Efficiently building receive arrays with electromagnetic simulations and additive manufacturing: A two-layer, 32-channel prototype for 7T brain MRI.

PURPOSE: We propose a comprehensive workflow to design and build fully customized dense receive arrays for MRI, providing prediction of SNR and g-factor. Combined with additive manufacturing, this method allows an efficient implementation for any arbitrary loop configuration. To demonstrate the methodology, an innovative two-layer, 32-channel receive array is proposed. METHODS: The design workflow is based on numerical simulations using a commercial 3D electromagnetic software associated with circuit model co-simulations to provide the most accurate results in an efficient time. A model to compute the noise covariance matrix from circuit model scattering parameters is proposed. A 32-channel receive array at 7 T is simulated and fabricated with a two-layer design made of non-geometrically decoupled loops. Decoupling between loops is achieved using home-built direct high-impedance preamplifiers. The loops are 3D-printed with a new additive manufacturing technique to speed up integration while preserving the detailed geometry as simulated. The SNR and parallel-imaging performances of the proposed design are compared with a commercial coil, and in vivo images are acquired. RESULTS: The comparison of SNR and g-factors showed a good agreement between simulations and measurements. Experimental values are comparable with the ones measured on the commercial coil. Preliminary in vivo images also ensured the absence of any unexpected artifacts. CONCLUSION: A new design and performance analysis workflow is proposed and tested with a non-conventional 32-channel prototype at 7 T. Additive manufacturing of dense arrays of loops for brain imaging at ultrahigh field is validated for clinical use.

Shim coils tailored for correcting B0 inhomogeneity in the human brain (SCOTCH): Design methodology and 48-channel prototype assessment in 7-Tesla MRI.

Increased static field inhomogeneities are a burden for human brain MRI at Ultra-High-Field. In particular they cause enhanced Echo-Planar image distortions and signal losses due to magnetic susceptibility gradients at air-tissue interfaces in the subject's head. In the past decade, Multi-Coil Arrays (MCA) have been proposed to shim the field in the brain better than the 2nd or 3rd order Spherical Harmonic (SH) coils usually offered by MRI manufacturers. Here we present a novel MCA, named SCOTCH, optimized for whole brain shimming. Based on a cylindrical structure, it features several layers of small coils whose shape, size and location are found from a principal component analysis of ideal stream functions computed from an internal 100-brain fieldmap database. From an Open-Access external database of 126 brains, our SCOTCH implementation is shown to be equivalent to a partial 7th-order SH system with unlimited power, outperforming all known existing MCA prototypes. This result is further confirmed by a low-cost  30-cm diameter SCOTCH prototype built with 48 coils on 3 layers, and tested on 7 volunteers at 7T with a parallel-transmit RF coil made to be inserted in SCOTCH. Echo-Planar images of the subject brains before and after SCOTCH shimming show large signal recoveries, especially in the prefrontal cortex.

Repeatability of multinuclear interleaved acquisitions with nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in dynamic experiments in the calf muscle at 3T.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the repeatability of multinuclear interleaved 1 H/31 P NMR dynamic acquisitions in skeletal muscle and the impact of nuclear Overhauser enhancement (nOe) on the 31 P results at 3T in exercise-recovery and ischemia-hyperemia paradigms. METHODS: A 1 H/31 P interleaved pulse sequence was used to measure every 2.5 s a perfusion-weighted image, a T2∗ map, a 31 P spectrum and 32 1 H spectra sensitive to deoxymyoglobin. 21 subjects performed a plantar flexion exercise and after recovery underwent an 8-min lower leg ischemia. The procedure was repeated in visit 2 with 12 subjects. An additional exercise bout without 1 H excitation was appended to visit 1. Individual 1 H RF pulse nOe was measured at rest in every visit. RESULTS: Repeatability scores (coefficient of variation, Bland-Altman analysis) were similar to those found in the literature using similar mono-nuclear acquisitions. |Pi]/[PCr], pH drop, creatine rephosphorylation rate (τPCr ), maximum perfusion, time to peak perfusion, and blood flow post-exercise showed high reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.7), whereas hemodynamic results from reactive hyperemia showed higher repeatability. After accounting for nOe, which increased Pi and PCr signal-to-noise ratio by 30%, no differences in 31 P results were observed between interleaved and 31 P MRS-only acquisitions. τPCr was unaffected by nOe. CONCLUSION: The method shows good repeatability for both paradigms while simultaneously providing multiple dynamic data sets on a clinical scanner. The nOe effects were accounted for on a per-subject and per-visit basis using a short 31 P reference scan. This multiparametric approach has a multitude of applications for the study of oxygen utilization and ATP turnover in the muscle.

Investigation of lithium distribution in the rat brain ex vivo using lithium-7 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging at 17.2 T.

Lithium is the first-line mood stabilizer for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder. However, its mechanisms of action and transport across the blood-brain barrier remain poorly understood. The contribution of lithium-7 magnetic resonance imaging (7 Li MRI) to investigate brain lithium distribution remains limited because of the modest sensitivity of the lithium nucleus and the expected low brain concentrations in humans and animal models. Therefore, we decided to image lithium distribution in the rat brain ex vivo using a turbo-spin-echo imaging sequence at 17.2 T. The estimation of lithium concentrations was performed using a phantom replacement approach accounting for B1 inhomogeneities and differential T1 and T2 weighting. Our MRI-derived lithium concentrations were validated by comparison with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements ([Li]MRI  = 1.18[Li]MS , R = 0.95). Overall, a sensitivity of 0.03 mmol/L was achieved for a spatial resolution of 16 µL. Lithium distribution was uneven throughout the brain (normalized lithium content ranged from 0.4 to 1.4) and was mostly symmetrical, with consistently lower concentrations in the metencephalon (cerebellum and brainstem) and higher concentrations in the cortex. Interestingly, low lithium concentrations were also observed close to the lateral ventricles. The average brain-to-plasma lithium ratio was 0.34 ± 0.04, ranging from 0.29 to 0.39. Brain lithium concentrations were reasonably correlated with plasma lithium concentrations, with Pearson correlation factors ranging from 0.63 to 0.90.

FID navigator-based MR thermometry method to monitor small temperature changes in the brain of ventilated animals.

An MR thermometry method is proposed for measuring in vivo small temperature changes engendered by external RF heat sources. The method relies on reproducible and stable respiration and therefore currently applies to ventilated animals whose breathing is carefully controlled. It first consists in characterizing the stability of the main magnetic field as well as the variations induced by breathing during a first monitoring stage. Second, RF heating is applied while the phase and thus temperature evolutions are continuously measured, the corrections due to breathing and field drift being made thanks to the data accumulated during the first period. The RF heat source is finally stopped and the temperature rise likewise is continuously monitored during a third and last stage to observe the animal cooling down and to validate the assumptions made for correcting for the main field variation and the physiological noise. Experiments were performed with a clinical 7 T scanner on an anesthetized baboon and with a dedicated RF heating setup. Analysis of the data reveals a precision around 0.1°C, which allows us to reliably measure sub-degree temperature rises in the muscle and in the brain of the animal.

Generalized double-acquisition imaging for radiofrequency inhomogeneity mitigation in high-field MRI: experimental proof and performance analysis.

Transmit arrays have been developed to compensate for radiofrequency inhomogeneities in high-field MRI using different excitation schemes. They can be classified into static or dynamic shimmings depending on the target: homogenizing the radiofrequency field directly or homogenizing the flip angle distribution using the Bloch equation. We have developed an intermediate solution to compare shimming performances between different transmit arrays. This solution, called generalized double-acquisition imaging, is easier to implement than most dynamic shimming methods and offers more degrees of freedom than static shimmings. It uses two acquisitions so that the second acquisition complements the excitation of the first one to obtain by superposition an image that minimizes radiofrequency artefacts. For validation, the method is demonstrated experimentally for a gradient echo sequence on a spherical homogeneous phantom and by simulation on a human head model.

A new paradigm for high-sensitivity 19F magnetic resonance imaging of perfluorooctylbromide.

In the present work, the NMR properties of perfluorooctylbromide are revisited to derive a high-sensitivity fluorine MRI strategy. It is shown that the harmful effects of J-coupling can be eliminated by carefully choosing the bandwidth of the 180 degrees pulses in a spin-echo sequence. The T(2) of the CF(3) resonance of the molecule is measured using a multispin-echo sequence and shown to dramatically depend on the interpulse delay. Following these observations, an optimized multispin-echo imaging sequence is derived and compared with short TE/pulse repetition time gradient echo and chemical shift imaging sequences. The unparalleled sensitivity yielded by the multispin-echo sequence is promising for future applications, in particular for targeted contrast agents such as perfluorooctylbromide nanoparticles.

Non-invasive and quantitative evaluation of peripheral vascular resistances in rats by combined NMR measurements of perfusion and blood pressure using ASL and dynamic angiography.

The in vivo determination of peripheral vascular resistances (VR) is crucial for the assessment of arteriolar function. It requires simultaneous determination of organ perfusion (F) and arterial blood pressure (BP). A fully non-invasive method was developed to measure systolic and diastolic BP in the caudal artery of rats based on dynamic NMR angiography. A good agreement was found between the NMR approach and the gold standard techniques (linear regression slope = 0.98, R(2) = 0.96). This method and the ASL-MRI measurement of skeletal muscle perfusion were combined into one single NMR experiment to quantitatively evaluate the local vascular resistances in the calf muscle of anaesthetized rats, in vivo and non-invasively 1) at rest: VR = 7.0 +/- 1.0 mmHg x min 100 g x ml(-1), F = 13 +/- 3 ml min(-1) x 100 g(-1) and mean BP (MBP) = 88 +/- 10 mmHg; 2) under vasodilator challenge (milrinone): VR = 3.7 +/- 1.1 mmHg min x 100 g ml(-1), F = 21 +/- 4 ml min(-1) x 100 g(-1) and MBP = 75 +/- 14 mmHg; 3) under vasopressor challenge (norepinephrine): VR = 9.8 +/- 1.2 mmHg min 100 g ml(-1), F = 14 +/- 3 ml min(-1) x 100 g(-1) and MBP = 137 +/- 2 mmHg.

Simultaneous multi-parametric mapping of total sodium concentration, T1, T2 and ADC at 7 T using a multi-contrast unbalanced SSFP.

PURPOSE: Quantifying multiple NMR properties of sodium could be of benefit to assess changes in cellular viability in biological tissues. A proof of concept of Quantitative Imaging using Configuration States (QuICS) based on a SSFP sequence with multiple contrasts was implemented to extract simultaneously 3D maps of applied flip angle (FA), total sodium concentration, T1, T2, and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC). METHODS: A 3D Cartesian Gradient Recalled Echo (GRE) sequence was used to acquire 11 non-balanced SSFP contrasts at a 6 × 6 × 6 mm3 isotropic resolution with carefully-chosen gradient spoiling area, RF amplitude and phase cycling, with TR/TE = 20/3.2 ms and 25 averages, leading to a total acquisition time of 1 h 18 min. A least-squares fit between the measured and the analytical complex signals was performed to extract quantitative maps from a mono-exponential model. Multiple sodium phantoms with different compositions were studied to validate the ability of the method to measure sodium NMR properties in various conditions. RESULTS: Flip angle maps were retrieved. Relaxation times, ADC and sodium concentrations were estimated with controlled precision below 15%, and were in accordance with measurements from established methods and literature. CONCLUSION: The results illustrate the ability to retrieve sodium NMR properties maps, which is a first step toward the estimation of FA, T1, T2, concentration and ADC of 23Na for clinical research. With further optimization of the acquired QuICS contrasts, scan time could be reduced to be suitable with in vivo applications.

Stacked magnetic resonators for MRI RF coils decoupling.

Parallel transmission is a very promising method to tackle B1+ field inhomogeneities at ultrahigh field in magnetic resonant imaging (MRI). This technique is however limited by the mutual coupling between the radiating elements. Here we propose to solve this problem by designing a passive magneto-electric resonator that we here refer to as stacked magnetic resonator (SMR). By combining numerical and experimental methodologies, we prove that this novelty passive solution allows an efficient decoupling of elements of a phased-array coil. We demonstrate the ability of this technique to significantly reduce by more than 10dB the coupling preserving the quality of images compared to ideally isolated linear resonators on a spherical salty agar gel phantom in a 7T MRI scanner.

Ultrafast multiplanar determination of left ventricular hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats with single-shot spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether left ventricular hypertrophy can be correctly evaluated in hypertensive rats with a new nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging modality that is relatively simple to operate and provides results of constant quality while offering a high signal-to-noise ratio. DESIGN Left ventricular mass as calculated from the NMR imaging analysis was compared with the actual left ventricular mass measured by gravimetry. METHODS: Single-shot ultrafast spin-echo (SSFSE) imaging of hearts of Wistar-Kyoto rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats was performed at 4 T. Left ventricular mass was determined by using Simpson's rule on stacks of images acquired in systole and diastole. RESULTS: SSFSE NMR imaging performed in systole or in diastole evaluated and quantified left ventricular hypertrophy in hearts of spontaneously hypertensive rats very similarly to gravimetry. The left ventricular mass as determined by NMR was in good accordance with the actual left ventricular weight (SEE: 30.39 and 35.86 mg for the systolic and diastolic NMR acquisitions, respectively). CONCLUSION: Using an SSFSE sequence, high-quality NMR images of the rat heart can be generated very reliably with sufficient contrast and temporal and spatial resolution, and allow precise, non-invasive and fast characterization of left ventricular hypertrophy in a hypertensive rat model.

Single-trial classification of parallel pre-attentive and serial attentive processes using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Theories of perception have proposed a basic distinction between parallel pre-attentive and serial attentive modes of processing. However, chronometric measures are often ambiguous in separating parallel and serial processes. We have used the activity of attention-related regions of the human brain, measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging, to separate parallel from serial processes at the single-trial level in a visual quantification task. In this task, some have suggested the deployment of two qualitatively different processes, a fast parallel 'subitizing' for sets of one, two or three objects and a slow serial counting for larger sets. Our results indicate that attention-related regions of the posterior parietal and frontal cortices show a sudden increase in activity only from numerosity four onwards, confirming the parallel-serial dichotomy of subitizing and counting. Moreover, using the presence or absence of attentional shifts, as inferred from the activation of posterior parietal regions, we successfully predict whether, on a given trial, subjects deployed a serial exploration of the display or a parallel apprehension. Beyond the subitizing/counting debate, this approach may prove useful to probe the attentional demands of other cognitive tasks.

NMR measurement of brain oxidative metabolism in monkeys using 13C-labeled glucose without a 13C radiofrequency channel.

We detected glutamate C4 and C3 labeling in the monkey brain during an infusion of [U-13C6]glucose, using a simple 1H PRESS sequence without 13C editing or decoupling. Point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) spectra revealed decreases in 12C-bonded protons, and increases in 13C-bonded protons of glutamate. To take full advantage of the simultaneous detection of 12C- and 13C-bonded protons, we implemented a quantitation procedure to properly measure both glutamate C4 and C3 enrichments. This procedure relies on LCModel analysis with a basis set to account for simultaneous signal changes of protons bound to 12C and 13C. Signal changes were mainly attributed to 12C- and 13C-bonded protons of glutamate. As a result, we were able to measure the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux in a 3.9 cm3 voxel centered in the monkey brain on a whole-body 3 Tesla system (VTCA = 0.55 +/- 0.04 micromol x g(-1) x min(-1), N = 4). This work demonstrates that oxidative metabolism can be quantified in deep structures of the brain on clinical MRI systems, without the need for a 13C radiofrequency (RF) channel.