RABiT-III: an Automated Micronucleus Assay at a Non-Specialized Biodosimetry Facility.

Micronuclei, detected through the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay, are valuable indicators of ionizing radiation exposure, especially in short-term lymphocyte cultures. The peripheral human blood lymphocyte assay is recognized as a prime candidate for automated biodosimetry. In a prior project at the Columbia University Center for Radiological Research, we automated this assay using the 96-well ANSI/SLAS microplate standard format and relied on established biotech robotic systems named Rapid Automated Biodosimetry Tool (RABiT). In this study, we present the application of a similar automated biotech setup at an external high-throughput facility (RABiT-III) to implement the same automated cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Specifically, we employed the Agilent BRAVO liquid-handling system and GE IN Cell Analyzer 6000 imaging system in conjunction with the PerkinElmer Columbus image data storage and analysis system. Notably, this analysis system features an embedded PhenoLOGIC machine learning module, simplifying the creation of cell classification algorithms for CBMN assay image analysis and enabling the generation of radiation dose-response curves. This investigation underscores the adaptability of the RABiT-II CBMN protocol to diverse RABiT-III biotech robotic platforms in non-specialized biodosimetry centers. Furthermore, it highlights the advantages of machine learning in rapidly developing algorithms crucial for the high-throughput automated analysis of RABiT-III images.

A pharmaceutical company user's perspective on the potential of high content screening in drug discovery.

It is early to fully reflect on the state of the art in high content screening (HCS), because it is still a relatively new approach in drug discovery. Although the development of the first microscopes are a century old and the first confocal microscope is only 20 yr old, the fluorescent probes used within HCS along with the combination of robotic automation and integrated software technologies are quite new. HCS will require a few more years to fully demonstrate its potential power in drug discovery. Within the last year, however, one has seen this ever-expanding field lure participants in from all areas of science, introducing newer versions of instruments and reagents such that the combined efforts result in platforms and tools that meet many organizational goals in multiple ways. The potential of HCS today lies in its versatility. HCS can be used for primary screening, basic research, target identification, biomarkers, cytotoxicity, and helping to predict clinical outcomes. HCS is being applied to stem cells, patient cells, primary hepatocytes, and immortalized cultured cells. We have noted for individual specialized assays, there are multiple solutions just as there are for those standardized universally accepted assays. Whether we have needed to query cellular processes under live conditions or wanted to follow kinetically the course of a compound's effects on particular cellular reactions, we have been hampered by only a few limitations. This chapter offers a glimpse inside the use of HCS in our drug discovery environment.

Prediction of potent shRNAs with a sequential classification algorithm.

We present SplashRNA, a sequential classifier to predict potent microRNA-based short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). Trained on published and novel data sets, SplashRNA outperforms previous algorithms and reliably predicts the most efficient shRNAs for a given gene. Combined with an optimized miR-E backbone, >90% of high-scoring SplashRNA predictions trigger >85% protein knockdown when expressed from a single genomic integration. SplashRNA can significantly improve the accuracy of loss-of-function genetics studies and facilitates the generation of compact shRNA libraries.

High-throughput confocal microscopy for beta-arrestin-green fluorescent protein translocation G protein-coupled receptor assays using the Evotec Opera.

Ligand-activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to regulate a myriad of homeostatic functions. Inappropriate signaling is associated with several pathophysiological states. GPCRs belong to a approximately 800 member superfamily of seven transmembrane-spanning receptor proteins that respond to a diversity of ligands. As such, they present themselves as potential points of therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, orphan GPCRs, which are GPCRs without a known cognate ligand, offer new opportunities as drug development targets. This chapter describes a systems-based biological approach, one that combines in silico bioinformatics, genomics, high-throughput screening, and high-content cell-based confocal microscopy strategies to (1) identify a relevant subset of protein family targets, (2) within the therapeutic area of energy metabolism/obesity, (3) and to identify small molecule leads as tractable combinatorial and medicinal chemistry starting points. Our choice of screening platform was the Transfluor beta-arrestin-green fluorescent protein translocation assay in which full-length human orphan GPCRs were stably expressed in a U-2 OS cell background. These cells lend themselves to high-speed confocal imaging techniques using the Evotec Technologies Opera automated microscope system. The basic assay system can be implemented in any laboratory using a fluorescent probe, a stably expressed GPCR of interest, automation-assisted plate and liquid-handling techniques, an optimized image analysis algorithm, and a high-speed confocal microscope with sophisticated data analysis tools.

Design, execution, and analysis of pooled in vitro CRISPR/Cas9 screens.

The recently described clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology has proven to be an exquisitely powerful and invaluable method of genetic manipulation and/or modification. As such, many researchers have realized the potential of using the CRISPR/Cas9 system as a novel screening method for the identification of important proteins in biological processes and have designed short guide RNA libraries for an in vitro screening. The seminal papers describing these libraries offer valuable information regarding methods for generating the short guide RNA libraries, creating cell lines containing these libraries, and specific details regarding the screening workflow. However, certain considerations are often overlooked that may be important when planning and performing a screen, including which CRISPR library to use and how to best analyze the resulting screen data. In this review, we offer suggestions to answer some of these questions that are not covered as deeply in the papers describing the available CRISPR libraries for an in vitro screening.

Using CRISPR/Cas to study gene function and model disease in vivo.

The recent discovery of the CRISPR/Cas system and repurposing of this technology to edit a variety of different genomes have revolutionized an array of scientific fields, from genetics and translational research, to agriculture and bioproduction. In particular, the prospect of rapid and precise genome editing in laboratory animals by CRISPR/Cas has generated an immense interest in the scientific community. Here we review current in vivo applications of CRISPR/Cas and how this technology can improve our knowledge of gene function and our understanding of biological processes in animal models.

Kinase Regulation of Human MHC Class I Molecule Expression on Cancer Cells.

The major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-1) presents antigenic peptides to tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. The regulation of MHC-I by kinases is largely unstudied, even though many patients with cancer are receiving therapeutic kinase inhibitors. Regulators of cell-surface HLA amounts were discovered using a pooled human kinome shRNA interference-based approach. Hits scoring highly were subsequently validated by additional RNAi and pharmacologic inhibitors. MAP2K1 (MEK), EGFR, and RET were validated as negative regulators of MHC-I expression and antigen presentation machinery in multiple cancer types, acting through an ERK output-dependent mechanism; the pathways responsible for increased MHC-I upon kinase inhibition were mapped. Activated MAPK signaling in mouse tumors in vivo suppressed components of MHC-I and the antigen presentation machinery. Pharmacologic inhibition of MAPK signaling also led to improved peptide/MHC target recognition and killing by T cells and TCR-mimic antibodies. Druggable kinases may thus serve as immediately applicable targets for modulating immunotherapy for many diseases. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(11); 936-47. ©2016 AACR.

Impact of RNA-guided technologies for target identification and deconvolution.

For well over a decade, RNA interference (RNAi) has provided a powerful tool for investigators to query specific gene targets in an easily modulated loss-of-function setting, both in vitro and in vivo. Hundreds of publications have demonstrated the utility of RNAi in arrayed and pooled-based formats, in a wide variety of cell-based systems, including clonal, stem, transformed, and primary cells. Over the years, there have been significant improvements in the design of target-specific small-interfering RNA (siRNA) and short-hairpin RNA (shRNA), expression vectors, methods for mitigating off-target effects, and accurately interpreting screening results. Recent developments in RNAi technology include the Sensor assay, high-efficiency miR-E shRNAs, improved shRNA virus production with Pasha (DRGC8) knockdown, and assessment of RNAi off-target effects by using the C9-11 method. An exciting addition to the arsenal of RNA-mediated gene modulation is the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas) system for genomic editing, allowing for gene functional knockout rather than knockdown.