Hypospadias risk and polymorphism in SRD5A2 and CYP17 genes: case-control study among Indian children.

PURPOSE: Hypospadias is a common congenital error of genital development, the frequency of which is increasing. As androgens have a significant role in the development of the male urethra, we sought to investigate the association between 2 functional polymorphisms, CYP17-A1/A2 and SRD5A2-V89L, which are involved in the biosynthesis of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, respectively, in relation to hypospadias. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined DNA samples of 80 cases and 100 controls for SRD5A2-V89L and CYP17-A1/A2 gene polymorphisms. Information pertaining to family history, preoperative position of the urethral meatus and parental occupations along with maternal reproductive profile were collected for cases and controls. RESULTS: Genotyping of 80 cases and 100 controls revealed a significant association between V89L polymorphism and hypospadias (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.6, p <0.05). When analyzing the risk of hypospadias based on grade, genotypic distribution of SRD5A2-LL genotype differed significantly between severe forms and controls, with an odds ratio of 3.6 (95% CI 1.2-10.0, p = 0.02). Of affected children 71.25% had parents from a rural background, with agriculture as the primary occupation. A statistically significant association was observed for the LL genotype (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.7-12.29, p <0.05) between children with parents having an agricultural background (likely exposed to pesticides) and controls with no such exposure. CYP17-A1/A2 genotypes did not show any significant results. CONCLUSIONS: V89L polymorphism of the SRD5A2 gene is a strong determinant of hypospadias risk among children of Indian origin. However, our results suggest that the presence of leucine allele, especially among agriculturalists, may increase the propensity of having a child with hypospadias.

Communication: Driven Brownian transport in eccentric septate channels.

In eccentric septate channels the pores connecting adjacent compartments are shifted off-axis, either periodically or randomly, so that straight trajectories parallel to the axis are not allowed. Driven transport of a Brownian particle in such a channel is characterized by a strong suppression of the current and its dispersion. For large driving forces, both quantities approach an asymptotic value, which can be analytically approximated in terms of the stationary distribution of the particle exit times out of a single channel compartment.

Biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol by Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6: effect of culture conditions and degradation kinetics.

Among known microbial species, Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6 has shown very good potential to treat phenolic wastewaters. In this study, the levels of various culture conditions, namely initial pH, agitation (rpm), temperature (°C), and inoculum age (h) were optimized to enhance 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) biodegradation and the culture specific growth rate. For optimization, central composite design of experiments followed by response surface methodology (RSM) was applied. Results showed that among the four independent variables, i.e., pH, agitation (rpm), temperature (°C), and inoculum age (h) investigated in this study, interaction effect between agitation and inoculum age as well as that between agitation and temperature were significant on both 4-CP biodegradation efficiency and culture specific growth rate. Also, at the RSM optimized settings of 7.5 pH, 207 rpm, 29.6°C and 39.5 h inoculum age, 100% biodegradation of 4-CP at a high initial concentration of 300 mg l(-1) was achieved within a short span of 18.5 h of culture. The enhancement in the 4-CP biodegradation efficiency was found to be 23% higher than that obtained at the unoptimized settings of the culture conditions. Results of batch growth kinetics of A. chlorophenolicus A6 for various 4-CP initial concentrations revealed that the culture followed substrate inhibition kinetics. Biokinetic constants involved in the process were estimated by fitting the experimental data to several models available from the literature.

SRD5A2 gene mutations--a population-based review.

Knowledge of steroid 5 alpha-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) gene mutations is expanding, and its role has been implicated in various disease susceptibilities concerning reproductive health. Extensive research has revealed the tendency for specific SRD5A2 gene mutations to be passed along certain racial, ethnic and geographically isolated groups, which suggests population specificity of these mutations. The review provides evidence of variation in the mutational spectrum of the SRD5A2 gene leading to population-specific high prevalence of characteristic disease or phenotypic expression.

The genome of simian virus 40.

The nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA was determined, and the sequence was correlated with known genes of the virus and with the structure of viral messenger RNA's. There is a limited overlap of the coding regions for structural proteins and a complex pattern of leader sequences at the 5' end of late messenger RNA. The sequence of the early region is consistent with recent proposals that the large early polypeptide of SV40 is encoded in noncontinguous segments of DNA.

UDM enhanced physical and mechanical properties through the formation of nanocavities in an epoxy matrix.

The matrix modification of relatively low viscous epoxy based polymer treated under ultrasonic mixing (UM) and ultrasonic mixing with simultaneous stirring by a rotating impeller, referred to as ultrasonic dual mixing (UDM), and the effect of processing techniques has been investigated in terms of the formation of nanocavities in the epoxy matrix. Nanocavities of size 42±8nm have been formed uniformly in the epoxy matrix by UDM. The effect of a change in matrix morphology on the viscoelastic, tensile and thermal properties of the cured epoxy resin has been studied. The UDM processed cured epoxy matrix showed 18.26% and 88.34% improvement in tensile strength and toughness as compared to unprocessed epoxy. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of UDM processed epoxy showed significant enhancement in the thermal stability of the epoxy matrix.

Impact of ultrasonic assisted triangular lattice like arranged dispersion of nanoparticles on physical and mechanical properties of epoxy-TiO2 nanocomposites.

Emerging ex-situ technique, ultrasonic dual mixing (UDM) offers unique and hitherto unapproachable opportunities to alter the physical and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites. In this study, triangular lattice-like arranged dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles (average size ∼ 48 nm) in the epoxy polymer has been attained via concurrent use of a probe ultra-sonicator and 4 blades pitched impeller which collectively named as UDM technique. The UDM processing of neat epoxy reveals the generation of triangular lattice-like arranged nanocavities with nanoscale inter-cavity spacing. The UDM processing of epoxy-TiO2 nanocomposites reveals two unique features such as partial and complete entrapping of the nanoparticles by the nanocavities leading the arranged dispersion of particles in the epoxy matrix. Pristine TiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed in the epoxy polymer at loading fractions of up to 20% by weight. The results display that the arranged dispersion of nanoparticles is very effective at enhancing the glass transition temperature (Tg) and tensile properties of the epoxy at loading fractions of 10 wt%. We quantify a direct relationship among three important parameters such as nanoparticle content, cluster size, and inter-particle spacing. Our results offer a novel understanding of these parameters on the Tg and tensile properties of the epoxy nanocomposites. The tensile fracture surfaces revealed several toughening mechanisms such as particle pull-out, plastic void growth, crack deflection, crack bridging and plastic deformation. We show that a strong nanoparticle-matrix interface led to the enhanced mechanical properties due to leading toughening mechanisms such as crack deflection, plastic deformation and particle pull-out. We showed that the UDM has an inordinate prospective to alter the dispersion state of nanoparticles in viscous polymer matrices.

MWCNT/TiO2 hybrid nano filler toward high-performance epoxy composite.

In this work, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are decorated by TiO2 nanoparticles and formed a new hybrid structure of filler (MWCNT/TiO2 hybrid filler). The MWCNT/TiO2 hybrid filler is reinforced in epoxy matrix and studied the mechanical and anti-corrosion properties of epoxy. The morphology of newly formed MWCNT/TiO2 hybrid nano filler has been studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) images of tensile fracture surface confirmed the superior dispersion of MWCNT/TiO2 in the epoxy matrix. The resultant MWCNT/TiO2 hybrid-epoxy nanocomposite exhibits superior anti-corrosion and mechanical performance than the nanocomposite produced by loading of only MWCNTs or TiO2 nanoparticles as well as neat epoxy. For example, tensile strength and storage modulus of epoxy increased by 61% and 43% respectively on loading of MWCNT/TiO2 hybrid nano filler. Furthermore, the coating of MWCNT/TiO2 hybrid-epoxy nanocomposite on mild steel reduces the corrosion rate upto 0.87×10-3MPY from 16.81MPY.

Facile fabrication of epoxy-TiO2 nanocomposites: A critical analysis of TiO2 impact on mechanical properties and toughening mechanisms.

Optimized ultrasonic assisted dispersion of un-functionalized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (0.5-20wt%) into epoxy resin is reported. The investigation shows that there is a direct relation among nanoparticles content, inter-particle spacing and cluster size of the particles on the glass transition temperature (Tg) and tensile properties of the prepared nanocomposites. A significant improvement in tensile strength and modulus with minimal detrimental effect on the toughness was observed for the prepared composites, where compared to pristine epoxy resins, about 26% and 18% improvement in tensile strength and strain-to-break %, respectively, was observed for 10wt% particles loading, whereas a maximum improvement of about 54% for tensile toughness was observed for 5wt% particles loaded resins. The investigations found that a strong particle-matrix interface results in the enhancement of the mechanical properties due to leading toughening mechanisms such as crack deflection, particle pull out and plastic deformation.

Microemulsions: a potential drug delivery system.

Microemulsions are clear, transparent, thermodynamically stable dispersions of oil and water, stabilised by an interfacial film of surfactant frequently in combination with a co-surfactant. Recently, there has been a considerable interest for the microemulsion formulation, for the delivery of hydrophilic as well as lipophilic drug as drug carriers because of its improved drug solubilisation capacity, long shelf life, easy of preparation and improvement of bioavailability. In this present review, we discuss about the various advantages of microemulsion in pharmaceuticals, along with its composition variables, physicochemical characterisation etc. The potential use of microemulsion for therapeutic application is also discussed.

Effect of inorganic fertilizer and farmyard manure on soil physical properties, root distribution, and water-use efficiency of soybean in Vertisols of central India.

A field experiment was conducted on a Vertisol for three consecutive years (1998-2000) to study the effects of combined use of inorganic fertilizer (NPK) and organic manure (farmyard manure) on soil physical properties, water-use efficiency, root growth and yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in a soybean-mustard cropping system. Application of 10 Mg farmyard manure and recommended NPK (NPK+FYM) to soybean for three consecutive years improved the organic carbon content of the surface (0-15 cm) soil from an initial value of 4.4 g kg(-1) to 6.2 g kg(-1) and also increased seed yield and water-use efficiency by 103% and 76%, respectively, over the control. The surface (0-15 cm) soil of the plots receiving both farmyard manure and recommended NPK had larger mean weight diameter (0.50 mm) and a higher percentage of water stable aggregates (55%) than both the inorganically fertilized (NPK) (0.44 mm and 49%) and unfertilized control plots (0.41 mm and 45.4%). The saturated hydraulic conductivity (13.32 x 10(-6) m s(-1)) of the NPK+FYM treatment of the 0-7.5 cm depth was also significantly greater than that of the NPK (10.53 x 10(-6) m s(-1)) and control (8.61 x 10(-6) m s(-1)) treatments. The lowest bulk density (1.18 Mg m(-3)) in the 0-7.5 cm layer was recorded in NPK+FYM whereas it was highest in the control plots (1.30 Mg m(-3)). However, at sub-surface (22.5-30 cm) layer, fertilizer and manure application had little effect on bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Root length density (RLD) up to the 30 cm depth was highest in the NPK+FYM plots and it was 31.9% and 70.5% more than NPK and control plots. The RLD showed a significant and negative correlation (r=-0.88( * *)) with the penetration resistance.

Antioxidant potential of C-phycocyanin isolated from cyanobacterial species Lyngbya, Phormidium and Spirulina spp.

The antioxidant activity of C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) isolated from three cyanobacterial species Lyngbya (marine), Phormidium (marine) and Spirulina (fresh water) was studied in vitro. The results demonstrate that C-PCs from Lyngbya, Phormidium and Spirulina spp. are able to scavenge peroxyl radicals (determined by crocin bleaching assay) with relative rate constant ratio of 3.13, 1.89 and 1.8, respectively. C-PCs also scavenge hydroxyl radicals (determined by deoxyribose degradation assay) with second order rate constant values of 7.87 x 10(10), 9.58 x 10(10) and 6.42 x 10(10), respectively. Interestingly, Lyngbya C-PC is found to be an effective inhibitor of peroxyl radicals (IC50 6.63 microM), as compared to Spirulina (IC50 12.15 microM) and Phormidium C-PC (IC50 12.74 microM) and is close to uric acid (IC50 2.15 microM). Further, the studies suggest that the covalently-linked tetrapyrrole chromophore phycocyanobilin is involved in the radical scavenging activity of C-PC. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of C-PCs indicate the presence of free radical active sites, which may play an important role in its radical scavenging property. This is the first report on the ESR activity of native C-PCs without perturbations that can cause radical formation.

Protection of adrenal and male gonadal functions by androgen in lead-treated rats.

The potential health hazard of the large amounts of Lead that occurs in canned baby food, domestic water from lead-lined tanks and, in printing and petroleum industries. Lead acetate administration at a does of 8 mg/kg body weight for 21 days resulted a significant increase in adrenal steroidogenic enzyme (Delta5-3beta- HSD) and serum levels of corticosterone, while serum levels of testosterone, FSH, LH and testicular spermatogenesis were decreased in albino rats. But lead-treated rats received exogenous testosterone for the last 14 days of lead treatment, showed prevention of adrenocortical hyperactivity by decreasing adrenal Delta5-3beta-HSD activity and serum level of corticosterone. Testosterone administration also increased serum level of testosterone, FSH and LH along with spermatogenesis. The results suggest that testosterone supplementation in lead-treated rats protects adrenocortical activity and testicular spermatogenesis.

Healthcare worker and family caregiver hand hygiene in Bangladeshi healthcare facilities: results from the Bangladesh National Hygiene Baseline Survey.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare facility hand hygiene impacts patient care, healthcare worker safety, and infection control, but low-income countries have few data to guide interventions. AIM: To conduct a nationally representative survey of hand hygiene infrastructure and behaviour in Bangladeshi healthcare facilities to establish baseline data to aid policy. METHODS: The 2013 Bangladesh National Hygiene Baseline Survey examined water, sanitation, and hand hygiene across households, schools, restaurants and food vendors, traditional birth attendants, and healthcare facilities. We used probability proportional to size sampling to select 100 rural and urban population clusters, and then surveyed hand hygiene infrastructure in 875 inpatient healthcare facilities, observing behaviour in 100 facilities. FINDINGS: More than 96% of facilities had 'improved' water sources, but environmental contamination occurred frequently around water sources. Soap was available at 78-92% of handwashing locations for doctors and nurses, but just 4-30% for patients and family. Only 2% of 4676 hand hygiene opportunities resulted in recommended actions: using alcohol sanitizer or washing both hands with soap, then drying by air or clean cloth. Healthcare workers performed recommended hand hygiene in 9% of 919 opportunities: more after patient contact (26%) than before (11%). Family caregivers frequently washed hands with only water (48% of 2751 opportunities), but with little soap (3%). CONCLUSION: Healthcare workers had more access to hand hygiene materials and performed better hand hygiene than family, but still had low adherence. Increasing hand hygiene materials and behaviour could improve infection control in Bangladeshi healthcare facilities.

Expression of the leukemia-associated gene, p18, in normal and malignant tissues; inactivation of expression in a patient with cleaved B cell lymphoma/leukemia.

p18 is a well conserved gene coding for an 18 kDa cytosolic phosphoprotein. Although the function of p18 is unknown, it is suspected of playing a role in regulation of cell proliferation or the proliferation-differentiation switch. Here we have found p18 mRNA expression highest in testis, brain, thymus and a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell line and lowest in liver. p18 was also expressed vigorously in all but one of 85 diverse tumor cell lines and primary human malignant specimens examined. In five primary tumors, expression was substantially elevated with respect to expression in contiguous normal tissue. Expression in chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia cells was far greater than in normal blood cells and increased with progression of disease. In liver material, the highest level of p18 was found in a primary hepatoblastoma, a stem cell tumor, whereas a benign adenoma demonstrated very low level expression. Cells from a cleaved B cell lymphoma/leukemia failed to express p18 whereas 18 specimens from other B lymphoid malignancies, including a second cleaved cell malignancy, expressed p18 at substantial levels. These data are consistent with p18 playing a role in control of cell proliferation in at least certain tissues. The questions arise if high level p18 expression in certain malignancies may play a primary role in driving cell proliferation or, based on chromosomal localization and inactivation of p18 expression in one lymphoma, if p18 may act as a tumor suppressor.

Increase in fluidity of human placental syncytiotrophoblastic brush-border membrane with advancement of gestational age: a fluorescence polarization study.

The syncytiotrophoblastic brush-border membrane (BBM) of human placenta plays a vital role in the exchange of metabolites between mother and developing fetus. The fluidity of this membrane renders its selective permeable character. To meet the changing needs of the growing fetus with the progress of gestational age changes in the composition and properties of BBM occur. In the present study, decrease in cholesterol/phospholipid ratio of BBM indicated an increase in fluidity with advancement of gestational age. Measurement of the steady state fluorescence anisotropy of labeled liposomes prepared from lipid extract of BBM as well as that of labeled BBM vesicles prepared from native BBM shows decrease in restriction of the bound dye molecule with increased gestational age. Decrease in transition temperature of BBM and enhanced glucose transport through it have been observed with advancement of pregnancy.

Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA for the beta 2 subunit isoform of Na+,K(+)-ATPase from human retina.

Using as probe the entire human liver cDNA clone coding for the beta 2 subunit isoform of the Na+,K(+)-ATPase, which lacks the initiation codon ATG, and the entire 5'-untranslated region (Martin-Vasallo, P., Dackowski, W., Emanuel, J.R. and Levenson, R. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 4613-4618), we isolated a larger clone from a directional human adult retina cDNA library (Swaroop, A. and Xu, J. (1993) Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 64, 292-294). This clone, pNH beta 2, shows 100% homology with the nucleotide sequence of the human liver cDNA clone and also contains additional 407 nucleotides in the 5'-untranslated region, the initiation codon and a poly(A) tail. Northern blot hybridization analysis reveals that the human mRNA (3.6 kb) is approx. 300 nucleotides larger than the major transcript size expressed in rat (3.3 kb). The larger human size mRNA for the human beta 2 Na+,K(+)-ATPase indicates species differences in gene processing.

CdS nanoparticles grown in a polymer matrix by chemical bath deposition.

Nanocrystallites of CdS have been grown by chemical bath deposition within the pores of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) on glass and Si substrates. The CdS-PVA composite films are transparent in the visible region. XRD and TEM diffraction patterns confirmed the nanocrystalline CdS phase formation. TEM study of the film revealed the manifestation of nano CdS phase formation and the average particles size was varied in the range 5-12 nm. UV-vis spectrophotometric measurement showed high transparency (nearly 80% in the wavelength range 550-900 nm) of the films with a direct allowed band gap lying in the range 2.64-3.25 eV. Particle sizes have also been calculated from the shift of band gap with respect to that of bulk value and were found to be in the range 3.3-6.44 nm. The high dielectric constant (lies in the range 120-250 at high frequency) of PVA/CdS nanocomposite compared to that of pure PVA (-28) has been observed. The dielectric constant decreases with increase of dispersibility of the CdS nanoparticles within PVA. The nanocrystalline PVA/CdS thin films have also showed field emission properties with a turn-on field of approximately 6.6 V/microm, whereas only PVA thin film and bulk CdS on PVA have shown no field emission.

Modeling the energy content of combustible ship-scrapping waste at Alang-Sosiya, India, using multiple regression analysis.

Alang-Sosiya is the largest ship-scrapping yard in the world, established in 1982. Every year an average of 171 ships having a mean weight of 2.10 x 10(6)(+/-7.82 x 10(5)) of light dead weight tonnage (LDT) being scrapped. Apart from scrapped metals, this yard generates a massive amount of combustible solid waste in the form of waste wood, plastic, insulation material, paper, glass wool, thermocol pieces (polyurethane foam material), sponge, oiled rope, cotton waste, rubber, etc. In this study multiple regression analysis was used to develop predictive models for energy content of combustible ship-scrapping solid wastes. The scope of work comprised qualitative and quantitative estimation of solid waste samples and performing a sequential selection procedure for isolating variables. Three regression models were developed to correlate the energy content (net calorific values (LHV)) with variables derived from material composition, proximate and ultimate analyses. The performance of these models for this particular waste complies well with the equations developed by other researchers (Dulong, Steuer, Scheurer-Kestner and Bento's) for estimating energy content of municipal solid waste.

A49T, R227Q and TA repeat polymorphism of steroid 5 alpha-reductase type II gene and Hypospadias risk in North Indian children.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hypospadias is a common congenital error of genital development, the frequency of which is increasing. As androgens have a significant role in the development of the male urethra, we sought to investigate the association between functional polymorphisms of SRD5A2 gene in relation to hypospadias. METHODS: We examined DNA samples of 96 cases and 105 controls for SRD5A2-A49T, R227Q and TA repeat gene polymorphisms. RESULT: Absence of 49T locus and 227Q locus was observed in the present study. At the (TA) n repeat site, TA (0) allele was observed to be the most common allele in both cases (91.7%) and controls (90%). TA (9/9) genotype exhibited an odds ratio of 3.03 (95% C.I. = 0.18-50.14, p = 0) with respect to only middle phenotypes. Analysis of the demographic data depicted the agricultural background aspect of the parents of the cases. 72.27% of the cases (affected with Hypospadias) have parents having agriculture as a primary occupation. CONCLUSION: As longer TA repeats are associated with lower enzymatic activity and lower DHT levels as reported among Caucasians, this polymorphism may have an effect (rather small) in predisposing the population of the present study to the risk of Hypospadias of lesser severity. Due to small sample size, the 3.03 O.R. is not significant and a larger sample is needed to validate the results. Large scale screening of Hypospadias and other 46 X,Y disorders of sexual development is needed especially in India, where the majority of the population is from agricultural background. The results of the present study are likely to assist the health planners to initiate screening of Hypospadias among the farmer community to combat the risk of Hypospadias.