[Laparoscopic radical cystectomy and orthotopic urinary diversion in the male patient: technique]. / Técnica de cistectomía radical laparoscópica y derivación urinaria ortotópica en el varón.

Radical cystectomy with extended pelvic lymphadenectomy remains the treatment of choice for muscle invasive bladder cancer and non-metastatic chorion-invasive high grade tumors resistant to treatment with intravesical chemotherapy. During the last decade the procedure has been refined and we have acquired the skills necessary to perform it using the laparoscopic approach. In this way, the oncologic and functional outcomes obtained can be compared to those of its open counterpart. This article describes in detail the technique of radical cystoprostatectomy and urinary diversion in the male patient conducted by our group in an attempt to improve the knowledge and spread of this always difficult procedure.

[Smoking habit and superficial bladder tumours' natural history]. / Efecto del tabaco sobre la evolución de los tumores de vejiga.

OBJECTIVES: To disclose the features of bladder cancer in current smokers at diagnosis and to study the differences in recurrence and progression between smokers and non-smokers. PATIENTS & METHODS: 786 consecutive patients with bladder cancer from 1991 to 2004 were studied in a retrospective manner and characteristics of smokers tumours were compared to non smokers. RESULTS: 377 (48%) patients were smokers at diagnosis. There were no differences in terms of age and T stage between smokers and non smokers (t student and Chi square). We found statistical differences in tumours grade, size and multiplicity ( Chi square, p=0.046, p=0.001 and p=0.12 respectly). No differences were found between smokers and non smokers according to recurrence. (Log Rank, Breslow y Tarone-Ware N.S.). We did find differences according to progression (Log Rank p=0.03, Breslow p=0.05 y Tarone-Ware p=0.03) although it did not support multivariate study. CONCLUSIONS: Currents smokers present bigger and higher grade tumors and, more frequently in a multiple fashion at diagnosis than non-smokers.

[Prevalence and clinical meaning of focal and incidental prostate cancers]. / Prevalencia y significado clínico de los cánceres de próstata focales e incidentales.

OBJECTIVES: To calculate the proportion of focal and incidental prostate cancers (PCa) in our setting, to study their relationship with the findings in radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens, and to establish their clinical relevance in terms of progression and survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We selected patients with focal cancer, defined as a maximum extent of 3 mm in one or two adjacent prostate biopsy cores (transrectal ultrasound guided, sextant). In addition we included a group of patients with incidental T1a cancers (diagnosed after prostatectomy, nonpalpable, with less than 5% tumor in specimen). The proportion of those cancers over the total of tumors diagnosed in our health area was calculated. Also, clinical characteristics of such cancers were recorded (age, PSA, Gleason grade and score), and also therapy given. In cases that underwent RP, pathological findings were also recorded. Finally, survival analysis (Kaplan-Meier) was carried out to describe the natural history of these patients in terms of time to progression and time to death from PCa. RESULTS: From 819 patients diagnosed of PCa, 46 (5.6%) presented with focal cancer and 23 (2.8%) with stage T1a tumors. None of the patients with incidental cancer (T1a) underwent RP opposed to 17 of 46 focal T1c cancers (37%). Although none of these cases showed extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle invasion, or lymph node invasion, relevant disease (stage pT2b or higher) was found in 15 cases (88.2%) and pathological Gleason score > 7 in 2 cases (2.9%). With a mean follow-up time of 37.6 months (standard error 4.26), the probability of being free from any progression was, for T1a cancers at 2 and 5 years, of 75.4% and 57.1% respectively, and 94.4% and 94.4% respectively for T1c cases. No PCa deaths were recorded in the presented cases during the mentioned follow-up period. CONCLUSION: In our experience, the finding of microscopic or focal cancers in sextant prostate biopsy is related to a high proportion of clinically relevant tumors in RP specimens (88%). We think that expectant management of patients with such findings in prostate biopsy should be questioned.

Quantitative real-time reverse transcription: polymerase chain reaction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for detection of circulating prostatic cells in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical utility of using the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to quantify prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA in peripheral blood samples from patients with prostate cancer as a predictor of extraprostatic extension of the disease and to assess any correlations with known predictive markers of this condition. METHODS: Immediately before radical prostatectomy, peripheral blood samples were taken from 42 men with clinically localized prostate cancer and analysed for PSA and 18S ribosomal (endogenous control) genes using real-time RT-PCR (with gene expression assays and the comparative CT-cycle threshold-method for quantifying). A total of 30 healthy male blood donors aged <50 y was taken as a control group. The relationships between PSA mRNA values, pathological and clinical features were analysed. PSA mRNA value, PSA level and biopsy Gleason score were then compared as predictors of extraprostatic extension. RESULTS: PSA gene expression was 3.73 times significantly higher in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer than in healthy men (P<0.05). There was no relationship between PSA real-time RT-PCR values and pathological stage pT2 or pT3 (P=0.5), and no association between PSA mRNA value and serum PSA level (P=0.9) or the Gleason score of the preoperative biopsy (P=0.9). CONCLUSION: There was no significant advantage in using the real-time RT-PCR assay of PSA mRNA before surgery to stage prostate cancer and to discriminate between organ-confined and extraprostatic extension.

[Effect of polyphenols from the Mediterranean diet on proliferation and mediators of in vitro invasiveness of the MB-49 murine bladder cancer cell line]. / Efecto de polifenoles de la dieta mediterránea sobre la proliferación y mediadores de la invasividad "in vitro" de la linea de cancer vesical murino MB-49.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of different polyphenols on the proliferation and invasive capacity of MB-49 murine bladder tumor cell lines and to identify the mediators involved in this process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MB-49 murine bladder cancer cells were cultured in media supplemented with resveratrol, rutin, morin, quercetin, gallic acid and tannic acid (all of them are polyphenols usually present in Mediterranean diet) for periods of 24, 48 and 72 hours to quantify the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) in the culture medium, as well as of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and cell proliferation. RESULTS: All the polyphenols studied significantly inhibited proliferation of MB-49 cells, varying according to the time periods and doses used. The cells in the media supplemented with the nutrients to study did not show inhibition of mRNA expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) or its high affinity receptor (uPAR). It was even slightly increased in certain cases. However, mRNA expression of metalloproteinase-9 was strongly inhibited. CONCLUSIONS: The polyphenols present in our usual diet exert an effect on the proliferation and mediators of bladder tumor invasiveness in MB-49 cells.

Transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site ureteral reimplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the outcomes of umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) ureteral reimplantation using a reusable single-port platform. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The casuistic of LESS ureteral reimplantation in 5 patients is presented. The surgical technique using KeyPort system (reusable umbilical single-site platform) is described. Dissection, suctioning and suturing by minilaparoscopy through 3.5mm accessory port in the iliac fossa are performed. Operative and postoperative outcomes are presented. The median follow-up at time of analysis was 11 ± 14 months. RESULTS: The median age of patients was a 49 ± 34 year; male-female ratio was 1:1.15. Left surgery was carried out in all cases. In 4 patients, the etiology was secondary to stenosis (3 iatrogenic and 1 pelvic endometriosis). In the remaining case, the procedure was performed after excision of a symptomatic adult ureterocele. In all cases, bladder catheter and double-J ureteral catheter were inserted for 7 ± 3 and 30 ± 15 days and then removed. No conversion to convectional laparoscopic or open surgery occurred. The surgery time was 145 ± 60 min, and intraoperative bleeding was 100 ± 75 cc. Neither transfusion nor high analgesia was necessary. No postoperative complications, minor or major, have been reported. Hospital stay was 2 ± 0.5 days. In any patient, restenosis or worsening of renal function occurred. CONCLUSIONS: In experimented centers, transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site ureteroneocystostomy is a safe alternative with comparable results to conventional laparoscopy and an excellent cosmetic result at low cost thanks to device reuse.

Laparoendoscopic single-site retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in non-seminomatous germ cell malignancy.

INTRODUCTION: Umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery represents an excellent alternative to laparoscopic or robotic multiport surgery. LESS surgery offers faster recovery, less postoperative pain and optimal cosmetic results. LESS is possible in virtually any urologic surgery. PATIENT AND METHOD: We present a 38-year-old male with BMI 31.2 and with history of stage I nonseminomatous mixed germ cell tumor showing interaortocaval lymph node recurrence without elevation of tumor markers. Patient was undergone to right laparoendoscopic single-site retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (LDRP-LESS) by umbilical approach using a single-site multichannel KeyPort (Richard Wolf GmbH, Knittlingen, Germany). RESULTS: After the placement of the device and triangulation of the clips, we proceeded to operate on posterior parietal peritoneum. The descending colon was mobilized to access the retroperitoneum. Complete retroperitoneal lymph node dissection on the right side from iliac vessels to renal vessels, including the paracaval and interaortocaval space, was performed. The specimen was inserted into a laparoscopic bag and was removed together with multichannel system. Abdominal drainage was not employed. Surgical time was 85 min and estimated bleeding 50 cc. The patient was very satisfied with the cosmetic results and was discharged the following day without needing analgesia. The pathology report revealed metastatic seminoma in 5 of 11 lymph nodes receiving systemic chemotherapy (VP16-CDDPs) for 4 cycles with good tolerance. A year later, the patient was disease-free and had no complications. CONCLUSIONS: Umbilical primary LDRP-LESS, with excellent oncologic and cosmetic results, is feasible in selected cases. This approach could be considered the least invasive surgical option economically advantageous due to the reusable nature of the instruments used.

The best option: Umbilical LESS radical nephrectomy with vaginal extraction.

INTRODUCTION: Umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery represents an excellent alternative to laparoscopic or robotic multiport surgery. LESS surgery offers faster recovery, less postoperative pain and optimal cosmetic results. The reusable nature of its instruments also has significant economic advantages. PATIENT AND METHOD: We present a 34-year-old patient with a solid mesorenal lesion measuring 8 cm in the left kidney treated with pure LESS radical nephrectomy assisted by vaginal extraction of the specimen. The umbilical approach using a single-site multichannel KeyPort (Richard Wolf GmbH, Knittlingen, Germany) with DuoRotate curved instruments allows for minimum crushing and fewer spatial conflicts. Its perfect umbilical adaptation provides a hermetic system. The instrument's double rotation provides considerable movement precision. Vaginal extraction avoids damage to the abdominal wall and the need for widening the umbilical incision. RESULTS: After the placement of the device and triangulation of the clips, we proceeded to operate on posterior parietal peritoneum. The descending colon was mobilized to access the retroperitoneum and dissect the renal hilum. Hem-o-lok clips were placed on the artery and vein, which were subsequently sectioned. The specimen was inserted into a laparoscopic bag. Under direct vision, we placed a 15-mm trocar through the bottom of the vaginal posterior fornix to facilitate the extraction of the bag's thread. The incision was widened with the fingers, and the specimen was extracted, closing the vagina from the perineum with visualization from the navel. Abdominal drainage was not employed. The surgical time was 180 min. The patient was discharged the following day without needing analgesia. A year later, the patient was disease-free and had no complications. CONCLUSIONS: Umbilical LESS radical nephrectomy with vaginal extraction is feasible in selected cases. The procedure is oncologically safe, avoids scars and facilitates early recovery. From a practical point of view, this approach greatly simplifies natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and enables a minimally invasive equivalent result.

[Percutaneous endourologic treatment of obstructive ureteral lithiasis in renal transplant]. / Tratamiento endourológico percutáneo de litiasis ureteral obstructiva en injerto renal.

Donor graft lithiasis is a unusual complication of renal transplantation, however, it is associated to a high morbidity. This pathology is due to several causes such us: metabolic factors, infectious disease, drugs, foreign bodies or transferred in the donor graft. The objective of the treatment is to remove the lithiasis without damaging the renal unit. We report the successful percutaneous anterograde treatment of an ureteral obstructive hard calculi, in renal allograft.

[Epidemiological characteristics of bladder tumors in the Cuenca area throughout a seventeen-year period]. / Características epidemiológicas de las neoplasias vesicales en la provincia de Cuenca en los ultimos 17 años.

OBJECTIVE: Bladder cancer is such an important health problem and accounts for most of the surgical duty in the urology departments. We achieve to draw the features of patients diagnosed with bladder tumors in the Cuenca area throughout a seventeen-year period. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From January 1985 to December 2002 we recorded in the Cuenca area the entire urologic tumor recently diagnosed. The following features were recorded: gender, age, pathology, TNM classification, risk factors (alcohol, cigarette smoking and coffee), social demography (rural/ urban) and the presence of metastasis. RESULTS: We achieve significant differences within pathology, age at diagnosis, incidence, social demography and some risk factors throughout the seventeen-year period. CONCLUSIONS: More bladder cancers are diagnosed along this time, more of them are infiltrating, in an aging population and from a rural precedence although a slightly decrease in the overall population in this are has been documented.

[Use of intrarectal lidocaine gel in ultrasound-guided transrectal biopsies of the prostate]. / Uso de gel de lidocaína intrarectal en las biopsias transrectales ecodirigidas de próstata.

OBJECTIVE: To know in a quantitative manner the degree of discomfort and pain of the biopsies of the prostate and to evaluate the effectiveness of the transrectal lidocaine. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We performed 140 transrectal biopsies of the prostate, Patients were included on a random basis into two arms: one of them received intrarectal lidocaine, 20 mg (group 1, n = 71) and the other group received placebo (group 2, n = 28) both of them ten minutes prior the proceeding. RESULTS: The global pain mean was 3.7 (0 no pain, 10 highest pain) and the global discomfort mean was 3.5. The group 1 patients showed a trend to feel less pain and discomfort although it did not reach the necessary statistic significance (p = 0.7 y p = 0.5 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We do not achieve the good results obtained by other groups in order to decrease the degree of pain and discomfort with the use of intrarectal lidocaine. We did not find relationship between the PSA level, previous biopsies, intrarectal lidocaina and degree of information received and the degree of pain and discomfort.

[Current state of single-port transumbilical surgery in urology: challenges and applications]. / Estado actual de la cirugía transumbilical por puerto único en urología: retos y aplicaciones.

CONTEXT: Laparoscopic surgery in urology is considered to be an important advance, although it is not exempt from some morbidity associated to the use of multiple trocars and specifically to the extraction of the specimen. In order to decrease this morbidity and improve esthetics, other techniques are being developed, such as natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS). It is aimed to review the current status of laparoendoscopic single site surgery in urology. ACQUISITION OF EVIDENCE: A nonsystematic review has been carried out by means of the bibliographic search using the terms LESS and Urology from 2007 to 2012. The current LESS experience in urology is described, and its principal indications and the different single site devices and instruments available on the market are described. SYNTHESIS OF EVIDENCE: LESS surgery arose as one more step in the constant evolution of minimally invasive surgery in an attempt to improve esthetics, reduce surgical trauma and decrease pain and the post-operative complications associated to the conventional laparoscopy with multiple trocars. Since it was first described in 2007, the experience has been increasing exponentially and the LESS technique, whether assisted or not by robot, is becoming consolidated for a large spectrum of urological indications (both in oncological and reconstructive surgery) on a much greater scale than the NOTES technique. Even though most of the existing data are not randomized and very rarely comparative, with the selection bias that this represents, it seems clear that the esthetic benefit and analgesic control associated to the LESS surgery is real and reproducible. The complications associated to it are greater in cases of major oncology surgery and are due more to the technique itself then to the approach. CONCLUSIONS: Although the real benefit of the LESS surgery in urology cannot be appropriately quantified, the cosmetic improvement, less pain and greater patient satisfaction with their wound are clear. Appropriate training in this type of procedures in centers having large volumes and the continuous technical improvements in the instrumental development by the biomedical industry has resulted in the fact that the transumbilical LESS technique in urology has been born to stay.

Utility of Histoscanning™ prior to prostate biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: HistoScanning™ (HS) is a method of ecographic diagnosis of prostate cancer. We analyze the effectiveness of the HS realization prior to the biopsies for the prostate adenocarcinoma diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From August to October 2012 we have carried out a study with HS prior to the biopsies in 32 patients. In all cases sextants transrectal biopsies have been realized (two cores in each sextant) in the periphery zone. In those sextants in which there were suspicious areas with HS, the biopsies were addressed to those areas. Transperineal biopsies were added to those zones placed in the half-front or apical prostatic zone. The medium age was 63.7 years (range 40-82) with a medium PSA of 8.0 ng/ml (range 3.5-36.2) and a medium prostatic volume of 46.6cc (range 18.2-103.2). In eight cases it was the first biopsy, in 14 cases they were repetition biopsies and 10 patients had a previous diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma (8 in a program of active surveillance and 2 T1a in RTU of previous prostate). RESULTS: In the 32 patients a medium of 7,5 zones were biopsied (range 6-9) with a total of 239 zones studied. There were identified a medium of 3.2 zones with suspicious areas (ZS) with HS (range 2-5) with a total of 103 ZS. In 72 zones of 25 patients it was found adenocarcinoma or PIN (2 PIN, 11 score Gleason 6, 7 score Gleason 7, 3 score Gleason 8 and 2 score Gleason 9). There were 35 positive false zones in 20 patients (11 normal parenquima and 9 chronic inflammation). Negative falses were produced in 5 zones in 5 patients (2PIN, 2 score Gleason 6 and 1 score Gleason 7) although in all 5 cases adenocarcinoma was encountered (o discovered) in other zones. The HS presented a sensibility of a 93.5% with a specificity of 79.5%. The positive predictive value was of the 67.35% with a negative predictive value of 96.5%. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of being a selected serie, with a high rate of patients with adenocarcinoma, the exploration with HS has presented a great sensibility and a high negative predictive value. These data, although they must be confirmed in less selected series, state that the prior exploration with HS can help as in the diagnostic in the biopsies as in the follow-up of programs of active surveillance.

[Umbilical single-port pyelolithectomy on horseshoe kidney: a new indication]. / Pielolitectomía por puerto único umbilical sobre riñón en herradura: una nueva indicación.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic surgery through a single port is an evolution of laparoscopic surgery, possible after recent technological development of new access systems. It is an established minimally invasive technique, although its indications in the field of Urology are currently under development. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present the first case of incision-less pyelolithectomy, performed through a single-port placed in the umbilicus, performed in a 47 years-old male patient (38.2 BMI) with solitary 4 cm diameter lithiasis in a horseshoe kidney. An umbilical 2.5 cm incision was used for the introduction of a prototype of the reusable Richard Wolf single-port system, without any ancillary elements. RESULTS: After placement of left double-J stent proximal left ureter and renal pelvis, pyelolithectomy and pyelorraphy were performed with DuoRotate-Instruments© (Richard Wolf). Water-tightness was demostrated with methylene blue intravesical instillation and no drain was placed. The procedure lasted for 280 min and bleeding was 30 cc. The patient was discharged 24 hours later without pain. CONCLUSION: Incision-less pyelolithectomy is a feasible and resolutive option to treat pelvic lithiasis. It can be considered the most beneficial option in aesthetical terms in experienced centers, especially in peculiar cases like horseshoe kidney.

[Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy]. / Nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the surgical and oncologic outcome of prospective experience with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. We describe the surgical technique and mid term oncological results achieved. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 60 patients were operated with this technique between June 2005 and June 2009. The mean age of patients was 58.9 [38-77] years, being 40 (66.7%) males and 20 (33.3%) women. The average BMI was 26.8 [18-40]. Laterality was 28 (46.7%) tumors rights and 32 (53.3%) left, being located in the upper pole in 14 (23.3%) patients, in the middle third in 13 (21.7%) in the lower pole in 22 (36.7%) and hiliar region in 11 (18.3%). In 23 cases (38.3%) tumors were located in the anterior valve, in 24 (40%) in posterior valve, in 10 (16.7%) at the outer edge and 3 (5%) at the inner edge. The average size tumor on CT was 3.3 [1-6.4] cm and in the surgical specimen 3.1 [1.2-7] cm. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 107.17 [50-185] min, with a warm ischemia time of 33 [0-70] min. In 56 cases (93.3%) had a single artery and 4 (6.7%) cases had 2 arteries. The artery was clamped alone in 15 patients (25%), artery and vein in 44 (73.3%) and no clamping was performed in 1 (1.7%). We repaired the urinary tract in 32 patients (53.3%), leaving ureteral catheter in all patients. 20% of patients (12) required transfusion. Intraoperative complications occurred in 5 patients (8.7%). These were: 1 splenic injury requiring splenectomy (1.7%), 1 tear in the vena cava, sutured laparoscopically (1.7%) and 3 cases of bleeding due to bulldog malfunction (5%). Postoperative complications occurred in 11 patients (18.7%) and these were: 1 wall hematoma that required reoperation (1.7%), 1 urinary fistula ending in renal atrophy and subsequent nephrectomy (1.7%), 3 intracavitary hematomas hich resolved conservatively (5%), 1 arteriovenous fistula that needed embolization (1.7%), 1 urinoma that was resolved with percutaneous drainage (1.7%) and 3 cases of postoperative fever (5%). Margins were positive in 1 patient (1.7%). In 49 cases (81.7%) histology was renal cell carcinoma, in 8 (13.3%) oncocytoma, in 2 (3.3%) angiomyolipoma and 1 (1.7%) metastasis. The average stay was 5 [3-29] days. Median follow up was 31 [12-61] months. There was a local recurrence at 16 months (hiliar primary tumor 2.5 cm) and an ipsilateral adrenal metastasis at 34 months (primary tumor 5.6 cm in left lower pole). CONCLUSIONS: In this series of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy low rate of complications, good oncologic results and low recurrence rate in the short term are shown. More patients and further monitoring is required to strengthen the functional and oncological outcomes of this surgical technique.

[Treatment of distal ureteral stricture by laparoscopic ureterovesical reimplantation]. / Tratamiento de la estenosis de uréter distal mediante reimplantación urétero-vesical laparoscópica.

INTRODUCTION: to analyse the results achieved to treat iliac or pelvic ureteric stricture using laparoscopic reimplantation of the ureter in a psoic bladder. MATERIAL AND METHOD: in a four-year period, we performed laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation in a psoic bladder in 6 patients (right/left 1:1; male/female 1:2; mean age 59.2 years, range 47-87). In 4 cases the lesion was iatrogenic and in 2 cases idiopathic. Ureteral resection with bladder cuff and cystorraphy followed by ipsilateral lymph node dissection was performed in idiopathic cases or those with history of previous urothelial tumour (4 cases in total) before ureteral reimplantation. Bladder was extensively mobilized and fixed to minor psoas tendon before performing ureteroneocystostomy. Mixed intra and extravesical technique with submucosal tunnel (Politano) was used in a case and in the remaining 5 cases extravesical technique with submucosal tunnel (Goodwin) was used. Mean follow-up was 26 months (range 18-34). RESULTS: there was no need to convert to open surgery. Time of surgery was 230 minutes in the case treated with Politano ureteroneocystostomy and 120 (range 75-150) in those treated purely extravesically. The mean hospital stay was 3.2 days (range 2-5). There were no intra or postoperative complications. Histologic assessment always revealed ureteral fibrosis and in 2 cases accompanying granulomatous inflammation and dysplasia. No patient suffered re-stricture or impairment in renal function during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation is an effective and safe minimally invasive technique to treat benign distal stricture of the ureter. Simplicity of extravesical reimplantation has an advantage over its intravesical counterpart.

[Laparoscopic extraperitoneal adenomectomy: surgical technique and preliminary results]. / Adenomectomía extraperitoneal laparoscópica: descripción técnica quirúrgica y resultados preliminares.

OBJECTIVE: We analyze the laparascopic adenomectomy preliminary results and describe the surgical technique, for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), for glands greater than 60cc. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January to April 2009 we have performed 10 laparoscopic adenomectomies. We performed a descriptive and retrospective study and early postoperative results were analyzed. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed using IPSS 17.0. The surgical technique is described step by step. RESULTS: Conversion to open surgery was not required, and none of the patients had serious peri-operative and post-operative complications. None of the ten patients required blood transfusions. Median operating time was 112,5min (80-135). Median hospital stay was 3,5 days (2-5) and median catheterization period was 7 days (3-21). The median prostate enucleated weight was 62gr. (40-93). The median postoperative Qmax was 18,8ml/seg and the median score of IPSS was 5. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic adenomectomy is a low rate morbidity technique and reproducible in centers with laparoscopic skills. Prospective and comparative studies with open surgery will be necessary to choose the best technique for our patients.

Tratamiento de la estenosis de uréter distal mediante reimplantación urétero-vesical laparoscópica / Treatment of distal ureteral stricture by laparoscopic ureterovesical reimplantation

Introducción: analizar los resultados obtenidos para tratar la estenosis de uréter iliaco-pelviano sin tumor activo mediante reimplantación laparoscópica en vejiga psoica. Material y método: en un período de 4 años hemos practicado reimplantación ureteral laparoscópica en vejiga psoica a 6 pacientes (derecho/izquierdo 1:1; hombre/mujer 1:2; edad media 59,2 años, rango 47-85). En 4 casos la etiología fue iatrogénica y en 2 idiopática. En los pacientes con causa idiopática o antecedentes de tumor urotelial (4 casos en total) se realizó resección ureteral laparoscópica con rodete vesical, cistorrafia y linfadenectomía ipsilateral antes de la reimplantación. Se movilizó ampliamente la vejiga y se fijó al tendón del psoas. La reimplantación se realizó mediante técnica mixta intra-extravesical con túnel submucoso (Politano) en un caso, y mediante técnica extravesical con túnel submucoso (Goodwin) en el resto. El seguimiento medio fue 26 meses (rango 18-34). Resultados: no hubo reconversión a cirugía abierta y la duración fue 230 minutos en el caso de la reimplantación tipo Politano y 120 minutos (rango 75-150) para la reimplantación extravesical. La estancia postoperatoria fue 3,2 días (rango 2-5). No se produjeron complicaciones intra o postoperatorias. El estudio histológico mostró en todos los casos fibrosis ureteral sin signos de malignidad y ausencia de metástasis ganglionares. Ningún paciente ha presentado reestenosis ni deterioro de la función renal durante el seguimiento. Conclusiones: en casos seleccionados la reimplantación ureteral laparoscópica es una técnica mínimamente invasiva, eficaz y segura para el tratamiento de las estenosis ureterales distales sin tumor activo. Por su simplicidad de ejecución es preferible la reimplantación extravesical (AU)

Introduction: to analyse the results achieved to treat iliac or pelvic ureteric stricture using laparoscopic reimplantation of the ureter in a psoic bladder. Material and method: in a four-year period, we performed laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation in a psoic bladder in 6 patients (right/left 1:1; male/female 1:2; mean age 59.2 years, range 47-87). In 4 cases the lesion was iatrogenic and in 2 cases idiopathic. Ureteral resection with bladder cuff and cystorraphy followed by ipsilateral lymph node dissection was performed in idiopathic cases or those with history of previous urothelial tumour (4 cases in total) before ureteral reimplantation. Bladder was extensively mobilized and fixed to minor psoas tendon before performing ureteroneocystostomy. Mixed intra and extravesical technique with submucosal tunnel (Politano) was used in a case and in the remaining 5 cases extravesical technique with submucosal tunnel (Goodwin) was used. Mean follow-up was 26 months (range 18-34). Results: there was no need to convert to open surgery. Time of surgery was 230minutes in the case treated with Politano ureteroneocystostomy and 120 (range 75-150) in those treated purely extravesically. The mean hospital stay was 3.2 days (range 2-5). There were no intra or postoperative complications. Histologic assessment always revealed ureteral fibrosis and in 2 cases accompanying granulomatous inflammation and dysplasia. No patient suffered re-stricture or impairment in renal function during follow-up. Conclusions: laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation is an effective and safe minimally invasive technique to treat benign distal stricture of the ureter. Simplicity of extravesical reimplantation has an advantage over its intravesical counterpart (AU)

Nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica / Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy

Objetivo: Analizar el resultado quirúrgico y oncológico de una experiencia prospectiva con nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica y los resultados oncológicos conseguidos a medio plazo. Material y métodos: Fueron intervenidos 60 pacientes mediante esta técnica entre junio de 2005 y junio de 2009. La edad media de los pacientes fue 58,9 (38-77 años), siendo 40 (66,7%) varones y 20 (33,3%) mujeres. El IMC medio fue 26,8 (18-40). La lateralidad fue 28 (46,7%) tumores derechos y 32 (53,3%) izquierdos, localizándose en el polo superior en 14 (23,3%) pacientes, en la zona media en 13 (21,7%), en el polo inferior en 22 (36,7%) y en la zona hiliar en 11 (18,3%). En 23 (38,3%) casos el tumor se localizó en la valva anterior, en 24 (40%) en la valva posterior, en 10 (16,7%) en el borde externo y en 3 (5%) en el borde interno. El tamaño medio tumoral en la TAC fue 3,3 (1-6,4) cm y en la pieza quirúrgica 3,1 (1,2-7) cm. Resultados: El tiempo medio quirúrgico fue 107,17 (50-185) minutos, con un tiempo de isquemia caliente de 33 (0-70) minutos. En 56 casos (93,3%) había una sola arteria y en 4 (6,7%) dos. Se realizó clampaje sólo de la arteria en 15 pacientes (25%), de la arteria y la vena en 44 (73,3%) y no se realizó clampaje en uno (1,7%). Se realizó reparación de la vía urinaria en 32 pacientes (53,3%), dejándose catéter ureteral en todos ellos. Precisaron transfusión el 20% de los pacientes (12). Se produjeron complicaciones intraoperatorias en 5 pacientes (8,7%). Estas fueron: una lesión esplénica que requirió esplenectomía (1,7%), un desgarro de la vena cava que se suturó laparoscópicamente (1,7%) y tres casos de sangrado por mal funcionamiento del «bulldog» (5%). Se produjeron complicaciones postquirúrgicas en 11 pacientes (18,7%) y estas fueron: un hematoma de pared que requirió reintervención (1,7%), una fístula urinaria que terminó en atrofia renal y posterior nefrectomía (1,7%), tres hematomas intracavitarios que se resolvieron de manera conservadora (5%), una fístula arteriovenosa que precisó embolización selectiva (1,7%), un urinoma que se solucionó con drenaje percutáneo (1,7%) y tres casos de fiebre postoperatoria (5%). Hubo márgenes positivos en un paciente (1,7%). En 49 casos (81,7%) la histología fue carcinoma renal, en 8 (13,3%) oncocitoma, en dos (3,3%) angiomiolipoma y en uno (1,7%) metástasis. La estancia media fue 5 (3-29) días. El seguimiento medio fue de 31 (12-61) meses. Se produjo una recidiva local a los 16 meses (tumor primario hiliar de 2,5 cm) y una metástasis en la suprarrenal ipsilateral a los 34 meses (tumor primario de 5,6 cm en el polo inferior izquierdo). Conclusiones: En esta serie de nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica se demuestra la baja tasa de complicaciones, los buenos resultados oncológicos y la baja tasa de recidiva a corto plazo. Se precisa mayor número de pacientes y seguimiento para afianzar los resultados oncológicos y funcionales de esta técnica quirúrgica (AU)

Objetives: To analyze the surgical and oncologic outcome of prospective experience with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. We describe the surgical technique and mid term oncological results achieved. Material and methods: 60 patients were operated with this technique between June 2005 and June 2009. The mean age of patients was 58.9 [38-77] years, being 40 (66.7%) males and 20 (33.3%) women. The average BMI was 26.8 [18-40]. Laterality was 28 (46.7%) tumors rights and 32 (53.3%) left, being located in the upper pole in 14 (23.3%) patients, in the middle third in 13 (21.7%) in the lower pole in 22 (36.7%) and hiliar region in 11 (18.3%). In 23 cases (38.3%) tumors were located in the anterior valve, in 24 (40%) in posterior valve, in 10 (16.7%) at the outer edge and 3 (5%) at the inner edge. The average size tumor on CT was 3.3 [1-6.4] cm and in the surgical specimen 3.1 [1.2-7] cm. Results: The mean operative time was 107.17 [50-185] min, with a warm ischemia time of 33 [0-70] min. In 56 cases (93.3%) had a single artery and 4 (6.7%) cases had 2 arteries. The artery was clamped alone in 15 patients (25%), artery and vein in 44 (73.3%) and no clamping was performed in 1 (1.7%). We repaired the urinary tract in 32 patients (53.3%), leaving ureteral catheter in all patients. 20% of patients (12) required transfusion. Intraoperative complications occurred in 5 patients (8.7%). These were: 1 splenic injury requiring splenectomy (1.7%), 1 tear in the vena cava, sutured laparoscopically (1.7%) and 3 cases of bleeding due to bulldog malfunction (5%). Postoperative complications occurred in 11 patients (18.7%) and these were: 1 wall hematoma that required reoperation (1.7%), 1 urinary fistula ending in renal atrophy and subsequent nephrectomy (1.7%), 3 intracavitary hematomas hich resolved conservatively (5%), 1 arteriovenous fistula that needed embolization (1.7%), 1 urinoma that was resolved with percutaneous drainage (1.7%) and 3 cases of postoperative fever (5%). Margins were positive in 1 patient (1.7%). In 49 cases (81.7%) histology was renal cell carcinoma, in 8 (13.3%) oncocytoma, in 2 (3.3%) angiomyolipoma and 1 (1.7%) metastasis. The average stay was 5 [3-29] days. Median follow up was 31 [12-61] months. There was a local recurrence at 16 months (hiliar primary tumor 2.5 cm) and an ipsilateral adrenal metastasis at 34 months (primary tumor 5.6 cm in left lower pole). Conclusions: In this series of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy low rate of complications, good oncologic results and low recurrence rate in the short term are shown. More patients and further monitoring is required to strengthen the functional and oncological outcomes of this surgical technique (AU)

Adenomectomía extraperitoneal laparoscópica: descripción técnica quirúrgica y resultados preliminares / Laparoscopic extraperitoneal adenomectomy: surgical technique and preliminar results

Objetivos: Analizamos los resultados preliminares de la adenomectomía laparoscópica y su descripción técnica, para el tratamiento de la HBP, en glándulas con un tamaño superior a 60cc. Material y métodos: Entre enero y abril de 2009 hemos realizado 10 adenomectomías laparoscópicas. Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo y analizamos los resultados obtenidos en el postoperatorio inmediato. El análisis estadístico descriptivo se realizó con el programa SPSS versión 17. Se describe paso a paso la técnica quirúrgica utilizada. Resultados: No hubo conversión a cirugía abierta en ninguno de los casos, tampoco hubo complicaciones peri-postoperatorias de carácter grave. Ningún paciente requirió transfusión sanguínea. La mediana de la duración de la cirugía fue de 112,5min (80–135). La mediana de estancia hospitalaria fue de 3,5 días (2–5) y el tiempo con sonda vesical de 7 días (3–21). El peso medio del tejido enucleado fue de 62 gramos (40–93). El Qmax postoperatorio fue de 18,8ml/seg y la puntuación media del cuestionario IPSS de 5. Conclusiones: La adenomectomía laparoscópica es una técnica con baja morbilidad y reproducible en centros con experiencia laparoscópica. Serán necesarios estudios prospectivos comparativos con cirugía abierta, para elegir la mejor técnica para nuestros pacientes (AU)

Objective: We analyze the laparascopic adenomectomy preliminar results and describe the surgical technique, for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), for glands greater than 60cc. Materials and methods: From January to April 2009 we have performed 10 laparoscopic adenomectomies. We performed a descriptive and retrospective study and early postoperative results were analyzed. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed using IPSS 17.0. The surgical technique is described step by step. Results: Conversion to open surgery was not required, and none of the patients had serious peri-operative and post-operative complications. None of the ten patients required blood transfusions. Median operating time was 112,5min (80–135). Median hospital stay was 3,5 days (2–5) and median catheterization period was 7 days (3–21). The median prostate enucleated weight was 62gr. (40–93). The median postoperative Qmax was 18,8ml/seg and the median score of IPSS was 5. Conclusions: Laparoscopic adenomectomy is a low rate morbidity technique and reproducible in centers with laparoscopic skills. Prospective and comparative studies with open surgery will be necessaries to choose the best technique for our patients (AU)