a los 30 días (EVA 30) y a los 90 días (EVA 90) de las infiltraciones y el test de Lattinen evaluado antes del tratamiento (TLT 1) y al final del estudio (TLT 2). Todos los pacientes fueron preguntados acerca de posibles efectos secundarios. Finalmente se registró el grado de satisfacción del paciente al finalizar el estudio: excelente, buena, regular o mala. Resultados: En todos los pacientes la infiltración diagnóstica fue considerada como positiva con la posterior administración de la toxina botulínica. En todos los casos se produjo una reducción en la EVA de al menos el 50% a los 15 y a los 30 días. A los 90 días, esta reducción mayor o igual al 50% se mantuvo en 13 de los 20 pacientes, mientras que en los 7 pacientes restantes esta reducción fue inferior al 50%. La EVA media inicial fue de 7,7 ± 1,2 de desviación estándar y el TLT medio inicial de 12 ± 2,3, existiendo una alta correspondencia con la EVA. La evolución de la EVA media en los controles posteriores fue: EVA 15 = 3,34 ± 2,5; EVA 30 = 3,54 ± 2,37 y EVA 90 = 4,94 ± 2,83. El TLT medio a los 90 días fue de 7,43 ± 3,49. Tan solo una paciente refirió debilidad muscular ligera en piernas durante las 48 horas posteriores a la infiltración que cedió de forma espontánea. La satisfacción con el tratamiento fue excelente en 10 pacientes (50 %), buena en 7 (35 %) y regular en 3 (15 %). Ningún paciente calificó la experiencia como mala. Conclusión: La infiltración muscular con toxina botulínica tipo A en el tratamiento del SDM se muestra como un tratamiento eficaz y seguro (AU)

Introduction: Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a condition characterised by painful areas of skeletal muscle and by the clinical and electromyographic evidences of contraction of muscle’s band associated with trigger points. Trigger points are locally tender muscle areas when active and refer pain through specific patterns to other areas of the body. The physiopathology is unknown and a possible explication could be to muscle lesion caused by microtrauma, overuse, excessive strain o prolonged spasm.Botulinum toxin is produced by the microorganism Clostridium botulinum in anaerobic conditions and is one of the strongest known substances. Material and methods: It is an observational prospective study. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of the muscular injection of the botulinum toxin in reducing pain in the MPS in 20 patients. All patients had a diagnostic injection of the lumbar musculature or the piriformis muscle of 8 ml of 0.2% ropi-vacaine and 6 mg of sodium betamethasone phosphate and 6 mg of acetate betamethasone in each muscle. We used anatomical references to localise each muscle and we injected 1 ml of hydrosoluble contrast to confirm by radioscopy guidance the correct localization of the needle in the muscle to treat. The administration of the botulinum toxin was carried out using the same method used for the diagnostic infiltrations. We decided to use one dose of 250 U of Dysport® in each muscle and we exceeded 1000 U in none patient. The assessment of the treatment efficacy was based on the pain reduction according to the visual analog scale (VAS) on the first day of the injection (VAS 1), at day 15 (VAS 15), day 30 (VAS 30) and day 90 (VAS 90) after insertion of the botulinum toxin and the test of Lattinen was evaluated before the treatment (TLT 1) and at the completion of the study (TLT 2). All patients were asked regarding side effects and the grade of satisfaction at the end of the study was defined as excellent, good, regular or bad. Results: In all patients, the diagnostic injection was considerate positive with the posterior administration of the botulinum toxin. There was at least a reduction of 50% of the pain in the EVA in the 20 cases at day 15 and 30. At day 90, the reduction of the pain at 50% was maintained in 13 patients and less than 50% in the rest of the patients. The initial median EVA was 7.7 ± 1.2 standard desvia-tion and the TLT median initial of 12± 2.3. The evolution of the EVA median in the following controls was EVA 15 = 3,34 ± 2,5; EVA 30 = 3,54 ± 2,37 y EVA 90 = 4,94 ± 2,83. The median TLT at day 90 was de 7,43 ± 3,49. Only one patient referred mild muscle weakness of the lower limbs during 48 hours following the injection that improved spontaneously. The satisfaction was excellent in 10 patients (50%), good in 7 (35%) and average in 3 (15%). None of the patient qualified the experience as bad. Conclusion: The muscular injection of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of MSP is effective and safe (AU)