Association of circulating tumor DNA with patient prognosis in surgically resected renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Despite complete resection, 20%-50% of patients with localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) experience recurrence within 5 years. Accurate assessment of prognosis in high-risk patients would aid in improving outcomes. Here we evaluate the use of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in RCC using banked samples and clinical data from a single institution. METHODS: The cohort consisted of 45 RCC patients (≥pT1b) who underwent complete resection. The presence of ctDNA in plasma was determined using a personalized, tumor-informed ctDNA assay (Signatera RUO, Natera, Inc.). Relationships with outcomes and other relevant clinical variables were assessed. The median follow-up was 62 months. RESULTS: Plasma ctDNA was detected in 18 out of 36 patients (50%) pre-operatively and was associated with increased tumor size (mean 9.3 cm vs. 7.0 cm, P < .05) and high Fuhrman grade (60% grades III-IV vs 27% grade II, P = .07). The presence of ctDNA, either pre-operatively or at any time post-operatively, was associated with inferior relapse-free survival (HR = 2.70, P = .046; HR = 3.23, P = .003, respectively). Among patients who were ctDNA positive at any time point, the sensitivity of relapse prediction was 84% with a PPV of 90%. Of note, ctDNA positivity at a post-surgical time point revealed a PPV of 100% and NPV of 64%. The lack of ctDNA detection at both time points yielded an NPV of 80%. CONCLUSIONS: Detection of plasma ctDNA using a personalized assay is prognostic of recurrence in patients with resected RCC. Herein, we describe a successful approach for its application and identify potential limitations to be addressed in future studies.

The ERK2-DBP domain opposes pathogenesis of a mouse JAK2V617F-driven myeloproliferative neoplasm.

Although Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling is activated in most human cancers, attempts to target this pathway using kinase-active site inhibitors have not typically led to durable clinical benefit. To address this shortcoming, we sought to test the feasibility of an alternative targeting strategy, focused on the ERK2 substrate binding domains, D and DEF binding pocket (DBP). Disabling the ERK2-DBP domain in mice caused baseline erythrocytosis. Consequently, we investigated the role of the ERK2-D and -DBP domains in disease, using a JAK2-dependent model of polycythemia vera (PV). Of note, inactivation of the ERK2-DBP domain promoted the progression of disease from PV to myelofibrosis, suggesting that the ERK2-DBP domain normally opposes progression. ERK2-DBP inactivation also prevented oncogenic JAK2 kinase (JAK2V617F) from promoting oncogene-induced senescence in vitro. The ERK2-DBP mutation attenuated JAK2-mediated oncogene-induced senescence by preventing the physical interaction of ERK2 with the transcription factor Egr1. Because inactivation of the ERK2-DBP created a functional ERK2 kinase limited to binding substrates through its D domain, these data suggested that the D domain substrates were responsible for promoting oncogene-induced progenitor growth and tumor progression and that pharmacologic targeting of the ERK2-D domain may attenuate cancer cell growth. Indeed, pharmacologic agents targeting the ERK2-D domain were effective in attenuating the growth of JAK2-dependent myeloproliferative neoplasm cell lines. Taken together, these data indicate that the ERK-D and -DBP domains can play distinct roles in the progression of neoplasms and that the D domain has the potential to be a potent therapeutic target in Ras/MAPK-dependent cancers.

Robotic bronchoscopic needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy to diagnose peripheral lung nodules.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Robotic bronchoscopy has demonstrated high navigational success in small peripheral lung nodules but the diagnostic yield is discrepantly lower. Needle based confocal laser endomicroscopy (nCLE) enables real-time microscopic imaging at the needle tip. We aim to assess feasibility, safety and needle repositioning based on real-time nCLE-guidance during robotic bronchoscopy in small peripheral lung nodules. METHODS: Patients with suspected peripheral lung cancer underwent fluoroscopy and radial EBUS assisted robotic bronchoscopy. After radial EBUS nodule identification, nCLE-imaging of the target area was performed. nCLE-malignancy and airway/lung parenchyma criteria were used to identify the optimal sampling location. In case airway was visualized, repositioning of the biopsy needle was performed. After nCLE tool-in-nodule confirmation, needle passes and biopsies were performed at the same location. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Twenty patients were included (final diagnosis n = 17 (lung) cancer) with a median lung nodule size of 14.5 mm (range 8-28 mm). No complications occurred. In 19/20 patients, good quality nCLE-videos were obtained. In 9 patients (45%), real-time nCLE-imaging revealed inadequate positioning of the needle and repositioning was performed. After repositioning, nCLE-imaging provided tool-in-nodule-confirmation in 19/20 patients. Subsequent ROSE demonstrated representative material in 9/20 patients (45%) and overall diagnostic yield was 80% (16/20). Of the three patients with malignant nCLE-imaging but inadequate pathology, two were diagnosed with malignancy during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Robotic bronchoscopic nCLE-imaging is feasible and safe. nCLE-imaging in small, difficult-to-access lung nodules provided additional real-time feedback on the correct needle positioning with the potential to optimize the sampling location and diagnostic yield.

Cell block-based RNA next generation sequencing for detection of gene fusions in lung adenocarcinoma: An institutional experience.

OBJECTIVE: Targeted therapy is an important part of the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma. Tests for EGFR mutation, ALK, ROS1, RET and NTRK gene fusions are needed to make a treatment decision. These gene fusions are traditionally detected by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) or immunohistochemistry. In this study, we investigated whether gene fusions in pulmonary adenocarcinoma could be accurately detected by RNA next-generation sequencing (RNA-NGS) and whether cytology cell blocks could be used effectively for this test. METHODS: Archived cytological specimens of lung adenocarcinoma submitted for RNA sequencing between 2019 and 2022 at Fox Chase Cancer Center were retrospectively retrieved. Hybrid capture-based targeted RNA next generation sequencing was used, which covers 507 fusion genes, including ALK, ROS1, RET and NTRKs, irrespective of their partner genes. DNA NGS, FISH and chromosomal microarray analysis were used to confirm the results of the RNA-NGS. RESULTS: A total of 129 lung adenocarcinoma cytology specimens were submitted for molecular testing. Eight of 129 (6.2%) cases were excluded from RNA sequencing as their cell blocks contained inadequate numbers of tumour cells. One case (0.8%) failed to yield adequate RNA. The overall success rate was 93% (120/129). Ten of 120 (8.3%) cytology cases were positive for gene fusions, including 7 ALK, 2 ROS1 fusion genes, and 1 RET fusion gene. Twenty-two cell block cases were also tested for ALK fusion genes using FISH. However, 11 of 22 (50%) failed the testing due to inadequate material. CONCLUSIONS: Cytology cell blocks can be used as the main source of material for molecular testing for lung cancer. Detection of gene fusions by RNA-based NGS on cell blocks is convenient and reliable in daily practice.

Robotic Navigational Bronchoscopy Combined with Needle-Based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy: Case Report of a Novel Approach to Diagnose Small Lung Nodules.

Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death. Advancements in navigational bronchoscopy have shown encouraging results but the diagnostic yield of small lung nodules by bronchoscopic techniques is still below that of transthoracic needle aspiration. The development of robotic bronchoscopy has demonstrated a significantly improved navigational success but the diagnostic yield is regularly limited by near-miss of the target nodule. Needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy is a novel imaging technique that allows for the real-time visualization of individual cells and structures with microscopic resolution at the tip of the needle. We present the first reported case of confocal laser endomicroscopy guided robotic bronchoscopy for the real-time diagnosis of a small, partially cystic lung nodule.

Genetic Variants and Tumor Immune Microenvironment: Clues for Targeted Therapies in Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC).

To better understand the etiology of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) and identify potential therapies, we studied genomic alterations in IBC patients. Targeted, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on cell-free DNA (cfDNA) (n = 33) and paired DNA from tumor tissues (n = 29) from 32 IBC patients. We confirmed complementarity between cfDNA and tumor tissue genetic profiles. We found a high incidence of germline variants in IBC patients that could be associated with an increased risk of developing the disease. Furthermore, 31% of IBC patients showed deficiencies in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway (BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51C, ATM, BARD1) making them sensitive to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. We also characterized the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in tumor tissue biopsies by studying several markers (CD4, CD8, FoxP3, CD20, PD-1, and PD-L1) through immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. In 7 of 24 (29%) patients, tumor biopsies were positive for PD-L1 and PD-1 expression on TILs, making them sensitive to PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapies. Our results provide a rationale for considering PARP inhibitors and PD-1/PDL1 blocking immunotherapy in qualifying IBC patients.

Immune phenotype of patients with stage IV metastatic inflammatory breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare but aggressive carcinoma characterized by severe erythema and edema of the breast, with many patients presenting in advanced metastatic disease. The "inflammatory" nature is not due to classic immune-mediated inflammation, but instead results from tumor-mediated blockage of dermal lymphatic ducts. Previous work has shown that expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells can suppress T cell activation in triple-negative (TN) non-IBC breast cancer. In the present work, we investigated immune parameters in peripheral blood of metastatic IBC patients to determine whether cellular components of the immune system are altered, thereby contributing to pathogenesis of the disease. These immune parameters were also compared to PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in IBC tumor biopsies. METHODS: Flow cytometry-based immune phenotyping was performed using fresh peripheral blood from 14 stage IV IBC patients and compared to 11 healthy age-similar control women. Immunohistochemistry for CD20, CD3, PD-1, and PD-L1 was performed on tumor biopsies of these metastatic IBC patients. RESULTS: IBC patients with Stage IV disease had lymphopenia with significant reductions in circulating T, B, and NK cells. Reductions were observed in all subsets of CD4+ T cells, whereas reductions in CD8+ T cells were more concentrated in memory subsets. Immature cytokine-producing CD56bright NK cells expressed higher levels of FcγRIIIa and cytolytic granule components, suggesting accelerated maturation to cytolytic CD56dim cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor biopsies demonstrated moderate to high expression of PD-1 in 18.2% of patients and of PD-L1 in 36.4% of patients. Interestingly, a positive correlation was observed between co-expression levels of PD-L1 and PD-1 in tumor biopsies, and higher expression of PD-L1 in tumor biopsies correlated with higher expression of cytolytic granule components in blood CD4+ T cells and CD56dim NK cells, and higher numbers of CD8+ effector memory T cells in peripheral blood. PD-1 expression in tumor also correlated with increased infiltration of CD20+ B cells in the tumor. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that while lymphocyte populations are severely compromised in stage IV IBC patients, an immune response toward the tumor had occurred in some patients, providing biological rationale to evaluate PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies for IBC.

Genetic Variants Detected Using Cell-Free DNA from Blood and Tumor Samples in Patients with Inflammatory Breast Cancer.

We studied genomic alterations in 19 inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) patients with advanced disease using samples of tissue and paired blood serum or plasma (cell-free DNA, cfDNA) by targeted next generation sequencing (NGS). At diagnosis, the disease was triple negative (TN) in eleven patients (57.8%), ER+ Her2- IBC in six patients (31.6%), ER+ Her2+ IBC in one patient (5.3%), and ER- Her2+ IBC in one other patient (5.3%). Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were frequently detected in TP53 (47.3%), PMS2 (26.3%), MRE11 (26.3%), RB1 (10.5%), BRCA1 (10.5%), PTEN (10.5%) and AR (10.5%); other affected genes included PMS1, KMT2C, BRCA2, PALB2, MUTYH, MEN1, MSH2, CHEK2, NCOR1, PIK3CA, ESR1 and MAP2K4. In 15 of the 19 patients in which tissue and paired blood were collected at the same time point, 80% of the variants detected in tissue were also detected in the paired cfDNA. Higher concordance between tissue and cfDNA was found for variants with higher allele fraction in tissue (AFtissue ≥ 5%). Furthermore, 86% of the variants detected in cfDNA were also detected in paired tissue. Our study suggests that the genetic profile measured in blood cfDNA is complementary to that of tumor tissue in IBC patients.

Low Frequency of Lymph Node Metastases in Patients in the United States With Early-stage Gastric Cancers That Fulfill Japanese Endoscopic Resection Criteria.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: In the West, early gastric cancer is increasingly managed with endoscopic resection (ER). This is, however, based on the assumption that the low prevalence and risk of lymph node metastases observed in Asian patients is applicable to patients in the United States. We sought to evaluate the frequency of and factors associated with metastasis of early gastric cancers to lymph nodes, and whether the Japanese ER criteria are applicable to patients in the US. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 176 patients (mean age 68.5 years; 59.1% male; 58.5% white) who underwent surgical resection with lymph node dissection of T1 and Tis gastric adenocarcinomas, staged by pathologists, at 7 tertiary care centers in the US from January 1, 1999, through December 31, 2016. The frequency of lymph node metastases and associated risk factors were determined. RESULTS: The mean size of gastric adenocarcinomas was 23.0 ± 16.6 mm-most were located in the lower-third of the stomach (67.0%), invading the submucosa (55.1%), and moderately differentiated (31.3%). Lymphovascular invasion was observed in 18.2% of lesions. Overall, 20.5% of patients had lymph node metastases. Submucosal invasion (odds ratio, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.4-10.7) and lymphovascular invasion (odds ratio, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.8-12.0) were independently associated with increased risk of metastasis to lymph nodes. The frequency of lymph node metastases among patients fulfilling standard and expanded Japanese criteria for ER were 0 and 7.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of lymph node metastases among patients with early gastric cancer in a US population is higher than that of published Asian series. However, early gastric cancer lesions that meet the Japanese standard criteria for ER are associated with negligible risk of metastasis to lymph nodes, so ER can be recommended for definitive therapy. Expanded criteria cancers appear to have a higher risk of metastasis to lymph nodes, so ER may be considered for select cases.

Molecular profiling of neuroendocrine malignancies to identify prognostic and therapeutic markers: a Fox Chase Cancer Center Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: The rarity of neuroendocrine malignancies limits the ability to develop new therapies and thus a better understanding of the underlying biology is critical. METHODS: Through a prospective, IRB-approved protocol, patients with neuroendocrine malignancies underwent next-generation sequencing of their tumours to detect somatic mutations (SMs) in 50 cancer-related genes. Clinicopathologic correlation was made among poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs/poorly differentiated histology and Ki-67 >20%) and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PanNETs/Ki67 ⩽20%) and non-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NP-NETs/Ki67 ⩽20%). RESULTS: A total of 77 patients were enrolled, with next-generation sequencing results available on 63 patients. Incidence of SMs was 83% (19 out of 23) in poorly differentiated NECs, 45% (5 out of 11) in PanNETs and 14% (4 out of 29) in NP-NETs. TP53 was the most prevalent mutation in poorly differentiated NECs (57%), and KRAS (30%), PIK3CA/PTEN (22%) and BRAF (13%) mutations were also found. Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours (Ki67 <2%/n=9) did not harbour any mutations. Prevalence of mutations correlated with higher risk of progression within the previous year (32% (low risk) vs 11% (high risk), P=0.01) and TP53 mutation correlated with worse survival (2-year survival 66% vs 97%, P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Poorly differentiated NECs have a high mutation burden with potentially targetable mutations. The TP53 mutations are associated with poor survival in neuroendocrine malignancies. These findings have clinical trial implications for choice of therapy and prognostic stratification and warrant confirmation.

Regulation of HIF-1 alpha by the proprotein convertases furin and PC7 in human squamous carcinoma cells.

Proprotein convertases (PC), a family of serine proteases, process cancer-related substrates such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, cell adhesion molecules, metalloproteinases, etc. HIF-1α is a major transcription factor involved in tumorigenesis by sensing intratumoral hypoxia. Furin (PCSK3) is one of the numerous target genes regulated by HIF-1α transactivation and its distribution into endosomal compartments and onto the cell surface can be triggered by hypoxia via HIF-1α. siRNAs to knockdown PCs were transfected into cells alone or in combination with different drug treatments. Protein and RNA expression levels were analyzed by Western blotting or RT-PCR, respectively. PC7 (PCSK7) and furin siRNAs upregulated HIF-1α protein under normoxic condition to a level similar to that obtained by cobalt chloride treatment, eventually leading to activation of VEGF-A synthesis in two human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. The unchanged levels of HIF-1α mRNA expression under siRNA treatment and the additive HIF-1α induction of PC siRNAs and either cobalt chloride or the 26S ribosome inhibitor, MG-132, suggested a post-transcriptional PC-mediated regulation. Furthermore, cycloheximide chase showed that PC7/furin siRNA regulation occurred at the level of HIF-1α translation. A specific IGF-1R signaling inhibitor was able to attenuate the PC siRNA induction of HIF-1α, suggesting the involvement of the IGF-1R pathway. Thus, the data show that PCs regulate HIF-1α. Furin and PC7 siRNAs induced HIF-1α protein by increasing its translation, resulting in upregulation of VEGF-A. This finding may provide insight into intricate PC functions that seem to be independent from their substrate-processing activity.

A novel role for calpain in the endothelial dysfunction induced by activation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor signaling.

RATIONALE: The cytosolic protease calpain has been recently implicated in the vascular remodeling of angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) signaling. The role of Ang II/AT(1)R/calpain signaling on endothelial function, an important and early determinant of vascular pathology, remains though totally unknown. Accordingly, we investigated the role of calpain in the endothelial dysfunction of Ang II. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate a mechanistic role for calpain in the endothelial dysfunction induced by Ang II/AT(1)R signaling. To establish endothelial-expressed calpains as an important target of AT(1)R signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS: Subchronic administration of nonpressor doses of Ang II to rats and mice significantly increased vascular calpain activity via AT(1)R signaling. Intravital microscopy studies revealed that activation of vascular expressed calpains causes endothelial dysfunction with increased leukocyte-endothelium interactions and albumin permeability in the microcirculation. Western blot and immunohistochemistry studies confirmed that Ang II/AT(1)R signaling preferentially activates the constitutively expressed µ-calpain isoform and demonstrated a calpain-dependent degradation of IκBα, along with upregulation of nuclear factor κB-regulated endothelial cell adhesion molecules. These physiological and biochemical parameters were nearly normalized following inhibition of AT(1)R or calpain in vivo. RNA silencing studies in microvascular endothelial cells, along with knockout and transgenic mouse studies, further confirmed the role of µ-calpain in the endothelial adhesiveness induced by Ang II. CONCLUSIONS: This study uncovers a novel role for calpain in the endothelial dysfunction of Ang II/AT(1)R signaling and establishes the calpain system as a novel molecular target of the vascular protective action of renin-angiotensin system inhibition. Our results may have significant clinical implications in vascular disease.

Inhibition of Rho-kinase attenuates endothelial-leukocyte interaction during ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock induces endothelial dysfunction and activates inflammatory cascades leading to organ damage. Following restoration of blood flow to ischemic vascular beds, leukocyte-endothelium interactions leading to leukocyte infiltration into the vascular wall occur very early due, in part, to the loss of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO). The mechanism by which ischemia-reperfusion injury impairs endothelium-derived NO is not completely understood. We hypothesized that inhibition of Rho-kinase could exert beneficial effects following hemorrhagic shock by preserving endothelial function and attenuating leukocyte trafficking in the microcirculation. Using intravital microscopy, we found that resuscitation from hemorrhage acutely increased the number of rolling and adherent leukocytes in the mouse splanchnic microcirculation. Treatment of mice with the Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil, markedly attenuated leukocyte-endothelium interaction in response to hemorrhage/reinfusion. The beneficial effect of fasudil was not observed in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)(-/-) mice. In conclusion, inhibition of Rho-kinase prevents inflammatory leukocyte trafficking in the microcirculation via an eNOS-dependent mechanism. Our data support a role for Rho-kinase inhibitors in the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Management of SHDB positive patient with metastatic bilateral giant retroperitoneal paragangliomas.

Paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors that can vary in size and metabolic activity. We report a case of giant bilateral malignant retroperitoneal paragangliomas (PGL) in a patient with germline succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) mutation. This patient, who presented in an emaciated and debilitated state, was managed with adrenergic blockade followed by radical primary surgery. After being metabolically and radiographically disease free for 4 years, he underwent salvage resection for recurrent retroperitoneal disease and palliative radiation to a site of solidary vertebral metastasis. We review incidence and prognosis of metastatic PGL.

Ovarian steroid cell tumor associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome: a report of two cases and literature review.

Steroid cell tumor (SCT) is a rare sex cord-stromal tumor accounting for only 0.1% of ovarian tumors. Steroid cell tumor, not otherwise specified (SCT, NOS) is of uncertain lineage and is the most common among the three subtypes of SCT. Patients often present with endocrine abnormalities. Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder resulting from inactivating gene deletions, frameshifts, and missense mutations of the VHL gene. VHL syndrome can involve multiple organs and clinically is subclassified into type 1 and type 2 based on the risk of pheochromocytoma (PCC). The association of VHL syndrome with genital tract tumors is rare, and here we report two cases of SCT, NOS in patients with VHL disease. The first case is a 19-year old female with VHL and prior resection of bilateral cerebellar hemangioblastomas. During the radiological surveillance, she was found to have multiple small enhancing foci in the cerebellar hemispheres and a stable small enhancing focus in the T6 cord with associated edema, likely reflecting a small hemangioblastoma. She had long history of irregular menses and ultrasound of pelvis found a large right ovarian mass. Cystectomy specimen showed a 6.4 cm well-circumscribed lesion with yellow cut surface. Histologic examination and immunohistochemical staining confirmed the diagnosis of SCT, NOS. The second patient is a 39-year-old female with VHL, previous surgery for retinal hemangioblastomatosis and cerebellar hemangioblastoma, history of abnormal uterine bleeding and elevated testosterone. CT of abdomen and pelvis revealed bilateral multiple cystic and solid renal lesions and a large left ovarian complex cyst. Bilateral partial nephrectomy showed multiple renal cysts and clear cell renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). Left salpingo-oophorectomy showed a 7 cm lesion with yellow-orange cut surface and features consistent with SCT, NOS. Review of the previously reported VHL SCT cases (not including the current two cases) indicated a probable link between VHL syndrome and SCT.

Prospective randomized trial to compare the safety, diagnostic yield and utility of 22-gauge and 19-gauge endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspirates and processing technique by cytology and histopathology.

INTRODUCTION: Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided transbronchial needle aspirate (TBNA) is a widely used method of minimally invasive lymph node sampling. The benefit of processing samples by cytologic methods versus "core biopsy" is unclear. It is unknown if safety or diagnostic yield varies by needle gauge. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between June 2018 and July 2019, 40 patients (56 lesions) undergoing EBUS TBNA lymph node evaluation were enrolled in this single-center prospective trial. Patients were chosen by permuted block randomization to undergo EBUS TBNA starting with 22-gauge (22g) or 19-gauge (19g) needles. Separate samples were sent for processing by cytologic methods and histopathology. Surgical pathologists and cytopathologists were blinded to needle size. The primary endpoint was diagnostic yield. Secondary endpoints compared specimen adequacy by rapid onsite evaluation (ROSE), sample adequacy for molecular testing, sample quality, and safety. RESULTS: Diagnostic yield for histopathologic examination was 87.5% and 83.9% for 19g and 22g respectively (P = 0.625). There was no significant difference in diagnostic yield by cytologic examination based on needle size. There was no significant difference in slide quality. Molecular adequacy for core-biopsy was 77% and 80% for 22g and 19g needles, respectively. Molecular adequacy for cytology cell block was 77% and 80% for 22g and 19g needles, respectively. There were no significant procedural complications. CONCLUSION: Both the 22g and 19g EBUS TBNA needles provided a similar diagnostic yield and clinical utility for ancillary testing. Processing techniques by cytologic methods or "core biopsy" showed no significant impact in diagnostic yield or utility of molecular testing.

Discordant Pathological and Endoscopic Diagnosis: Consider Floaters.

A tissue floater or extraneous cross-contamination tissue on a microscopic slide is rare; however, it is a potential cause of diagnostic error. Occasionally, on collecting and processing of specimens, cross-contamination of tissue occurs leading to pathologic findings that are inconsistent with endoscopic findings. If the extraneous tissue is neoplastic, it can lead to a false-positive diagnosis. We present a case of discordant pathological and endoscopic diagnosis of invasive squamous carcinoma of the esophagus.

A Subset of Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinomas in the Gastroenteropancreatic Tract May Evolve from Pre-existing Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors.

In the gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) tract, neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) include well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and high-grade NE carcinomas (NECs), which are thought to make up separate and mutually exclusive tumor entities. Little is known, however, as to whether there may be any pathogenetic link between them. Clustering analysis of a 10-gene panel generated from a previously reported next-generation sequencing analysis on 48 GEP-NENs with clinical annotations was used in the study. Unsupervised cluster analysis showed three histology-independent clusters, namely, C1, C2, and C3, which accounted for 44% of patients but the entire array of mutations. All but two NECs fell into the clusters, yet with different prevalence rates (p < 0.0001). A model was devised according to which NETs were likely to evolve into NECs upon progression of C3 into C1 and C2, despite different morphology. The median Ki-67 labeling index was 5% in C3 showing better prognosis and 50% in C1 and C2 experiencing worse prognosis, with an impressive intra-tumor heterogeneity of diversely proliferating tumor areas. This study suggests that a subset of large cell NECs in the gastroenteropancreatic tract may evolve from pre-existing well-differentiated NETs.

Adiponectin deficiency increases leukocyte-endothelium interactions via upregulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules in vivo.

This study reports on what we believe are novel mechanism(s) of the vascular protective action of adiponectin. We used intravital microscopy to measure leukocyte-endothelium interactions in adiponectin-deficient (Ad(-/-)) mice and found that adiponectin deficiency was associated with a 2-fold increase in leukocyte rolling and a 5-fold increase in leukocyte adhesion in the microcirculation. Measurement of endothelial NO (eNO) revealed that adiponectin deficiency drastically reduced levels of eNO in the vascular wall. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased expression of E-selectin and VCAM-1 in the vascular endothelium of Ad(-/-) mice. Systemic administration of the recombinant globular adiponectin domain (gAd) to Ad(-/-) mice significantly attenuated leukocyte-endothelium interactions and adhesion molecule expression in addition to restoring physiologic levels of eNO. Importantly, prior administration of gAd also protected WT mice against TNF-alpha-induced leukocyte-endothelium interactions, indicating a pharmacologic action of gAd. Mechanistically, blockade of eNOS with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester ( L-NAME) abolished the inhibitory effect of gAd on leukocyte adhesion, demonstrating the obligatory role of eNOS signaling in the antiinflammatory action of gAd. We believe this is the first demonstration that gAd protects the vasculature in vivo via increased NO bioavailability with suppression of leukocyte-endothelium interactions. Overall, we provide evidence that loss of adiponectin induces a primary state of endothelial dysfunction with increased leukocyte-endothelium adhesiveness.