Endemic viral infections in immunocompromised hosts: Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Arbovirus infections are a challenge for immunocompromised hosts who travel to or live in endemic regions or who receive organs or tissues from donors who travel or live in such areas. This review addresses Dengue (DENV), Chikungunya (CHIKV), and Zika (ZIKV) infections in hematological patients, hematopoietic cell or solid organ transplant recipients, and people with HIV (PWH). RECENT FINDINGS: Transmission is mainly due through Aedes mosquito bite. DENV and ZIKV may also be transmitted through blood, tissues or donor grafts. Clinical manifestations are quite similar and diagnosis requires laboratory confirmation to provide appropriate management. The best diagnostic method is PCR since serology may present false negative results in immunocompromised patients, or cross-reactivity as in the case of DENV and ZIKV. There is no specific treatment for any of these infections. SUMMARY: Educational and preventive measures are the best strategy: vector control, knowledge of the vector's habits, protection against mosquito bites, avoiding travel to endemic areas or with a current epidemic, and avoiding nonvector transmission according to local recommendations for donor deferral. Vaccination, currently only available for DENV, has not yet been studied in immunocompromised patients and is not currently recommended.

Risk factors for invasive fusariosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Risk factors for invasive fusariosis (IF) have not been characterized. We attempted to identify risk factors for IF in a prospective cohort of hematologic patients treated in 8 centers in Brazil. METHODS: Patients with (cases) and without (controls) proven or probable IF diagnosed in a cohort of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplasia (MDS), and in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients (early, until day 40; late, after day 40 posttransplant) were compared by univariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 237 induction remission courses of AML/MDS and 663 HCTs (345 allogeneic and 318 autologous), 25 cases of IF were diagnosed. In the AML/MDS cohort, active smoking (hazard ratio [HR], 9.11 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.04-40.71]) was associated with IF. Variables associated with IF in the early phase of allogeneic HCT were receipt of antithymocyte globulin (HR, 22.77 [95% CI, 4.85-101.34]), hyperglycemia (HR, 5.17 [95% CI, 1.40-19.11]), center 7 (HR, 5.15 [95% CI, 1.66-15.97]), and AML (HR, 4.38 [95% CI, 1.39-13.81]), and in the late phase were nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen (HR, 35.08 [95% CI, 3.90-315.27]), grade III/IV graft-vs-host disease (HR, 16.50 [95% CI, 2.67-102.28]), and previous invasive mold disease (HR, 10.65 [95% CI, 1.19-95.39]). CONCLUSIONS: Attempts to reduce the risk of IF may include smoking cessation, aggressive control of hyperglycemia, and the use of a mold-active agent as prophylaxis in patients receiving nonmyeloablative HCT or ATG in the conditioning regimen. Future research should further explore smoking and other prehospital variables as risks for IF.

Randomized double-blind clinical trial comparing clobetasol and dexamethasone for the topical treatment of symptomatic oral chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Patients who undergo allogeneic stem cell transplantation frequently develop an immunologic disease caused by the reactivation of the graft to the host tissues. This disease is called graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and it is usually a systemic disorder. In a large proportion of cases, oral disorders that are related to a chronic phase of GVHD (cGVHD) occur, and their treatment involves the use of topical immunosuppressive drugs. Several medications have been studied for this purpose, but only a small number of clinical trials have been published. The present study is a randomized, double-blind clinical trial that compares topical clobetasol and dexamethasone for the treatment of symptomatic oral cGVHD. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with clobetasol propionate .05% or dexamethasone .1 mg/mL for 28 days. In both arms, nystatin 100,000 IU/mL was administered with the corticosteroid. Oral lesions were evaluated by the modified oral mucositis rating scale (mOMRS) and symptoms were registered using a visual analogue scale. Thirty-five patients were recruited, and 32 patients were randomized into the study groups: 18 patients (56.3%) to the dexamethasone group and 14 patients (43.8%) to the clobetasol group. The use of clobetasol resulted in a significant reduction in mOMRS total score (P = .04) and in the score for ulcers (P = .03). In both groups, there was significant symptomatic improvement but the response was significantly greater in the clobetasol group (P = .02). In conclusion, clobetasol was significantly more effective than dexamethasone for the amelioration of symptoms and clinical aspects of oral lesions in cGVHD.

Oral status of patients submitted to autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

PURPOSE: Oral infection may be a source of bacteremia in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between patients with poor periodontal status and complications after HSCT. METHODS: A cohort of patients with hematological malignancies candidates for autologous HSCT was observed before and during the neutropenic phase of HSCT. A primary evaluation was performed before the HSCT procedure, including medical and socio-demographic data and physical examination (number of teeth and decayed, missing and filled teeth index (DMFT), oral mucosa, and full mouth periodontal assessment). During the neutropenic phase, data regarding the development of febrile neutropenia, bacteremia, and mucositis were also prospectively obtained. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients were included. The most common baseline disease was multiple myeloma (70 %). In the primary evaluations, the median DMFT was 13 (ranging 0-27), and periodontitis and gingivitis were present in 29 and 60 % of the patients, respectively. During the neutropenic phase of HSCT, fever occurred in 96 % of patients, and bacteremia was documented in 29 %. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most common isolated bacteria. Patients who developed bacteremia had a higher frequency of oral disorders compared with those without bacteremia, but it was not statistically significant. Oral mucositis affected 89.6 % of the patients, and patients with gingivitis or periodontal disorders had a high frequency of mucositis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of oral pathologic conditions previous to HSCT procedures was very high in the studied population. A possible association was noted between previous gingivitis and the development of mucositis during the neutropenia of HSCT.

Increased incidence of invasive fusariosis with cutaneous portal of entry, Brazil.

Invasive fusariosis (IF) is an infection with Fusarium spp. fungi that primarily affects patients with hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. A cutaneous portal of entry is occasionally reported. We reviewed all cases of IF in Brazil during 2000-2010, divided into 2 periods: 2000-2005 (period 1) and 2006-2010 (period 2). We calculated incidence rates of IF and of superficial infections with Fusarium spp. fungi identified in patients at a dermatology outpatient unit. IF incidence for periods 1 and 2 was 0.86 cases versus 10.23 cases per 1,000 admissions (p<0.001), respectively; superficial fusarial infection incidence was 7.23 versus 16.26 positive cultures per 1,000 superficial cultures (p<0.001), respectively. Of 21 cases of IF, 14 showed a primary cutaneous portal of entry. Further studies are needed to identify reservoirs of these fungi in the community and to implement preventive measures for patients at risk.

Candida glabrata: an emerging pathogen in Brazilian tertiary care hospitals.

Candida glabrata is an infrequent cause of candidemia in Brazilian public hospitals. We investigated putative differences in the epidemiology of candidemia in institutions with different sources of funding. Prospective laboratory-based surveillance of candidemia was conducted in seven private and two public Brazilian tertiary care hospitals. Among 4,363 episodes of bloodstream infection, 300 were caused by Candida spp. (6.9%). Incidence rates were significantly higher in public hospitals, i.e., 2.42 vs. 0.91 episodes per 1,000 admissions (P< 0.01). Patients in private hospitals were older, more likely to be in an intensive care unit and to have been exposed to fluconazole before candidemia. Candida parapsilosis was more frequently recovered as the etiologic agent in public (33% vs. 16%, P< 0.001) hospitals, whereas C. glabrata was more frequently isolated in private hospitals (13% vs. 3%, P < 0.001). Fluconazole resistance among C. glabrata isolates was more frequent in private hospitals (76.5% vs. 20%, P = 0.02). The 30-day mortality was slightly higher among patients in public hospitals (53% vs. 43%, P = 0.10). Candida glabrata is an emerging pathogen in private institutions and in this setting, fluconazole should not be considered as a safe option for primary therapy of candidemia.

Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis in high risk neutropenic patients: effects on outcomes, antimicrobial therapy and resistance.

BACKGROUND: The use of quinolone prophylaxis in high-risk neutropenic patients is considered standard of care but the development of resistance is a concern. Previous studies have focused mainly on quinolone resistance among patients receiving prophylaxis, with very few data reporting its impact on the hospital microbial epidemiology. METHODS: We analyzed a cohort of 329 episodes of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in adults, and compared two periods: 2005 (period 1, no prophylaxis, n=110) and 2006-2008 (period 2, ciprofloxacin prophylaxis, n=219). Outcomes analyzed were the frequency of febrile neutropenia, bacteremia, duration of antibiotic therapy and hospitalization, and antimicrobial resistance to ciprofloxacin and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase [ESBL] production. We analyzed resistance rates (by patients-day) in the cohort, as well as in other patients (neutropenic and non-neutropenic, 11,975 patients-day) admitted to the hematology unit in the same period, taking into consideration the general resistance patterns in the hospital. RESULTS: Quinolone prophylaxis (period 2) resulted in fewer episodes of febrile neutropenia (159/219 [73%] vs. 102/110 [93%], Chi-square 18.09, p = 0.00002), and bacteremia (49/219 [22] vs. 36/110 [33%], Chi-square 4.10, p = 0.04), shorter duration of antibiotic therapy (p = 0.0002) and hospitalization (p = 0.002), but more frequent use of carbapenems (79/219 [36%] vs. 15/110 [14%], Chi-square 18.06, p = 0.0002). In addition, period 2 was associated with higher rates of quinolone resistance (6.77 vs. 3.02 per 1,000 patients-day, p = 0.03). The rate of ESBL-producing enterobacteria in the two periods was slightly higher in patients receiving quinolone prophylaxis (1.27 vs. 0.38 per 1,000 patients-day, p = 0.26) as well as in the hematology unit overall (1.59 vs. 0.53 per 1,000 patients-day, p = 0.08), but remained stable in the whole hospital (0.53 vs. 0.56 per 1,000 patients-day, p = 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis was beneficial in high risk neutropenic patients, but important modifications in the prescription of carbapenems and on antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolates were observed. The importance of hospital or ward ecology must be taken into account when deciding for quinolone prophylaxis in high-risk neutropenic patients.

Application of EBMT, MASCC, and qSOFA Scores to Predict Complicated Febrile Neutropenia and Mortality in Autologous Stem Cell Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Three different scores were addressed as predictors of outcomes in autologous stem cell transplant (Auto SCT): one was calculated by pretransplant characteristics (European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation [EBMT] risk score), and two were calculated at the onset of febrile neutropenia (Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer [MASCC] and Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [qSOFA]). We considered bloodstream infection (BSI), carbapenem prescription, admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), and mortality as outcomes. PATIENTS: A total of 309 patients with a median age of 54 years were enrolled. RESULTS: Patients with EBMT score ≥4 (EBMT 4+) had higher ICU rates (14% vs. 4%; p < 0.01) and more carbapenem prescriptions (61% vs. 38%; p < 0.001) than those with EBMT score <4. MASCC <21 points (MASCC HR) was associated with carbapenem prescription (59% vs. 44%; p = 0.013), ICU (19% vs. 3%; p < 0.01), and death (4% vs. 0; p = 0.014). Patients with at least two points by qSOFA (qSOFA 2+) had more frequent BSI (55% vs. 22%; p = 0.03), ICU admissions (73% vs. 7; p < 0.01), and death (18% vs. 0.7, p = 0.02). EBMT 4+ and MASCC HR achieved the best sensitivities for ICU. For death, the best sensitivity was obtained with MASCC. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, risk scores for Auto SCT showed an association with outcomes and had different performances when combined or used alone. Therefore, risk scores for Auto SCT are useful in supportive care and clinical surveillance in stem cell transplant recipients.

COVID-19 in multiple myeloma patients: frequencies and risk factors for hospitalization, ventilatory support, intensive care admission and mortality -cooperative registry from the Grupo Brasileiro de Mieloma Multiplo (GBRAM).

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated outcomes and risk factors for COVID-19 in 91 Brazilian multiple myeloma (MM) patients between April 2020 and January 2022. RESULTS: Of the 91 MM patients diagnosed with COVID-19, 64% had comorbidities and 66% required hospitalization due to COVID-19, with 44% needing ventilatory support and 37% intensive care. Age (OR 2.02; 95%CI 1.02 - 7.7) and hypertension OR 4.5; 95%CI 1.3 - 15.5) were independently associated with hospitalization and certain MM therapies (corticosteroids and monoclonal drugs) were associated with ventilatory support (OR 4.3; 95%CI 1.3 - 14 and OR 5.7; 95%CI 1.8 - 18, respectively), while corticosteroids and immunomodulatory drugs were linked to ICU admission (OR 5.1; 95% CI 1.4 - 18 and OR 3.4; 95%CI 1.1 - 10, respectively). The overall mortality rate was 30%, with the highest rate observed in the ICU (73%). Additionally, the ECOG performance status was linked to increased mortality (OR 11.5; 95%CI 1.9 - 69). The MM treatment was delayed in 63% of patients who recovered from COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the need for preventing COVID-19 and prioritizing vaccination among MM patients, as they have high rates of severe outcomes in the event of COVID-19. It is also essential to monitor the potential clinical impacts of COVID-19 on MM patients in the long-term. Given the limited resources available in treating MM patients in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic, outcomes might be worse in this population.

Thalidomide plus dexamethasone as a maintenance therapy after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation improves progression-free survival in multiple myeloma.

Despite the good response of stem cell transplant (SCT) in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), most patients relapse or do not achieve complete remission, suggesting that additional treatment is needed. We assessed the impact of thalidomide in maintenance after SCT in untreated patients with MM. A hundred and eight patients (<70 years old) were randomized to receive maintenance with dexamethasone (arm A; n = 52) or dexamethasone with thalidomide (arm B; n = 56; 200 mg daily) for 12 months or until disease progression. After a median follow-up of 27 months, an intention to treat analysis showed a 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) of 30% in arm A (95% CI 22-38) and 64% in arm B (95% CI 57-71; P = 0.002), with median PFS of 19 months and 36 months, respectively. In patients who did not achieve at least a very good partial response, the PFS at 2 years was significantly higher when in use of thalidomide (19 vs. 59%; P = 0.002). Overall survival at 2 years was not significantly improved (70 vs. 85% in arm A and arm B, respectively; P = 0.27). The addition of thalidomide to dexamethasone as maintenance improved the PFS mainly in patients who did not respond to treatment after SCT.

Risk factors for unsuccessful peripheral blood stem cell harvesting using granulocyte-colony stimulating factor mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma.

The aim of this study was to determine factors that influence unsuccessful peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) harvesting in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Retrospective data of 186 MM patients who received G-CSF as mobilization were analyzed. Patients with successful harvest were compared with those who failed (using 2 definitions of failure <2 and <4 CD34 cells×10(6)/mm(3)). The groups were compared regarding age, gender, body weight, baseline platelet count, receipt of radiotherapy, number of prior chemotherapy regimens, PBSC count before collection, processed and collected volume, collect replace, number of sessions and final number of PBSC collected. By multivariate analysis, a baseline platelet count <161,000 cells/mm(3) was associated with PBSC harvest lower than 2×10(6)/kg, and age >58 years was related to PBSC harvest lower than 4×10(6)/kg CD34 cells/kg. Patients with these parameters should not receive mobilization protocols with G-CSF alone. Alternative protocols should be tested in this high risk harvest failure population.

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) for diagnostically challenging infectious diseases in patients with acute leukemia.

This report shows the contribution of next-generation metagenomic sequencing (mNGS) as an alternative to challenging diagnostic infection in immunosuppressed individuals. Herein, we report three acute leukemia patients who developed severe invasive infections due to different etiologies: fungi, viruses, and protozoa. mNGS improved the diagnosis of the infections and provided the opportunity for adequate therapy. The mNGS is a hypothesis-free diagnostic platform, increasing potential in challenging diseases in hematological patients due to the extended diagnostic panel and the expedite access to the result.

Cryopreservation of peripheral blood stem cell: the influence of cell concentration on cellular and hematopoietic recovery.

BACKGROUND: The optimal cryopreservation cell concentration during the peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection is a controversial topic. We evaluated the influence of cryopreservation concentration on the recovery of hematopoietic progenitor cells and the kinetics of hematopoietic recovery of autologous stem cell transplant patients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we compared two different cryopreservation protocols: 1×10(8) cells/mL (Protocol A) and 2×10(8) cells/mL (Protocol B). A total of 419 PBSCs were analyzed with regard to the number of viable cells and colony-forming units-granulocytes-monocytes (CFU-GM) progenitors. The hematopoietic recovery of 275 patients who received PBSCs cryopreserved at a dose of 1×10(8) cells/mL (Group A) and 2×10(8) cells/mL (Group B) were compared. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in recovery of viable cells between Protocol A and Protocol B. The median of recovery of CFU-GM progenitors was significantly higher in Protocol B (41.2 vs. 57.3, p<0.01). The median times to neutrophil recovery (≥500×10(6) /L) and platelet (PLT) recovery (≥20×10(9) /L) in Groups A and B were 11 days versus 11 days and 12 days versus 12 days, respectively. However, by Kaplan and Meier analyses, Group B recovered neutrophils with a little delay (p=0.01). No difference was observed with regard to time to PLT recovery. On multivariate analysis, we found that the number of CD34+ cells and CFU-GM progenitors had a significant influence on hematopoietic recovery. CONCLUSION: Cryopreservation of PBSCs at a dose of 2×10(8) cells/mL did not affect the recovery rate of viable cells or the hematopoietic recovery of autologous stem cell transplant patients.

COVID-19 in hematology: data from a hematologic and transplant unit.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, special attention has been addressed in cancer care to mitigate the impact on the patient's prognosis. We addressed our preparation to face COVID-19 pandemic in a Hematological and Stem Cell Transplant Unit in Brazil during the first two months of COVID-19 pandemic and described COVID-19 cases in patients and health care workers (HCW). Modifications in daily routines included a separation of area and professionals, SARS-CoV-2 screening protocols, and others. A total of 47 patients and 54 HCW were tested for COVID-19, by PCR-SARS-CoV-2. We report 11 cases of COVID-19 in hematological patients (including 2 post stem cell transplant) and 28 cases in HCW. Hematological cases were most severe or moderate and presented with several poor risk factors. Among HCW, COVID-19 were mostly mild, and all recovered without hospitalization. A cluster was observed among HCW. Despite a decrease in the number of procedures, the Transplant Program performed 8 autologous and 4 allogeneic SCT during the period, and 49 onco-hematological patients were admitted to continuing their treatments. Although we observed a high frequency of COVID-19 among patients and HCW, showing that SARS-CoV-2 is disseminated in Brazil, hematological patients were safely treated during pandemic times.

Managing patients with multiple myeloma during the COVID-19 pandemic: recommendations from an expert panel - ABHH monoclonal gammopathies committe.

Since the World has been facing the COVID-19 pandemic, special attention has been taken concerning cancer patients; related to their immunosuppression status, adding risk for more aggressive COVID-19 and mortality, but also concerns about the access and the quality of care in cancer therapy. The COVID-19 pandemic impacts the number of infected, its related mortality, as well as the care of cancer patients. Multiple myeloma patients are a particular group with several important aspects to be considered during pandemic times. In essence, they are immunosuppressed in different intensities during their treatment. Most of them are elderly and all of them require long-term therapy, with prolonged contact with the health care system, possibly including a stem cell transplant during the treatment. A panel of experts in multiple myeloma and infectious diseases discusses pieces of evidence and the lack of the same in the scenario of COVID-19 in myeloma patients, while also exposing what is expected for the next phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Difficult mycoses of the skin: advances in the epidemiology and management of eumycetoma, phaeohyphomycosis and chromoblastomycosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Eumycetoma, phaeohyphomycosis and chromoblastomycosis are subcutaneous mycoses having in common the fact that they are acquired as a result of penetrating trauma to the skin and may be caused by a large variety of fungi. This article will review recent data regarding the epidemiology and treatment of these infections. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent epidemiologic observations in these mycoses include an increased incidence of phaeohyphomycosis in immunosuppressed patients, the association of polymorphisms in genes involved in innate immunity, the occurrence of eumycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis and the nosocomial acquisition of phaeohyphomycosis. The management of these infections continues to be challenging. An approach that involves early diagnosis, the use of systemic antifungal agents and local therapies, including surgical removal of lesions, is the basis of the treatment of these diseases. SUMMARY: It is crucial that the epidemiology and clinical presentation of these infections are understood if we are to improve their outcomes.

Daunorubicin 90 mg/m2 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Induction: Increased Toxicity in Young Patients.

BACKGROUND: The combination of an anthracycline and cytosine arabinoside has been the standard induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia for more than 3 decades. The clinical benefit of intensification of the daunorubicin dose to 90 mg/m2 has been supported by randomized trials. Based on these promising results, in 2010 we changed our induction protocol of acute myeloid leukemia, increasing the dose of daunorubicin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the treatment outcome of patients treated with high-dose daunorubicin (90 mg/m2 on days 1-3) and cytosine arabinoside (200 mg/m2/day continuous infusion on days 1-7) compared with patients receiving 45 to 60 mg/m2 of daunorubicin. Twenty-six previously untreated patients younger than 60 years of age were included. Twelve received high-dose daunorubicin (HD) and 14 the low-dose (LD). Seventeen patients were in complete remission after 1 induction cycle. RESULTS: There was no overall difference in complete remission rate between HD and LD (66% vs. 64%; P = 1.0). Thirty-day induction mortality was 15.3% overall, with a nonsignificant difference between groups (25% vs. 7.1%; P = .3). Relapses were observed in 9 (53%) patients: 3 (37.5%) in the HD group and in 6 (66.6%) in the LD group (P = .34). Invasive fungal disease (41.6% vs. 0%; P = .012), creatinine elevation (P = .001), abdominal pain (33% vs. 0%; P = .033), and need for intensive care unit admission (33.3% vs. 0%; P = .033) were more frequent in the HD group. Four patients in the HD group developed neutropenic enterocolitis (P = .033). CONCLUSION: These data indicate that 90 mg/m2 of daunorubicin increased the toxicity compared with lower doses.

Diagnostic-driven antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients using the D-index and serial serum galactomannan testing.

INTRODUCTION: Invasive mold disease is an important complication of patients with hematologic malignancies, and is associated with high mortality. A diagnostic-driven approach has been an alternative to the classical empiric antifungal therapy. In the present study we tested an algorithm that incorporated risk stratification using the D-index, serial serum galactomannan and computed tomographic-scan to guide the decision to start antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between May 2010 and August 2012, patients with acute leukemia in induction remission were prospectively monitored from day 1 of chemotherapy until discharge or death with the D-index and galactomannan. Patients were stratified in low, intermediate and high risk according to the D-index and an extensive workup for invasive mold disease was performed in case of positive galactomannan (≥0.5), persistent fever, or the appearance of clinical manifestations suggestive of invasive mold disease. RESULTS: Among 29 patients, 6 (21%), 11 (38%), and 12 (41%) were classified as high, intermediate, and low risk, respectively. Workup for invasive mold disease was undertaken in 67%, 73% and 58% (p=0.77) of patients in each risk category, respectively, and antifungal therapy was given to 67%, 54.5%, and 17% (p=0.07). Proven or probable invasive mold disease was diagnosed in 67%, 45.5%, and in none (p=0.007) of high, intermediate, and low risk patients, respectively. All patients survived. CONCLUSION: A risk stratification using D-index was a useful instrument to be incorporated in invasive mold disease diagnostic approach, resulting in a more comprehensive antifungal treatment strategy, and to guide an earlier start of treatment in afebrile patients under very high risk.

Invasive fungal diseases in patients with acute lymphoid leukemia.

Invasive fungal disease (IFD) represents an important complication in patients with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of IFD in ALL patients with neutropenia, identify factors associated with IFD, and estimate the impact of IFD on the outcome. All patients with ALL who developed febrile neutropenia from 1987 to 2013 were evaluated. Cases of IFD were classified as proven or probable. Factors associated with IFD were evaluated by comparing episodes with and without a diagnosis of IFD. Among 350 episodes of febrile neutropenia, 31 IFDs were diagnosed (8.8%). Prolonged neutropenia was the only factor associated with IFD caused by yeasts. Factors associated with IFD caused by molds by multivariate analysis were the period after 2008, receipt of allogeneic transplant, relapsed ALL and prolonged neutropenia. Patients in relapse should receive induction chemotherapy in rooms with HEPA filter and receive antifungal prophylaxis.