Health and social care needs of people living with dementia: a qualitative study of dementia support in the Victorian region of Gippsland, Australia.

INTRODUCTION: There is a lack of information about the experiences of people living with dementia and their carers, especially in rural and regional areas. Understanding these experiences helps to identify gaps and unmet needs within the health system and improve quality of care and outcomes for people living with dementia. The aim of this study was to improve our knowledge of dementia support needs. This included access to health and social care services and supports for people living with dementia and those who provide informal or formal support to someone living with dementia. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with 26 participants from the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia with knowledge of dementia care. Purposive sampling engaged people with lived experience, carers/family members and health professionals delivering dementia care and social services. Discussions centred around participants' experiences of support services, the diagnosis process and what they thought was needed to improve the services and supports offered. Thematic analysis of the data was undertaken using the framework method. RESULTS: The interview data indicated that the needs of many people living with dementia and their carers were not currently being met. The themes were limited access to services and supports, including primary and specialist care, often impacted by lack of knowledge of care options, difficulty navigating the system and funding models as a barrier, leading to delays in getting a diagnosis and accessing specialist services; lack of holistic care to enable people living with dementia to 'live well'; and stigma impacted by a lack of knowledge of dementia among professionals and in the community. Relationship-centred care was described as a way to improve the lives of people living with dementia. CONCLUSION: Key areas for improvement include increasing community awareness of dementia and available local services, more support to obtain an early dementia diagnosis, increased help to navigate the system, especially immediately after diagnosis, and easier access to appropriate home support services when they are needed. Other recommendations include person-centred care across settings - supported by funding models, more education and communication skills training for health professionals and care staff - and greater support for and increased recognition of carers.

The provision of dementia care in general practice: practice nurse perceptions of their role.

BACKGROUND: Primary care nurses can assist General Practitioner's to identify cognition concerns and support patient health self-management for those experiencing cognitive impairment or dementia. This support may lead to more appropriate care and better health outcomes for this group. Consequently, there is a need to identify the role of the primary care nurse in dementia care provision, nurse perceptions of this role and to also understand the barriers and enablers that may influence any current or potential primary care nurse role in dementia care provision. METHODS: Eight focus groups were conducted with a total of 36 primary care nurses. Data was transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. RESULTS: There was a high level of agreement between primary care nurses that they had a role in provision of dementia care. This role was largely attributed to the strong therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients. However, dementia care provision was not without its challenges, including a perceived lack of knowledge, limited resources and the hierarchical nature of general practice. Three main themes were identified: personal attributes of the primary care nurse; professional attributes of the primary care nurse role and the context of practice. Six sub-themes were identified: knowing the person; overcoming stigma; providing holistic care; knowing what to do; team culture and working in the system. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest primary care nurses have a role in dementia care provision and, there is a need to provide support for the nurse to deliver person-centred health care in the context of cognitive impairment. As the demand for good quality primary care for people living with dementia increases, the role of the primary care nurse should be considered in primary care policy discussions. The knowledge gained from this study could be useful in informing dementia training content, to provide better prompts in the health assessment and care planning templates used by primary care nurses to better identify the care needs of people with a cognitive impairment and to develop dementia care guidelines for primary care nurses.

What is the role of the practice nurse in the care of people living with dementia, or cognitive impairment, and their support person(s)?: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The potential value of expanding the Practice Nurse role to include the recognition and management of dementia has been acknowledged. Practice Nurses are well-positioned to provide comprehensive dementia information and support so that people living with dementia are better equipped to self-manage their health and live well with dementia. The purpose of this review was to systematically examine published literature to identify existing and potential roles of Practice Nurse's in the delivery of care to people affected by dementia and to describe the characteristics and effectiveness of nurse interventions in dementia models of care. METHODS: The PRISMA statement guided the systematic review of the quantitative and qualitative evidence for roles and characteristics of the Practice Nurse in the delivery of dementia care. A comprehensive literature search of seven electronic databases and Google scholar identified relevant original research published in English between January 2000 and January 2019. Thirteen articles met the inclusion criteria and were extracted into the Covidence software for analysis. RESULTS: The heterogeneity of the included studies purpose, design and outcomes measures and the diversity in health systems and primary care nurses scope of practice made it difficult to synthesise the findings and draw conclusions. The heterogeneity did, however, provide important insights into the characteristics of roles undertaken by nurses working in the general practice setting, which were potentially beneficial to people living with dementia and their support person. These included patient accessibility to the Practice Nurse, early recognition and management of cognitive changes, care management and collaboration with the General Practitioner. Limitations of the provision of dementia care by Practice Nurses included a lack of definition of the role, inadequate dementia specific training, time constraints and poor communication with General Practitioners. CONCLUSIONS: Embedding an evidence-based model that describes the role of the Practice Nurse in dementia care provision has the potential to increase early recognition of cognitive impairment and more appropriate primary care management of dementia. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO 2018 CRD42018088191.

Challenges and barriers associated with medication management for home nursing clients in Australia: a qualitative study combining the perspectives of community nurses, community pharmacists and GPs.

BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of older people are receiving home nursing support for medication management to enable them to remain living at home. Home nursing clients frequently experience medication errors and adverse medication events. There has been little study of how medication management processes and interdisciplinary teamwork impact on medication management in the home nursing setting. OBJECTIVE: To explore medication management processes and describe barriers and challenges from the perspective of community nurses, community pharmacists and GPs involved in the provision of medication management services for home nursing clients. METHODS: Focus groups, in-depth interviews and stakeholder consultations were conducted with a convenience sample of community nurses, community pharmacists and GPs. Data were analysed using the framework approach (a deductive thematic analysis) to identify issues affecting the delivery of medication management services. RESULTS: Ten focus groups, 12 in-depth interviews and 5 stakeholder consultation meetings were conducted with 86 health practitioners (55 community nurses, 17 GPs, 10 community pharmacists and 4 nurse managers). Participants highlighted a range of barriers and challenges associated with medication management for home nursing clients, including deficiencies in interdisciplinary communication; problems related to organizational or workplace policies, processes and systems; and ineffective team function. The negative impacts of these were recognized as compromised client safety, reduced workforce efficiency and productivity and compromised interprofessional relationships. CONCLUSION: Barriers and challenges with medication management for home nursing clients and associated negative impacts were identified. Strategies are needed to improve interdisciplinary medication management and medication safety in the home nursing setting.

Posthospital Falls Prevention Intervention: A Mixed-Methods Study.

OBJECTIVE: Posthospital discharge shows increased risk for falls in older people. This pilot study was created to determine feasibility and acceptability of a community-delivered posthospital multifactorial program. METHOD: This mixed-method study used randomized controlled design (quantitative component) and interviews (qualitative component). People aged ≥65 years, hospitalized for a fall, underwent assessment for quality of life and falls-related outcomes, followed by interviews, randomization into intervention (exercise, medication review, and education) or control group, and follow-up at 6 months. RESULTS: Thirteen people commenced, with 10 people assessed at 6 months. Participants were complex with high degrees of frailty, multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and falls risk. Interview data related to intervention, impacts on quality of life, and fall-related outcomes. CONCLUSION: Preliminary findings suggest suitability of a multifactorial program for older people posthospital discharge following a fall. A social component would be a useful addition to falls prevention strategies, utilizing existing community nursing organizations.

'Falls not a priority': insights on discharging older people, admitted to hospital for a fall, back to the community.

Falls are common among older people and a leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation. The immediate post-hospitalisation period is a risky time for further falls. This paper explores discharge strategies from the perspectives of older people hospitalised for a fall and liaison nurses assisting people to return home. Exploratory mixed methods were used. Semi-structured interviews with older people were conducted regarding their experience of the fall and discharge strategies. Quality of life, falls risk and functional capacity were measured by questionnaire. Liaison nurses were also interviewed. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed. Mixed-method synthesis occurred using role-ordered matrix analysis. Older people (n=13) and liaison nurses (n=6) participated. Older persons' quality of life was average and falls risk high. Thematic analysis revealed three key themes: 'falls are not a priority', 'information not given, or given and not retained' and 'reduction in confidence and independence'. Role-ordered matrix analysis identified differences between acute and rehabilitative hospital stays. Older people hospitalised for a fall present a unique opportunity for implementation of falls prevention strategies. However, hospitalisation is often a time of crisis with competing priorities. Timing and relevance are crucial for optimal uptake of falls prevention strategies, with the primary care setting well-placed for their implementation.

Development of an optimised key worker framework for people with dementia, their family and caring unit living in the community.

BACKGROUND: In Australia, dementia is a national health priority. With the rising number of people living with dementia and shortage of formal and informal carers predicted in the near future, developing approaches to coordinating services in quality-focused ways is considered an urgent priority. Key worker support models are one approach that have been used to assist people living with dementia and their caring unit coordinate services and navigate service systems; however, there is limited literature outlining comprehensive frameworks for the implementation of community dementia key worker roles in practice. In this paper an optimised key worker framework for people with dementia, their family and caring unit living in the community is developed and presented. METHODS: A number of processes were undertaken to inform the development of a co-designed optimised key worker framework: an expert working and reference group; a systematic review of the literature; and a qualitative evaluation of 14 dementia key worker models operating in Australia involving 14 interviews with organisation managers, 19 with key workers and 15 with people living with dementia and/or their caring unit. Data from the systematic review and evaluation of dementia key worker models were analysed by the researchers and the expert working and reference group using a constant comparative approach to define the essential components of the optimised framework. RESULTS: The developed framework consisted of four main components: overarching philosophies; organisational context; role definition; and key worker competencies. A number of more clearly defined sub-themes sat under each component. Reflected in the framework is the complexity of the dementia journey and the difficulty in trying to develop a 'one size fits all' approach. CONCLUSIONS: This co-designed study led to the development of an evidence based framework which outlines a comprehensive synthesis of components viewed as being essential to the implementation of a dementia key worker model of care in the community. The framework was informed and endorsed by people living with dementia and their caring unit, key workers, managers, Australian industry experts, policy makers and researchers. An evaluation of its effectiveness and relevance for practice within the dementia care space is required.

What is the effectiveness of the support worker role for people with dementia and their carers? A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Dementia is progressive in nature and the associated functional decline inevitably leads to increasing dependence on others in areas of daily living. Models of support have been developed and implemented to assist with adjusting to living with memory loss and functional decline; to navigate the health and aged care system; and to access services. We undertook a systematic review of international literature on key worker type support roles to identify essential components and ascertain how the role can be best utilised to assist community-dwelling people with dementia and their carers. This review of support roles is the first to our knowledge to include both quantitative and qualitative studies and all models of support. METHOD: A systematic review of studies written in English and published between January 2003 and December 2014. Data sources were Medline, PsychInfo and CINAHL, internet, expert consultation and reference lists of included studies. After screening articles to ensure that they reported on a key worker type support role, involved carers and or people with dementia living at home and removing duplicates, eligible papers were appraised and evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty six studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. Eligible studies were divided into type of support roles and study type. The heterogeneity of included studies and high risk of bias made a meta-analysis inappropriate and it was therefore difficult to draw overall conclusions. However, essential components shared across support worker models that demonstrated a positive impact on carer burden and improved quality of life included: long term intervention, face to face contact, individualised education and support based on needs, multi-disciplinary teams, collaborative input, health/clinical background of support workers, ongoing follow up and inter professional and inter-sectoral collaborations. There was a lack of studies assessing cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Studies that include a high quality evaluation of holistic, tailored models of support that identify which components of support produce the most valuable outcomes to assist people with dementia and their carers and families to continue to live meaningful lives are needed. There is also a need for a cost effectiveness evaluation of support worker roles. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews: PROSPERO 2014 CRD42014013992 .

Evaluation of a support worker role, within a nurse delegation and supervision model, for provision of medicines support for older people living at home: the Workforce Innovation for Safe and Effective (WISE) Medicines Care study.

BACKGROUND: Support with managing medicines at home is a common reason for older people to receive community nursing services. With population ageing and projected nurse shortages, reliance on nurses may not be sustainable. We developed and tested a new workforce model: 'Workforce Innovation for Safe and Effective (WISE) Medicines Care', which enabled nurses to delegate medicines support home visits for low-risk clients to support workers (known as community care aides [CCAs]). Primary study aims were to assess whether the model increased the number of medicines support home visits conducted by CCAs, explore nurses', CCAs' and consumers' experiences with the CCAs' expanded role, and identify enablers and barriers to delegation of medicines support. METHODS: A prospective before-after mixed-methods study was conducted within a community nursing service that employed a small number of CCAs. The CCAs' main role prior to the WISE Medicines Care model was personal care, with a very limited role in medicines support. CCAs received training in medicines support, and nurses received training in assessment, delegation and supervision. Home visit data over two three-month periods were compared. Focus groups and interviews were conducted with purposive samples of nurses (n = 27), CCAs (n = 7) and consumers (n = 28). RESULTS: Medicines support visits by CCAs increased from 43/16,863 (0.25 %) to 714/21,552 (3.3 %) (p < 0.001). Nurses reported mostly positive experiences, and high levels of trust and confidence in CCAs. They reported that delegating to CCAs sometimes eliminated the need for duplicate nurse and CCA visits (for people requiring personal care plus medicines support) and enabled them to visit people with more complex needs. CCAs enjoyed their expanded role and were accepted by clients and/or carers. Nurses and CCAs reported effective communication when medicine-related problems occurred. No medication incidents involving CCAs were reported. Barriers to implementation included the limited number of CCAs employed in the organisation and reluctance from some nurses to delegate medicines support to CCAs. Enablers included training and support, existing relationships between CCAs and nurses, and positive staff attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriately trained and supervised support workers can be used to support community nurses with providing medicines management for older people in the home care setting, particularly for those who are at low risk of adverse medication events or errors. The model was acceptable to nurses, clients and carers, and may offer a sustainable and safe and effective future workforce solution to provision of medicines support for older people in the home care setting.

General practice nurse perceptions of barriers and facilitators to implementation of best-practice dementia care recommendations-a qualitative interview study.

INTRODUCTION: With an aging population and a growing prevalence of people living with dementia, the demand for best-practice dementia care in general practice increases. There is an opportunity to better utilise the nurse role within the primary care team to meet this increasing demand in the provision of care for people living with dementia. However, general practice nurses have limited knowledge in the provision of best-practice care for people living with dementia and their carer(s). A number of best-practice dementia care recommendations contained in the Australian Clinical Practice Guidelines and Principles of Care for People with Dementia have been identified as highly relevant to the role of the general practice nurse. AIMS: To explore general practice nurses' perspectives on published best-practice dementia care recommendations relevant to their role and identify barriers and facilitators to their implementation into clinical practice. METHODS: Thirteen Australian general practice nurses took part in this qualitative interview study. The research questions for this study were addressed within a paradigmatic framework of social constructionism. Data were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. RESULTS: There was a high level of agreement between general practice nurses that the recommendations were important, reflected best-practice dementia care and were relevant to their role. However the recommendations were perceived as limited in their usefulness to nurses' clinical practice due to being too vague and lacking direction. Four main themes were identified describing barriers and facilitators to operationalising best-practice dementia care.: creating a comfortable environment; changing approach to care; optimising the general practice nurse role and working collaboratively. Nine sub-themes were described: physical environment; social environment; complexity of care; care planning for the family; professional role and identity, funding better dementia care, education, networking and resources; different roles, one team; and interagency communication. CONCLUSION: This study identified several factors that need addressing to support general practice nurses to integrate best-practice dementia care recommendations into daily clinical practice. The development of interventions needs to include strategies to mitigate potential barriers and enhance facilitators that they perceive impact on their delivery of best-practice care for people living with dementia and their carer(s). The knowledge gained in this study could be used to develop multi-faceted interventions informed by theoretical implementation change models to enable the general practice nurse to operationalise best-practice dementia care recommendations.

Best-practice recommendations to inform general practice nurses in the provision of dementia care: a Delphi study.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, responsibility for dementia diagnosis and management is shifting to primary care, in particular to the general practitioner (GP). It has been acknowledged that primary care nurses, working collaboratively with GPs, have a role in dementia care by utilising their unique knowledge and skills. However, there are no best-practice guidelines or care pathways to inform nurses in general practice on what best-practice dementia care comprises and how to implement this into their practice. This study identified the recommendations in the Australian guidelines for dementia management most relevant to the role of the nurse working in general practice. METHODS: Seventeen experts active in clinical practice and/or research in primary care nursing in general practice participated in an online three-round Delphi study. RESULTS: All 17 participants were female with a nursing qualification and experienced in general practice clinical nursing and/or general practice nursing research. Five recommendations were identified as the most relevant to the role of the nurse in general practice. These recommendations all contained elements of person-centred care: the delivery of individualised information, ongoing support, including the carer in decision-making, and they also align with the areas where GPs want support in dementia care provision. CONCLUSION: This novel study identified best-practice dementia care recommendations specific to nurses in general practice. These recommendations will inform a model of care for nurses in the provision of dementia care that supports GPs and better meets the needs of people living with dementia and their carer(s).

The experience of structural burden for culturally and linguistically diverse family carers of people living with dementia in Australia.

Evidence suggests that family carers of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) people living with dementia experience higher stress and unmet need than the general Australian population. These disparities are often framed as the result of CALD communities failing to seek formal support. Challenging this, we draw on the concept of 'structural burden' to explore how the complexity of health and aged systems contribute to the burden that CALD carers experience. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 104 family carers for CALD people with dementia in Australia, followed by thematic analysis of transcripts. Additional to structural burdens encountered by the general older population, CALD carers faced challenges understanding Australia's Anglo-centric aged care system, locating culturally appropriate care and were required to translate the languages and operations of health and aged care systems into terms their family members understood. This burden was mitigated by the presence of ethno-specific organisations and other navigation support. Australia's aged care system has moved towards centralised governance and consumer-directed care provision. This system involves a confusing array of different programmes and levels, bureaucratic applications and long waiting times. Carers' encounters with these systems demonstrates how some CALD people are being left behind by the current aged care system. While ethno-specific services can reduce this burden, not all CALD groups are represented. Consequently, improving access to dementia care among CALD populations requires entry point and navigation support that is culturally appropriate and linguistically accessible.

Boundary Crossers: How Providers Facilitate Ethnic Minority Families' Access to Dementia Services.

OBJECTIVES: Providers who work closely with ethnic minority people with dementia and their families are pivotal in helping them access services. However, few studies have examined how these providers actually do this work. Using the concept of "boundary crossers," this article investigates the strategies applied by these providers to facilitate access to dementia services for ethnic minority people with dementia and their families. METHODS: Between 2017 and 2020, in-depth video-recorded interviews were conducted with 27 health, aged care, and community service providers working with ethnic minority people living with dementia across Australia. Interviews were conducted in one of seven languages and/or in English, then translated and transcribed verbatim into English. The data were analyzed thematically. RESULTS: Family and community stigma associated with dementia and extra-familial care were significant barriers to families engaging with services. To overcome these barriers, participants worked at the boundaries of culture and dementia, community and systems, strategically using English and other vernaculars, clinical and cultural terminology, building trust and rapport, and assisting with service navigation to improve access. Concurrently, they were cognizant of familial boundaries and were careful to provide services that were culturally appropriate without supplanting the families' role. DISCUSSION: In negotiating cultural, social, and professional boundaries, providers undertake multidimensional and complex work that involves education, advocacy, negotiation, navigation, creativity, and emotional engagement. This work is largely undervalued but offers a model of care that facilitates social and community development as well as service integration across health, aged care, and social services.

Unmet needs of older people with asthma: cross-sectional survey.

INTRODUCTION: Asthma in older people is a major cause of disease burden in Australia and is projected to increase over the next two decades. Current guidelines for asthma care rely predominantly on studies from younger populations. METHODS: We undertook a cross-sectional survey of older people with asthma to identify their concerns and their perceived asthma symptom burden. One hundred and ninety-nine people over 55 years of age with asthma were recruited from community pharmacies, in the states of Victoria and NSW, Australia. RESULTS: One-hundred and twenty (62%) participants reported "perfectly" or "very well controlled" asthma over the past month, and 78% claimed adherence to asthma treatment. Despite this, 105 (55%) reported experiencing moderate to severe symptoms and 58 (30%) moderate to extreme restrictions on their lifestyle in the past month. Exacerbations were also common with over one-third of participants seeking emergency asthma care or requiring oral corticosteroids in the past 12 months. In spite of 80% of participants reporting confidence of how to manage their asthma properly, only 10% said they would call an ambulance or visit an Emergency Department if their asthma was "out of control." Further asthma self-management education was considered desirable by two-thirds. However, those over 65 years preferred less autonomy in decision-making compared to those under 65 years. CONCLUSION. Older people with asthma experience a high symptom burden. A simplified version of our questionnaire could assist GPs, specialists, and asthma educators to identify the individual needs of older patients and to tailor their delivery of asthma care accordingly.

Clinical practice guidelines and principles of care for people with dementia: a protocol for undertaking a Delphi technique to identify the recommendations relevant to primary care nurses in the delivery of person-centred dementia care.

INTRODUCTION: Nationally and internationally it is well recognised that dementia is poorly recognised and suboptimally managed in the primary care setting. There are multiple and complex reasons for this gap in care, including a lack of knowledge, high care demands and inadequate time for the general practitioner alone to manage dementia with its multiple physical, psychological and social dimensions. The primary care nurse potentially has a role in assisting the general practitioner in the provision of evidence-based dementia care. Although dementia-care guidelines for general practitioners exist, evidence on resources to support the primary care nurse in dementia care provision is scarce. The 'Australian Clinical Practice Guidelines and Principles of Care for People with Dementia' provides 109 recommendations for the diagnosis and management of dementia. This protocol describes a Delphi study to identify which of the 109 recommendations contained in these multidisciplinary guidelines are relevant to the primary care nurse in the delivery of person-centred dementia care in the general practice setting. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Using a Delphi consensus online survey, an expert panel will grade each of the recommendations written in the 'Clinical Practice Guidelines and Principles of Care for People with Dementia' as high-to-low relevance with respect to the role of the primary care nurse in general practice. To optimise reliability of results, quality indicators will be used in the data collection and reporting of the study. Invited panel members will include Australian primary care nurses working in general practice, primary care nursing researchers and representatives of the Australian Primary Health Care Nurses Association, the peak professional body for nurses working in primary healthcare. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has been approved by The University of Newcastle Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) (H-2019-0029).Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at scientific conferences.

Beyond crisis: Enacted sense-making among ethnic minority carers of people with dementia in Australia.

The 'family crisis' narrative is frequently used in dementia studies to explain ethnic minority families' pathways to health and aged care and why there is delayed dementia diagnoses in ethnic minority communities. Such narratives may obscure the family carers' agency in negotiating services and managing personal, social and structural burdens in the lead up to diagnosis. To illuminate agency, this article describes ethnic minority families' pathways to a dementia diagnosis using the concept of sense-making. Three case studies were drawn from 56 video interviews with family carers of older adults with dementia from Chinese, Arab and Indian backgrounds. Interviews were conducted across Australia from February to August 2018, then translated, transcribed and thematically analysed. Findings suggest families did not enter into formal care because of a crisis, instead navigating fragmented systems and conflicting advice to obtain a dementia diagnosis and access to relevant care. This experience was driven by sense-making (a search for plausible explanations) that involved family carers interpreting discrepant cues in changes to the behaviour of the person with dementia over time, managing conflicting (medical) advice about these discrepancies and reinterpreting their relationships with hindsight. The sense-making concept offers a more constructive hermeneutic than the 'family crisis' narrative as it illuminates the agency of carers' in understanding changed behaviours, negotiating services and managing personal, social and structural barriers pre-diagnosis. The concept also demonstrates the need for a multimodal approach to promoting timely diagnosis of dementia in ethnic minority communities through dementia awareness and literacy campaigns as well as initiatives that address structural inequities.

Implementation and refinement of a community health nurse model of support for people experiencing homelessness in Australia: a collaborative approach.

OBJECTIVE: To implement, refine and evaluate an assertive community health nurse (CHN) model of support for people experiencing or at risk of homelessness that aims to improve their access to health and social care services. METHODS: Participants were recruited between 30 August 2013 and 31 October 2015, including clients residing in a Victorian southern Melbourne metropolitan suburb, who registered with the CHN and stakeholders from local service provider organisations engaging with the CHN. A collaborative approach using demographic data collected from client records to identify need and measure the time clients took to engage and access services, qualitative data gathered during Stakeholder Advisory Group meetings and feedback from face-to-face interviews with service organisation representatives informed refinement of the CHN model. RESULTS: Thirty-nine clients (22 Female, mean age 50±11 years) participated. Clients engaged with services after an average of seven CHN visits. Eighteen clients independently accessed services after approximately 9 weeks, including medical and housing services. Client need and feedback from 20 stakeholders and three community nurses contributed to refining the model to ensure it met local needs and informed the necessary organisational framework, the CHN role and the attributes, knowledge and the skills required. CONCLUSION: A collaborative CHN model of support for people at risk of or experiencing homelessness has been articulated. Evaluation of the role demonstrated increased client engagement with health and community services and social activities. Additionally, the CHN assisted other service providers in their delivery of care to this very complex client group.

Partnering with people with dementia and their care partners, aged care service experts, policymakers and academics: A co-design process.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the co-design process in a project that "evaluated how the key worker role can best support people living with dementia in the community setting." METHODS: People with dementia, care-partners, aged-care service experts, policymakers and academics utilised a co-design process to undertake a systematic literature review and a qualitative evaluation study. RESULTS: The development of a successful co-design process that includes people living with dementia and their care-partners ("consumers") at all stages of the research process and addresses their individual needs. CONCLUSIONS: The co-design approach utilised in this project provided support, for consumers living in the community to be fully involved in the research design, conduct and plans for dissemination and implementation of the findings. Consequently, the research outcomes are based on solid evidence and consumer need. Additionally, a successful model for supporting consumers to facilitate their involvement in all aspects of the research process, was developed.

Staff conceptualisations of elder abuse in residential aged care: A rapid review.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this rapid review was to explore how residential aged care staff conceptualise and identify elder abuse. METHODS: English-language publications, between 2000 and 2017, about elder abuse in residential aged care in developed countries were sought from three academic databases. Only perspectives on staff-to-resident and resident-to-resident abuse were included. RESULTS: Over 2000 articles were screened, and 19 journal articles were included in the review. A wide range of abusive behaviours was identified, but there was little common understanding of what constituted elder abuse. Furthermore, disparities in conceptualisations were greater for certain types of abuse (e.g. verbal, psychological and caregiving). CONCLUSION: Elder abuse in residential aged care was conceptualised and identified by staff in diverse and different ways. This lack of common understanding hinders the development of effective interventions and prevention strategies, which include staff education and training as well as significant structural and institutional changes.