High rate of detection of ultrasound signs of prostatitis in patients with HPV-DNA persistence on semen: role of ultrasound in HPV-related male accessory gland infection.

BACKGROUND: Papillomavirus (HPV) often occurs in the semen of patients with male accessory gland infection (MAGI). Ultrasound (US) evaluation has been suggested as a promising diagnostic tool for patients with HPV-related MAGI. No data on the spontaneous clearance of HPV-DNA have been reported so far in HPV-related MAGI. PURPOSE: The primary aim of the study was to assess the percentage of early HPV-DNA spontaneous clearance in patients with prostatitis. The secondary aim was to evaluate the frequency of spontaneous clearance of HPV-DNA among patients with prostatitis associated with the presence or absence of US abnormalities. METHODS: Patients with inflammatory MAGI and at least one suspicious criterion for HPV infection underwent semen HPV-DNA detection and prostate US. The presence of HPV-DNA was further investigated after a 6-month-long follow-up. MAIN RESULTS: Eighty patients satisfied the inclusion criteria and were recruited in the study. 69% of patients (55/80) showed HPV-DNA persistence in the semen. Among them, 82% (45/55) was positive for US signs of prostatitis, while they occurred only in 12% (3/25) of those patients with no sign of HPV-DNA persistence (p < 0.001). All patients with persistent high-risk HPV genotype (n = 30) showed at least two US signs of prostatitis. In 73% of patients (22/30), E6 and E7 mRNAs were detected. CONCLUSION: US signs of prostatitis more frequently occurred in patients with evidence of HPV-DNA persistence on semen, especially in those with high-risk genotypes. This highlights the importance of US in the framework of HPV-related MAGI.

In vitro effects of nicotine on sperm motility and bio-functional flow cytometry sperm parameters.

The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the effects of nicotine on sperm motility and on non-conventional sperm parameters in vitro. Capacitated spermatozoa isolated from 10 normozoospermic, healthy, non-smoker men were evaluated. Spermatozoa were exposed to increasing concentrations of nicotine (0, 1, 10, and 100 ng/ml) for 3 and 24 hours. Progressive motility and the following non-conventional sperm parameters, evaluated by flow cytometry, were assessed: mitochondrial membrane potential, viability, phosphatidylserine externalization, late apoptosis, degree of chromatin compactness, and DNA fragmentation. Nicotine suppressed, in a concentration-dependent manner, sperm progressive motility starting from the lowest concentration used (1 ng/ml). Similarly, it reduced the percentage of viable spermatozoa and increased the number of spermatozoa in late apoptosis, with altered chromatin compactness, or DNA fragmentation already after 3 hours of incubation. These effects were observed at a concentration similar (100 ng/ml) to that found in the seminal plasma of smokers (70 ng/ml), with the exception of the effects on sperm DNA fragmentation whose significant effect was detected also at a lower concentration (10 ng/ml). Nicotine may be regarded as a noxious component of cigarette smoke on the male reproductive function.

FSH treatment for normogonadotropic male infertility: a synergistic role for metformin?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) administration in a cohort of insulin resistant (HOMA>2.5) patients with normogonadotropic idiopathic infertility. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We subdivided patients in two clinical groups basing on the adopted therapeutic scheme: group A (n=44) received 150 units of FSH three times a week for three months (group A); group B (n=35) received 150 units of FSH three times a week for three months and 500 mg of slow-release metformin once a day for three months (group B). We evaluated the post-treatment sperm parameters, sperm parameters normalization rate, spontaneous pregnancy rate, and sperm DNA fragmentation normalization rate. RESULTS: 40% of group A patients and 45% of group B patients became normozoospermic after the treatment, while 30% of group A patients and 32% of group B patients achieved a spontaneous pregnancy. B group patients also obtained higher sperm DNA fragmentation normalization rate (45% vs. 33%, p = 0.03). Compared to group A, group B showed a higher sperm concentration, progressive motility and morphology (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the addition of the low-dose slow-release metformin in insulin-resistant patients with normogonadotropic infertility improves the efficacy of FSH therapy.

Non-hormonal treatment for male infertility: the potential role of Serenoa repens, selenium and lycopene.

OBJECTIVE: Male infertility is a wide spread disease among couple of childbearing age. Spermatozoa are highly susceptible to oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are capable of damaging the sperm membrane and DNA, inducing lipid peroxidation and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF). Antioxidant supplementation is currently suggested after a complete diagnostic work-up, as recognized by the Italian Society of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (SIAMS). Indeed, it has been showed to improve sperm quality, DNA fragmentation and pregnancy rate. The administration of Serenoa repens extracts (SrE), including free fatty acids (FFA), methyl and ethyl esters, glycerides, flavonoids and sterols, has never been investigated for male infertility. However, their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties provide the rational for their possible effectiveness. The aim of this review was to collect all the evidence supporting the potential usefulness of SrE, alone or in combination with other molecules with proven antioxidant effects, like selenium and lycopene (along with which they are often commercialized), to improve sperm parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search was performed using Pubmed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Academic One Files, Google Scholar and Scopus databases. The search strategy included the following key words: Serenoa repens, selenium, lycopene, oligozoospermia, oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation, male infertility, pregnancy rate. CONCLUSIONS: By triggering multiple inflammatory and oxidative pathways, the combined administration of SrE, selenium and lycopene might likely improve the sperm quality. Proper studies are needed to test this hypothesis. Finally, since prostatitis can affect the sperm quality and considering the anti-estrogenic properties of SrE, we speculate about a possible specific indication in those patients with male infertility and "metabolic" prostatitis (where obesity and abnormal androgen/estrogen ratio concomitantly occur).