Anti-carbamylated protein antibodies positivity and disease activity in Hispanic patients with established rheumatoid arthritis: An observational study.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the prevalence of anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP) antibodies in Mexican Hispanics with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to assess their relationship with disease activity. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted in 278 patients with established RA during an 18-month follow-up. We measured IgG/IgM/IgA rheumatoid factor (RF), IgG anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and IgG/IgM/IgA anti-CarP antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For disease activity, we performed the 28-joint disease activity score with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR). Repeated measures one-way ANOVA was used to test the association between anti-CarP IgG antibody status and longitudinal DAS28-ESR scores. Patients were evaluated at baseline and at 6, 12, and 18 months during follow-up. RESULTS: Anti-CarP IgG antibodies were positive in 47.8% of patients and, accounting for all isotypes, in 9.5% of patients with negative RF and ACPA. Triple antibody positivity was present in 42.6% of patients in our sample. Anti-CarP IgG antibody positivity did not show statistically significant differences in mean DAS28-ESR when compared to anti-CarP IgG antibody negative patients at baseline, 6, 12 or 18 months. CONCLUSION: Anti-CarP IgG antibodies are not associated to a higher disease activity in Hispanic patients with established RA. Our findings suggest that the clinical value of measuring anti-CarP antibodies in RA diminishes over time.

Prevalence of comorbidities in Mexican mestizo patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have a high risk for comorbid conditions which increase mortality, hospital admissions, costs of care and inability. To evaluate the prevalence of comorbidities in Mexican mestizo patients with RA and determine the associated risk factors. Cross-sectional study in which RA patients admitted to our outpatient clinic were consecutively enrolled. We collected data regarding demographics, disease characteristics and comorbidities at the time of the patient's visit to the clinic. We analyzed 225 patients. Their mean age was 55.7 ± 8.3 years; disease duration, 9.5 (3.8-15.5) years; female gender, 93.8%; Disease Activity Score using 28 joints-C-reactive protein, 3 (2-4); methotrexate use, 84.9%; use of any other conventional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug, 65.7%; use of biological agents, 8%. The most frequently associated diseases were: hypertension, 29.8%; dyslipidemia, 27.1%; osteoporosis, 19.1%; diabetes, 12.4%; hypothyroidism, 6.2%; solid malignancies 4.4%. Risk factors were also evaluated, the most prevalent was overweight in 101 (44.9%) of our patients. A total of 71 (31.6%) had obesity. We also detected high blood pressure in 12.4%, hyperglycemia in 27.1% and hyperlipidemia in 49.8%. Due to the high frequency of comorbidities among RA patients, it is important to follow existing recommendations for their timely detection and management. Cardiovascular diseases must be evaluated with priority. The initial evaluation should include a thorough examination to prevent the deleterious effect of comorbidities in RA.

Antibody profile to Borrelia burgdorferi in veterinarians from Nuevo León, Mexico, a non-endemic area of this zoonosis.

OBJECTIVES: Lyme disease is a tick-borne disease caused by infections with Borrelia. Persons infected with Borrelia can be asymptomatic or can develop disseminated disease. Diagnosis and recognition of groups at risk of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi is of great interest to contemporary rheumatology. There are a few reports about Borrelia infection in Mexico, including lymphocytoma cases positive to B. burgdorferi sensu stricto by PCR and a patient with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. Veterinarians have an occupational risk due to high rates of tick contact. The aim of this work was to investigate antibodies to Borrelia in students at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, at Nuevo León, Mexico, and determine the antibody profile to B. burgdorferi antigens. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sera were screened using a C6 ELISA, IgG and IgM ELISA using recombinant proteins from B. burgdorferi, B. garinii and B. afzelii. Sera with positive or grey-zone values were tested by IgG Western blot to B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. RESULTS: All volunteers reported tick exposures and 72.5% remembered tick bites. Only nine persons described mild Lyme disease related symptoms, including headaches, paresthesias, myalgias and arthralgias. None of the volunteers reported erythema migrans. Nine samples were confirmed by IgG Western blot. The profile showed 89% reactivity to OspA, 67% to p83, and 45% to BmpA. CONCLUSIONS: Positive sera samples shared antibody reactivity to the markers of late immune response p83 and BmpA, even if individuals did not present symptoms of Lyme arthritis or post-Lyme disease. The best criterion to diagnose Lyme disease in our country remains to be established, because it is probable that different strains coexist in Mexico. This is the first report of antibodies to B. burgdorferi in Latin American veterinarians. Veterinarians and high-risk people should be alert to take precautionary measures to prevent tick-borne diseases.

Genomic Characterization by Whole-Exome Sequencing of Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder.

No genetic basis is currently established that differentiates hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD) from hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS). Diagnosis is entirely based on clinical parameters with high overlap, leading to frequent misdiagnosis of these two phenotypes. This study presents a landscape of DNA mutations through whole-exome sequencing of patients clinically diagnosed with generalized HSD. In this study, three genes (MUC3A, RHBG, and ZNF717) were mutated in all five patients evaluated. The functional enrichment analysis on all 1162 mutated genes identified the extracellular matrix (ECM) structural constituent as the primary overrepresented molecular function. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified relevant bio-functions, such as the organization of ECM and hereditary connective tissue disorders. A comparison with the matrisome revealed 55 genes and highlighted MUC16 and FREM2. We also contrasted the list of mutated genes with those from a transcriptomic analysis on data from Gene Expression Omnibus, with only 0.5% of the genes at the intersection of both approaches supporting the hypothesis of two different diseases that inevitably share a common genetic background but are not the same. Potential biomarkers for HSD include the five genes presented. We conclude the study by describing five potential biomarkers and by highlighting the importance of genetic/genomic approaches that, combined with clinical data, may result in an accurate diagnosis and better treatment.

Prevalence of rheumatic regional pain syndromes in adults from Mexico: a community survey using COPCORD for screening and syndrome-specific diagnostic criteria.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of rheumatic regional pain syndromes (RRPS) in 3 geographical areas of México using the Community Oriented Program in the Rheumatic Diseases (COPCORD) screening methodology and validate by expert consensus on case-based definitions. METHODS: By means of an address-based sample generated through a multistage, stratified, randomized method, a cross-sectional survey was performed on adult residents (n = 12,686; age 43.6 ± 17.3 yrs; women 61.9%) of the states of Nuevo León, Yucatán, and México City. Diagnostic criteria for specific upper (Southampton group criteria) and lower limb (ad hoc expert consensus) RRPS were applied to all subjects with limb pain as detected by COPCORD questionnaire. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of RRPS was 5.0% (95% CI 4.7-5.4). The most frequent syndrome was rotator cuff tendinopathy (2.36%); followed by inferior heel pain (0.64%); lateral epicondylalgia (0.63%); medial epicondylalgia (0.52%); trigger finger (0.42%); carpal tunnel syndrome (0.36%); anserine bursitis (0.34%); de Quervain's tendinopathy (0.30%); shoulder bicipital tendinopathy (0.27%); trochanteric syndrome (0.11%); and Achilles tendinopathy (0.10%). There were anatomic regional variations in the prevalence of limb pain: Yucatán 3.1% (95% CI 2.5-3.6); Nuevo León 7.0% (95% CI 6.3-7.7); and México City 10.8% (95% CI 9.8-11.8). Similarly, the prevalence of RRPS showed marked geographical variation: Yucatán 2.3% (95% CI 1.8-2.8); Nuevo León 5.6% (95% CI 5.0-6.3); and México City 6.9% (95% CI 6.2-7.7). CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of RRPS in México was 5.0%. Geographical variations raise the possibility that the prevalence of RRPS is influenced by socioeconomic, ethnic, or demographic factors.

[Treatment guidelines for ankylosing spondylitis and its effect on Mexican rheumatology]. / Fundamentos para el tratamiento de la espondilitis anquilosante y su efecto en la reumatología mexicana.

We describe the guidelines for the current treatment of ankylosing spondylitis with an emphasis on the role and outlook of the Mexican rheumatologic community. The topics we analyze include: epidemiological as well as professional, financial, health status, and quality of life aspects. We propose to acknowledge that axial spondyloarthritis is the earliest form of ankylosing spondylitis. Finally we carry out a review of the literature supporting current therapeutic recommendations. Regarding the latter, we approached the ASAS/EULAR recommendations for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis and their level of agreement with Mexican and other countries' rheumatologists. Finally, we analyzed the recommendations to start tumor necrosis alpha blockers among patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

Value of body mass index in the diagnosis of obesity according to DEXA in well-controlled RA patients. / Desempeño del índice de masa corporal para el diagnóstico de obesidad por medio de absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual (DEXA) en pacientes con artritis reumatoide.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has an indirect effect on body composition. Body mass index (BMI) is not a valid predictor of body fat in RA patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of BMI in identifying obesity diagnosed according to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in well-controlled RA patients. METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical study. We used 3 different cutoffs for obesity as determined by DXA: >35% total fat, >40% total fat, and >35% central fat mass (central obesity). RESULTS: One hundred one patients were included. We found that 35% total fat corresponded to a BMI of 24kg/m2, with a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 75% (area under the curve [AUC] 0.917); 40% total fat to a BMI of 25kg/m2, with a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 39% (AUC 0.822); and 35% central fat mass to a BMI of 22kg/m2, with a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 84% (AUC 0.951). CONCLUSION: Obesity according to DXA was underdiagnosed when the classic BMI cutoffs were used in well-controlled RA patients.

Assessment of six cardiovascular risk calculators in Mexican mestizo patients with rheumatoid arthritis according to the EULAR 2015/2016 recommendations for cardiovascular risk management.

Variability of the 10-year cardiovascular (CV) risk predicted by the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) using lipids, FRS using body mass index (BMI), Reynolds Risk Score (RRS), QRISK2, Extended Risk Score-Rheumatoid Arthritis (ERS-RA), and algorithm developed by the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association in 2013 (ACC/AHA 2013) according to the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) 2015/2016 update of its evidence-based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has not been evaluated in Mexican mestizo patients. CV risk was predicted using six different risk calculators in 116 patients, aged 40-75, who fulfilled the ACR/EULAR 2010 classification criteria. Results were multiplied by 1.5 according to the EULAR 2015/2016 update. Global comparison of the risk predicted by all scales was done using the Friedman test, considering a P value of ≤0.05 as statistically significant. Individual comparison between the algorithms was made using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and a P value of ≤0.003 was considered statistically significant. All calculators showed to be different in the Friedman test (p ≤ 0.001). Median values of predicted 10-year CV risk were 11.02% (6.18-17.55) for FRS BMI; 8.47% (4.6-13.16) for FRS lipids; 5.55% (2.5-11.85) for QRISK2; 5% (3.1-8.65) for ERS-RA; 3.6% (1.5-9.3) for ACC/AHA 2013; and 1.5% (1.5-4.5) for RRS. ERS-RA showed no difference when compared against QRISK2 (p = 0.269). CV risk calculators showed variability among them and cannot be used indistinctly in RA-patients.

Comparison of statin eligibility according to the Adult Treatment Panel III, ACC/AHA blood cholesterol guideline, and presence of carotid plaque by ultrasound in Mexican mestizo patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Guidelines of the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) 2013 and the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) differ in their strategies to recommend initiation of statin therapy. The presence of carotid plaque (CP) by carotid ultrasound is an indication to begin statin therapy. We aimed to compare the recommendation to initiate statin therapy according to the ACC/AHA 2013 guidelines, ATP-III guidelines, and CP by carotid ultrasound. We then carried out an observational, cross-sectional study of 62 statin-naive Mexican mestizo RA patients, aged 40 to 75, who fulfilled the 1987 or 2010 ACR/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) classification criteria. CP was evaluated with B-mode ultrasound. Cohen's kappa (k) was used to assess agreement between ACC/AHA 2013 guidelines, ATP-III guidelines, and the presence of CP, considering a p < 0.05 as statistically significant. Agreement was classified as slight (0.01-0.20), fair (0.21-0.40), moderate (0.41-0.60), substantial (0.61-0.80), and an almost perfect agreement (0.81-1.00). Slight agreement (k = 0.096) was found when comparing statin recommendation between CP and ATP-III. Fair agreement (k = 0.242) was revealed between ACC/AHA 2013 and ATP-III. Comparison between ACC/AHA 2013 and CP showed moderate agreement (k = 0.438). ACC/AHA 2013 guidelines could be an adequate and cost-effective tool to evaluate the need of statin therapy in Mexican mestizo RA patients, with moderate agreement with the presence of CP by ultrasound.

Coping strategies for health and daily-life stressors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout: STROBE-compliant article.

This article aims to identify the strategies for coping with health and daily-life stressors of Mexican patients with chronic rheumatic disease. We analyzed the baseline data of a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and gout. Their strategies for coping were identified with a validated questionnaire. Comparisons between health and daily-life stressors and between the 3 clinical conditions were made. With regression analyses, we determined the contribution of individual, socioeconomic, educational, and health-related quality-of-life variables to health status and coping strategy. We identified several predominant coping strategies in response to daily-life and health stressors in 261 patients with RA, 226 with AS, and 206 with gout. Evasive and reappraisal strategies were predominant when patients cope with health stressors; emotional/negative and evasive strategies predominated when coping with daily-life stressors. There was a significant association between the evasive pattern and the low short-form health survey (SF-36) scores and health stressors across the 3 diseases. Besides some differences between diagnoses, the most important finding was the predominance of the evasive strategy and its association with low SF-36 score and high level of pain in patients with gout. Patients with rheumatic diseases cope in different ways when confronted with health and daily-life stressors. The strategy of coping differs across diagnoses; emotional/negative and evasive strategies are associated with poor health-related quality of life. The identification of the coping strategies could result in the design of psychosocial interventions to improve self-management.

Desempeño del índice de masa corporal para el diagnóstico de obesidad por medio de absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual (DEXA) en pacientes con artritis reumatoide / Value of body mass index in the diagnosis of obesity according to DEXA in well-controlled RA patients

Introducción. La artritis reumatoide (AR) tiene un efecto indirecto en la composición corporal. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) no se considera un predictor válido de la grasa corporal en pacientes con AR. Objetivo. Evaluar el IMC para identificar la obesidad mediante absorciometría dual por rayos X (DEXA) en pacientes con AR bien controlados. Métodos. Estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo y analítico. Se utilizaron 3 definiciones de obesidad por DEXA:>35% de grasa total, >40% de grasa total y obesidad central>35%. Resultados. Se incluyó a 101 pacientes. Se encontró un IMC de 24kg/m2 para obesidad >35% con una sensibilidad del 90% y una especificidad del 75% (área bajo la curva [AUC] 0,917), un IMC de 25kg/m2 para obesidad >40% con una sensibilidad del 86% y una especificidad del 39% (AUC 0,822) y un IMC de 22kg/m2 para 35% de la grasa central con una sensibilidad de 97% y una especificidad del 84% (AUC 0,951). Conclusión. Existe un subdiagnóstico de obesidad con el uso de los valores de tradicionales de IMC en pacientes con AR bien controlados (AU)

Background. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has an indirect effect on body composition. Body mass index (BMI) is not a valid predictor of body fat in RA patients. Objective. To evaluate the accuracy of BMI in identifying obesity diagnosed according to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in well-controlled RA patients. Methods. An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical study. We used 3 different cutoffs for obesity as determined by DXA: >35% total fat, >40% total fat, and >35% central fat mass (central obesity). Results. One hundred one patients were included. We found that 35% total fat corresponded to a BMI of 24kg/m2, with a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 75% (area under the curve [AUC] 0.917); 40% total fat to a BMI of 25kg/m2, with a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 39% (AUC 0.822); and 35% central fat mass to a BMI of 22kg/m2, with a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 84% (AUC 0.951). Conclusion. Obesity according to DXA was underdiagnosed when the classic BMI cutoffs were used in well-controlled RA patients (AU)

Fundamentos para el tratamiento de la espondilitis anquilosante y su efecto en la reumatología mexicana / Treatment guidelines for ankylosing spondylitis and its effect on Mexican rheumatology

Esta revisión trata de los fundamentos sobre los que descansa el tratamiento actual de la espondilitis anquilosante, enfatizando la participación y la opinión de la comunidad reumatológica nacional. En la temática se incluye la repercusión de la enfermedad —aspectos epidemiológicos, laborales, económicos, estado de salud y calidad de vida—, propuestas para la identificación de la espondiloartritis axial como la forma más precoz de la espondilitis anquilosante y el análisis de la literatura que dio origen a las recomendaciones terapéuticas actuales. Con relación al último punto, se abordan las recomendaciones ASAS/EULAR para el tratamiento de la espondilitis anquilosante y el nivel de concordancia con la opinión del reumatólogo mexicano y de otros países. Finalmente, se analizan las recomendaciones para iniciar bloqueadores del factor de necrosis tumoral en pacientes con espondilitis anquilosante.

We describe the guidelines for the current treatment of ankylosing spondylitis with an emphasis on the role and outlook of the Mexican rheumatologic community. The topics we analyze include: epidemiological as well as professional, financial, health status, and quality of life aspects. We propose to acknowledge that axial spondyloarthritis is the earliest form of ankylosing spondylitis. Finally we carry out a review of the literature supporting current therapeutic recommendations. Regarding the latter, we approached the ASAS/EULAR recommendations for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis and their level of agreement with Mexican and other countries' rheumatologists. Finally, we analyzed the recommendations to start tumor necrosis alpha blockers among patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

Vasculitis: Diagnóstico y manejo actual / Vasculitis: Diagnosis and current management

El término vasculitis se refiere a una inflamación de la pared de los vasos sanguíneos que clínicamente se manifiesta por las consecuencias de esta reacción inflamatoria o las complicaciones de ésta (isquemia o sangrado) en los diversos órganos (piel, riñón, pulmón, corazón, etc) y pueden ocurrrir en forma primaria, o bien, relacionarse con diversos padecimientos infecciosos, neoplásicos o autoinmunológicos con lupus o artritis reumatoide. El espectro clínico es muy amplio y depende del número de vasos afectados, de su calibre y de la localización del daño vascular

Manifestaciones reumatológicas en pacientes con infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana / Rheumatic manifestations in AIDS

En el presente la infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es considerada como una de las grandes mimetizadoras de otras enfermedades. Un número variable de hallazgos clínicos asociados con esta infección pueden ser descritos como afección autoinmune y/o reumática. Estos incluyen enfermedades del tejido conectivo (linfocitosis infiltrativa difusa, síndrome de Sjögren),síndromes articulares (sépticos, psoriásicos, Reiter), miopatías (por zidovudina, síndrome de desgaste, asociada a VIH, infecciones oportunistas), síndromes vasculíticos (necrotizante sistémica, hipersensibilidad, lesiones angiocéntricas inmuno-proliferativas) y alteración en estudios de laboratorio (anticuerpos anticardiolipina, anticuerpos anticelulares, anticuerpos antinucleares, complejos inmunes circulantes, hipergammaglobulinemia, factor reumatoide). El tratamiento de esta afección incluye terapia antiretroviral, esteroides, antinflamatorios no esteroideos y terapia inmunosupresora. La coexistencia de infección por VIH y enfermedad reumática ofrece nuevos conocimientos acerca de la patogénesis de ambas condiciones.