RESUMEN
Carbofuran (CF) is a carbamate class pesticide, widely used in agriculture for pest control in crops. This pesticide has high toxicity in non-target organisms, and its presence in the environment poses a threat to the ecosystem. Research has revealed that this pesticide acts as an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), inducing an accumulation of acetylcholine in the brain. Nonetheless, our understanding of CF impact on the central nervous system remains elusive. Therefore, this study explored how CF influences behavioral and neurochemical outcomes in adult zebrafish. The animals underwent a 96-hour exposure protocol to different concentrations of CF (5, 50, and 500 µg/L) and were subjected to the novel tank (NTT) and social preference tests (SPT). Subsequently, they were euthanized, and their brains were extracted to evaluate neurochemical markers associated with oxidative stress and AChE levels. In the NTT and SPT, CF did not alter the evaluated behavioral parameters. Furthermore, CF did not affect the levels of AChE, non-protein sulfhydryl groups, and thiobarbituric acid reactive species in the zebrafish brain. Nevertheless, further investigation is required to explore the effects of environmental exposure to this compound on non-target organisms.
Asunto(s)
Acetilcolinesterasa , Conducta Animal , Encéfalo , Carbofurano , Estrés Oxidativo , Pez Cebra , Animales , Pez Cebra/metabolismo , Carbofurano/toxicidad , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Acetilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Masculino , Insecticidas/toxicidadRESUMEN
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of alcohol and/or tobacco exposure on spontaneous alveolar bone loss in Wistar rats. Twenty-four, male, 60 day-old, Wistar rats were assigned to 4 groups: Group 1 received 10 mL/kg of glucose solution (5%). Group 2 received 2 g/kg alcohol (20%). Group 3 was exposed to tobacco smoke (6 cigarettes/60 min). Group 4 received both interventions of groups 2 and 3. Alcohol was given by gastric gavage and cigarette exposure was performed using a forced ventilation chamber. After 30 days, animals were sacrificed and the upper maxillae removed and defleshed. Morphometric analysis of alveolar bone loss (ABL) around the second molar was performed in standardized digital photographs. Statistical analysis was conducted using paired t-test, one-way ANOVA and occurrence of spontaneous periodontal disease (ABL ≥ 0.39 mm) was analyzed by Fisher's exact test. Significant differences in body weight were observed between all groups. Group 2 presented higher body weight as compared to the 3 other groups at 4 weeks (p≤0.05). Mean ABL values were 0.31 mm (±0.08), 0.29 mm (±0.07), 0.33 mm (±0.10), and 0.33 mm (±0.08) for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. No significant differences were found among groups. In the analysis of occurrence of periodontal breakdown, alcohol exposure decreased the occurrence of ABL and cigarette exposure increased ABL. The combination of alcohol and cigarette exposure did not differ from the control group. Alcohol consumption decreased the occurrence of periodontal breakdown, while tobacco increased this rate.
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da exposição do álcool e/ou tabaco sobre a perda óssea alveolar (POA) espontânea em ratos Wistar. Vinte e quatro ratos, machos, com 60 dias de vida foram divididos em 4 grupos: Grupo 1 recebeu 10 mL/kg de solução de glicose (5%). Grupo 2 recebeu 2 g/kg de álcool (20%). Grupo 3 foi exposto a fumaça do tabaco (6 cigarros/60 min). Grupo 4 recebeu a mesma intervenção dos grupos 2 e 3. A solução de álcool foi dada por meio de gavagem e a exposição ao tabaco foi realizada por meio de câmara de ventilação forçada. Após 30 dias de experimento, os animais foram sacrificados e as maxilas removidas. Análise morfométrica da POA ao redor do segundo molar superior foi realizada de modo padronizada. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada por meio de teste t pareado e ANOVA. Ocorrência de doença periodontal espontânea (POA ≥ 0,39 mm) foi realizada pelo teste exato de Fisher. Diferenças significativas no peso corporal médio foram observadas em todos os grupos. Grupo 2 apresentou maior peso corporal médio quando comparado aos outros 3 grupos ao fim do experimento (p≤0,05). A média de POA foi 0,31 mm (±0,08); 0,29 mm (±0,07); 0,33 mm (±0,10) e 0,33 mm (±0,08) para os grupos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Na análise de ocorrência de destruição periodontal, a exposição de álcool diminuiu sua ocorrência, enquanto que exposição ao tabaco aumentou a POA espontânea. A combinação de álcool e tabaco não diferiu do grupo controle.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Pérdida de Hueso Alveolar/patología , Fumar , Ratas Wistar , NicotianaRESUMEN
Levodopa is the principal pharmacological treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD); however the protein content in diet may compromise its effectiveness. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of protein intake and the use of levodopa in ambulatory patients with PD. Thirty four PD patients were assessed for protein intake, evaluating the relation energy-protein intake by means of a register. An intake of 1762 kcal/day, 70.9 g of protein/day equivalent to 16.6% of the total energy intake as protein at a level of 1.1 g/kg bw/day. Of all patients, 47.1% took their medications with meals. We conclude that the studied patients consume more protein in their diet than those recommended for PD, with half the sample taking the medications with meals, which may affect the treatment.
La levodopa es el principal tratamiento farmacológico para la enfermedad de Parkinson, sin embargo, la proteína de la dieta puede comprometer su eficacia. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la ingesta de proteínas y el uso de la levodopa en pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson tratados en régimen ambulatorio, 34 pacientes fueron evaluados. Evaluación de la ingesta de alimentos por los registros, tomas de 1762 kcal/día, 70.9 g/día, el 16,6% del total de energía y 1.1 g/kg/dia de energía y proteína, respectivamente, y que la ingesta de proteínas durante el día era 70,4% del total de proteínas diario. Todos los pacientes estaban tomando levodopa y 47,1% consumían sus medicamentos con las comidas. Se concluyó que, según las recomendaciones para la enfermedad de Parkinson, los pacientes estudiados consumían una dieta rica en proteínas y con una mayor concentración de este nutriente durante el día. Aproximadamente la mitad de la muestra ingiere los medicamentos con la comida, costumbre que puede afectar el tratamiento farmacológico de la enfermedad.