Inverse relationship between diffusion coefficient and mass for a free particle system: Approach by using maximum caliber principle and Monte Carlo simulations.

A derivation of the diffusion equation is presented using the maximum caliber principle and the continuity equation for a system composed of paths traveled by a free particle in a time interval. By identifying the diffusion coefficient in the obtained diffusion equation, it is shown that there is an inverse proportionality relationship concerning the particle's mass so that a higher mass is related to lower diffusion, and the lower mass is connected to the higher diffusion. This relationship is also shown using Monte Carlo simulations to sample the path space for a free particle system and then using the time slicing equation to obtain the probability of the particle position for each time showing the diffusion behavior for different masses.

Demonstration of Single-Barium-Ion Sensitivity for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay Using Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging.

A new method to tag the barium daughter in the double-beta decay of ^{136}Xe is reported. Using the technique of single molecule fluorescent imaging (SMFI), individual barium dication (Ba^{++}) resolution at a transparent scanning surface is demonstrated. A single-step photobleach confirms the single ion interpretation. Individual ions are localized with superresolution (∼2 nm), and detected with a statistical significance of 12.9σ over backgrounds. This lays the foundation for a new and potentially background-free neutrinoless double-beta decay technology, based on SMFI coupled to high pressure xenon gas time projection chambers.

Subthreshold Ξ

Results on the production of the double strange cascade hyperon Ξ^{-} are reported for collisions of p(3.5 GeV)+Nb, studied with the High Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer (HADES) at SIS18 at GSI Helmholtzzentrum for Heavy-Ion Research, Darmstadt. For the first time, subthreshold Ξ^{-} production is observed in proton-nucleus interactions. Assuming a Ξ^{-} phase-space distribution similar to that of Λ hyperons, the production probability amounts to P_{Ξ^{-}}=[2.0±0.4(stat)±0.3(norm)±0.6(syst)]×10^{-4} resulting in a Ξ^{-}/(Λ+Σ^{0}) ratio of P_{Ξ^{-}}/P_{Λ+Σ^{0}}=[1.2±0.3(stat)±0.4(syst)]×10^{-2}. Available model predictions are significantly lower than the measured Ξ^{-} yield.

[Severe sepsis as a cause of acute renal failure]. / Sepsis severa como causa de falla renal aguda.

INTRODUCTION: The most common causes of acute renal failure in the intensive care units are severe sepsis and septic shock. Mortality reported in this kind of patients is about 70%. The pathophysiology of acute renal failure in severe sepsis includes systemic hypotension, direct renal vasoconstriction, infiltration of the kidney by inflammatory cells, renal ischemia, intraglomerular thrombosis and intratubular obstruction. OBJECTIVE: To show the incidence, mortality and histopathological etiology of acute renal failure in severe sepsis. TYPE STUDY: Retrospective, transversal and descriptive. METHODS: We study 332 cases of patients with severe sepsis, who were hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit of Hospital General del Centro Médico Nacional, during five years. From these patients 107 developed acute renal failure due to severe sepsis. This group recived two differet kind of treatment, medical management (70%) and hemodyalisis (30%). Renal biopsy was taken in 40 patients after six or seven days of the diagnosis of acute renal failure caused by severe sepsis. RESULTS: In the group of 332 patients with severe sepsis 107 developed acute renal failure, this represents the 32.22%. The group of patients with renal biopsy presented the following results: 50% had acute tubular necrosis, 27.5% presented glomerular and tubular lesion, the rest 22.5% had glomerular and vascular lesion. The mortality for patients treated with medical management was of 69.3%, and for those treated with hemodyalisis was of 28.1%. DISCUSSION: Nowadays, and due to the high incidence and mortality of this disease, is very important to generate more concise knowledge about the genesis and development of acute renal failure in the septic patient.

Deep subthreshold Xi;{-} production in Ar + KCl reactions at 1.76A GeV.

We report first results on a deep subthreshold production of the doubly strange hyperon Xi;{-} in a heavy-ion reaction. At a beam energy of 1.76A GeV the reaction Ar + KCl was studied with the High Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer at SIS18/GSI. A high-statistics and high-purity Lambda sample was collected, allowing for the investigation of the decay channel Xi;{-} --> Lambdapi;{-}. The deduced Xi;{-}/(Lambda + Sigma;{0}) production ratio of (5.6 +/- 1.2_{-1.7};{+1.8}) x 10;{-3} is significantly larger than available model predictions.

Dielectron production in 12C+12C collisions at 2A GeV with the HADES spectrometer.

The invariant-mass spectrum of e+e- pairs produced in 12C+12C collisions at an incident energy of 2 GeV per nucleon has been measured for the first time. The measured pair production probabilities span over 5 orders of magnitude from the pi(0)-Dalitz to the rho/omega invariant-mass region. Dalitz decays of pi(0) and eta account for all the yield up to 0.15 GeV/c(2), but for only about 50% above this mass. A comparison with model calculations shows that the excess pair yield is likely due to baryon-resonance and vector-meson decays. Transport calculations based on vacuum spectral functions fail, however, to describe the entire mass region.

Sepsis severa como causa de falla renal aguda / Severe sepsis as a cause of acute renal failure

Introducción: Las causas más comunes de insuficiencia renal aguda en las unidadesde cuidados intensivos son la sepsis severa y el choque séptico. La mortalidadreportada en los pacientes con sepsis severa e IRA es hasta del 70%. Lafisiopatología propuesta para la falla renal en la sepsis grave incluye una combinaciónde factores como hipotensión sistémica, vasoconstricción renal, infiltraciónde células inflamatorias en el riñón, trombosis intraglomerular y obstrucción intratubular.Objetivos: Mostrar la incidencia, mortalidad y la histología de la insuficienciarenal aguda causada por sepsis severa.Diseño del estudio: Retrospectivo, descriptivo y transversal.Metodología: Se estudiaron retrospectivamente los casos de 332 pacientes conel diagnóstico de sepsis severa que fueron hospitalizados en la Unidad de CuidadosIntensivos del Hospital General del Centro Médico Nacional en el lapso deun lustro. De este total de pacientes 107 presentaron insuficiencia renal aguda secundariaa dicho proceso séptico. El diagnóstico se efectuó con base en las alteracionesde las pruebas funcionales renales (DCr, DmOms, DH20, U/PmOsm,FENA, FEK y IFR). Los pacientes fueron tratados de dos modos distintos, mediantemanejo médico (70%) o con hemodiálisis (30%). A 40 de ellos se les tomóbiopsia renal percutánea entre los seis y siete días posteriores a su diagnóstico.Todas las biopsias fueron estudiadas por microscopia óptica.Resultados: Del grupo de 332 pacientes con sepsis severa 107 presentó insuficienciarenal aguda, lo que representa el 32,22% de la población en este grupo40 pacientes (100%) a los que se les tomó biopsia renal; 20 pacientes (50%) tuvieronnecrosis tubulointersticial, 11 pacientes (27,5%) desarrollaron lesión glomerulary tubular, y el resto 9 pacientes (22,5%) presentaron lesión glomerular yvascular.La mortalidad para el grupo tratado con manejo médico fue del 69,3%, mientrasque la del grupo tratado con hemodiálisis fue del 28,1%.Discusión: Es necesario generar conocimientos más exactos sobre la génesis ydesarrollo de la IRA en el paciente séptico, ya que la mortalidad en estos pacientescontinua siendo elevada a pesar del inicio de diálisis temprana en cualquierade sus modalidades, aun con las de reemplazo renal continuo

Introduction: The most common causes of acute renal failure in the intensivecare units are severe sepsis and septic shock. Mortality reported in this kind ofpatients is about 70%. The pathophysiology of acute renal failure in severe sepsisincludes systemic hypotension, direct renal vasoconstriction, infiltration of thekidney by inflammatory cells, renal ischemia, intraglomerular thrombosis and intratubularobstruction.Objective: To show the incidence, mortality and histopathological etiology ofacute renal failure in severe sepsis.Type study: Retrospective, transversal and descriptive.Methods: We study 332 cases of patients with severe sepsis, who were hospitalizedin the Intensive Care Unit of Hospital General del Centro Médico Nacional,during five years.From these patients 107 developed acute renal failure due to severe sepsis. Thisgroup recived two differet kind of treatment, medical management (70%) and hemodyalisis(30%).Renal biopsy was taken in 40 patients after six or seven days of the diagnosisof acute renal failure caused by severe sepsis.Results: In the group of 332 patients with severe sepsis 107 developed acuterenal failure, this represents the 32.22%. The group of patients with renal biopsypresented the following results: 50% had acute tubular necrosis, 27.5% presentedglomerular and tubular lesion, the rest 22.5% had glomerular and vascular lesion.The mortality for patients treated with medical management was of 69.3%, andfor those treated with hemodyalisis was of 28.1%.Discussion: Nowadays, and due to the high incidence and mortality of this disease,is very important to generate more concise knowledge about the genesisand development of acute renal failure in the septic patient