Lippia graveolens HBK oleoresins, extracted by supercritical fluids, showed bactericidal activity against multidrug resistance Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus strains.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to characterize Lippia graveolens oleoresins, obtained by Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), from crops collected at different locations in Mexico. The antimicrobial effect of oleoresins was tested in reference strains and clinical isolates of susceptible and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. SIGNIFICANCE: The increasing of MDR strains is becoming a global public health problem that has led to the search for new treatments, and essential oils have resurged as a source of compounds with bactericidal functions. Oregano essential oil has attracted attention recently, however, this oil is mainly obtained by hydro-distillation (uses large amounts of water) or solvents extraction (potential contaminant). SFE has gained popularity as it represents an environmentally friendly technology. METHODS: L. graveolens oleoresins were obtained by SFE, total phenol contents were quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu method, the identification of compounds and thymol and carvacrol quantification was carried out by GC-MS. The antimicrobial activity was tested by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). RESULTS: SFE showed higher yields compared with the hydro-distillation process. L. graveolens grown in different Mexican locations showed differences in oleoresin composition and a slightly different antimicrobial capacity against clinical isolates. CONCLUSIONS: It was demonstrated that SFE is an efficient technology for extracting L. graveolens oleoresins. Additionally, the solvent-free extraction method and the observed antimicrobial effect increase the applications of these oleoresins in fields, such as cosmetics, food industry, medicine, amongst others.

Synthesis and characterization of hydrochar from industrial Capsicum annuum seeds and its application for the adsorptive removal of methylene blue from water.

Chili seeds (CS) represent one of the most abundant residues in Mexico due to the high production and consumption. In this work, CS were used as raw material for the production of low-cost adsorbents for the removal of methylene blue from water. The adsorbents were synthesized from a hydrothermal treatment (based on a surface response experiment design) and characterized texturally by assessing changes in their properties. The mass yield (%R), carbon content (%C), and the second order adsorption rate constant (k2) were derived in relation to a list of input variables (e.g., the reaction temperature, residence time, and water/biomass ratio). Accordingly, those output variables were affected most sensitively by temperature and/or residence time, while changes of the water/biomass ratio were insignificant. Besides, an increase in the reaction temperature favored the degradation of the lignocellulosic material with increases in the carbon fixation. The adsorption capacity of methylene blue (MB) by the hydrochars depended drastically on the oxygen/carbon ratio. As such, the maximum adsorption capacity value of 145 mg g-1 was attained at the initial MB concentration of ~3000 µM (optimal oxygen/carbon value of 0.43). On the other hand, the maximum partition coefficient (KD) was estimated as 2.96 µM-1 mg g-1 with the initial/equilibrium concentrations of 20.5/6.93 µM. The performance evaluation between different studies, when made in terms of KD, suggests that the tested hydrochar should be one of the best adsorbents to treat methylene blue, especially at near-real environmental conditions (e.g., below micromolar levels).

Is the "Habsburg jaw" related to inbreeding?

Background: The "Habsburg jaw" has long been associated with inbreeding due to the high prevalence of consanguineous marriages in the Habsburg dynasty. However, it is thought that mandibular prognathism (MP) is under the influence of a dominant major gene.Aim: To investigate the relationship between the "Habsburg jaw" and the pedigree-based inbreeding coefficient (F) as a relative measure of genome homozygosity.Subjects and methods: The degree of MP and maxillary deficiency (MD) of 15 members of the Habsburg dynasty was quantified through the clinical analysis of 18 dysmorphic features diagnosed from 66 portraits.Results: A statistically significant correlation (r = 0.711, p = 0.003) between MP and MD was observed among individuals. Only MP showed a statistically significant positive regression on F as evidenced from univariate analysis (b = 6.36 ± 3.34, p = 0.040) and multivariate analysis (PCA) performed from single dysmorphic features (b = 14.10 ± 6.62, p = 0.027, for the first PC).Conclusion: Both MP and MD are generally involved in the "Habsburg jaw." The results showed a greater sensitivity to inbreeding for the lower third of the face and suggest a positive association between the "Habsburg jaw" and homozygosity and therefore a basically recessive inheritance pattern.

Altered behavior of adult obese rats by monosodium l-glutamate neonatal treatment is related to hypercorticosteronemia and activation of hypothalamic ERK1 and ERK2.

OBJECTIVES: Obesity is a metabolic and hormonal disorder with serious social and psychological impacts. There is a close relationship among obesity, neuroendocrine homeostasis and behavioral patterns. However, few data are available in the literature regarding this subject. This study assessed behavior and memory of adult obese rats by monosodium l-glutamate (MSG) neonatal treatment or highly palatable dietary treatment. METHODS: MSG obesity was induced by subcutaneous injections of MSG (4 mg/g) during the first 5 days of life (Ob-MSG); control group (C-MSG), received saline solution equimolar. Both groups were fed with commercial chow. To induce dietary obesity, 21-day-old rats were assigned to two experimental diets: highly palatable diet (Ob-Diet) and control diet (C-Diet) composed of commercial chow. Ninety-day-old animals were submitted to behavioral assessment by the open-field test and short- and long-term memory by the object recognition test. Biometric variables were obtained, the Lee index was calculated and mass of retroperitoneal and perigonadal fat pads was measured. Furthermore, an altered behavioral profile was investigated by quantification of plasmatic corticosterone, expression, and activity of hypothalamic extracellular signal-regulated kinase protein (ERK) 1 and 2. RESULTS: Increased Lee index and fat pads were observed in Ob-MSG and Ob-Diet groups. Ob-MSG presented a higher level of anxiety and impaired long-term memory compared to C-MSG, while there was no difference between Ob-Diet and C-Diet. The Ob-MSG group presented a higher level of plasmatic corticosterone and increased phosphorylation of hypothalamic ERK1 and 2. DISCUSSION: Both treatments induced obesity but only Ob-MSG showed altered behavioral parameters, which is related to increased concentration of corticosterone and hypothalamic ERK1 and 2 activation.

Straightforward Method for Coverage of Major Vessels After Modified Radical Neck Dissection.

A new method for covering the internal jugular vein and carotid artery after exposure of the cervical vascular axis subsequent to neck dissection is presented. To cover the most caudal part of the vascular axis, a platysma coli muscle flap is harvested from its most medial and inferior part of the neck in a caudally based fashion and is slightly rotated posteriorly up to 45°. In addition, a superiorly based sternocleidomastoid muscle flap involving the posterior half of the muscle after detachment of the clavicle head is harvested and rotated 45° anteriorly to cover the upper two thirds of the vascular axis. This technique seems to be a good alternative to the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for covering cervical major vessels, if no classical radical neck dissection is performed, especially in those oncologic malnourished patients who will undergo adjuvant radiotherapy after surgical treatment.

Closure of the Radial Forearm Free Flap Donor Site Using the Combined Local Triangular Full-Thickness Skin Graft.

PURPOSE: Traditional donor-site closure has been associated with serious esthetic and functional morbidity. The purpose of this study was to assess morbidity in esthetics and function and measure the postoperative complications of the radial forearm free flap (RFFF) donor site after using combined local triangular full-thickness skin grafting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study of patients who underwent reconstruction of head and neck defects using an RFFF was conducted from July 2008 through December 2014. The donor site was repaired with a combined local triangular full-thickness skin graft. Quality of the scar, color match, tendon exposure, presence of necrosis, dehiscence of the suture, and presence of dysesthesia were recorded and analyzed using SPSS 21.0 software. RESULTS: One hundred consecutive patients (71 male and 29 female) underwent RFFF harvesting. RFFF donor-site defects ranged from 15 to 70 cm2; partial skin graft loss occurred in 7% of patients. Five patients (5%) had small dehiscences of the forearm skin graft, and 2 cases (2%) presented tendon exposure. In all cases, these sites healed secondarily by conservative management, with no final impairment of function. Esthetic results were considered excellent in 87%, good in 11%, and suboptimal in 2% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: The combined local triangular full-thickness skin graft is a reliable method for closing RFFF donor-site defects because it obviates a second surgical site, it provides excellent color match and pliability, and it can be used for covering large defects of the donor site.

Horizontal Bone Augmentation Using Autogenous Block Grafts and Particulate Xenograft in the Severe Atrophic Maxillary Anterior Ridges: A Cone-Beam Computerized Tomography Case Series.

The aim of the present study was to use cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) to assess horizontal bone augmentation using block grafts, harvested from either the iliac crest (IC) or mandibular ramus (MR) combined with particulate xenograft and a collagen membrane for in the severe maxillary anterior ridge defects (cases Class III-IV according to Cadwood and Howell's classification). Fourteen healthy partially edentulous patients requiring extensive horizontal bone reconstruction in the anterior maxilla were selected for the study. Nineteen onlay block grafts (from IC or MR) were placed. The amount of horizontal bone gain was recorded by CBCT at 3 levels (5, 7, and 11 mm from the residual ridge) and at the time of bone grafting as well as the time of implant placement (≈5 months). Both block donor sites provided enough ridge width for proper implant placement. Nonetheless, IC had significantly greater ridge width gain than MR (Student t test) (4.93 mm vs 3.23 mm). This was further confirmed by nonparametric Mann-Whitney test (P = .007). Moreover, mean pristine ridge and grafted ridge values showed a direct association (Spearman coefficient of correlation = .336). A combination of block graft, obtained from the IC or MR, combined with particulate xenograft then covered with an absorbable collagen membrane is a predictable technique for augmenting anterior maxillary horizontal ridge deficiency.

Comparison between microcomputed tomography and cone-beam computed tomography radiologic bone to assess atrophic posterior maxilla density and microarchitecture.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between bone density obtained by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and morphometric parameters of bone analyzed by microcomputed tomography (µ-CT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: An overall of 32 subjects ≤8 mm of bone height were included in the study. One site per patient was randomly selected to obtain bone core. Totally, 27 biopsies were available for µ-CT analysis. In addition, CBCT was taken after positioning a previously fabricated acrylic resin template with a 2-mm-diameter metal rod at the randomly selected implant site to study radiographic bone density (RBD). The relationship between µ-CT and CBCT quantitative variable and RBD was analyzed using Spearman correlation. RESULTS: Positive correlations between BV/TV (r = 0.769, P < 0.001), BS/TV (r = 0.563, P = 0.002), Tb.Th (r = 0.491, P = 0.009), Tb.N (r = 0.518, P = 0.005) and vBMD (r = 0.699, P < 0.001) with RBD were identified. On the contrary, BS/BV (r = -0.509, P = 0.006), Tb.Sp (r = -0.539, P = 0.003) and Tb.Pf (r = -0.636, P < 0.001) were negatively correlated with RBD. Moreover, SMI (r = -0.380, P = 0.050) and DA (-0.245, P = 0.217) were negatively correlated but not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the correlation between radiographic bone density (RBD) and bone density assessed by µ-CT. Therefore, our data supported the use of CBCT as pre-operative tool for implant treatment planning because it is shown to be reliable to assess atrophic posterior maxilla density and microarchitecture.

Categorizing temporomandibular joint arthroscopic procedures for a better clinical practice and teaching.

OBJECTIVE: To provide some clarity to the confusion in the terminology used to classify arthroscopic procedures for the treatment of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) internal derangement (ID) and osteoarthrosis (OA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The author introduces a new method for categorizing TMJ arthroscopic procedures more accurately, intending to establish a reference point from which further clinical series may built their analyses. RESULTS: Six categories are proposed for establishing a clear distinction among performed arthroscopic procedures: Level Ia, arthroscopic lavage (AL); Level Ib, arthroscopic lysis and lavage (ALL); Level Ic, ALL "needle-therapy"; Level IIa, simple operative arthroscopy (OA); Level IIb, advanced OA; and Level III, OA with discopexy. Several arthroscopic procedures, such as lysis of adherences, coblation of the retrodiscal tissue, anterior myotomy of the lateral pterigoid muscle, or discopexy, are classified in each category depending on the need (or not) to use of one or two working cannulas. CONCLUSION: Teaching and training of maxillofacial surgeons in the acquisition of the skills to perform arthroscopy should be based on a step-by-step approach following this proposed classification. Besides, future clinical series on arthroscopy of the TMJ for the treatment of ID and/or osteoarthrosis may benefit from a clear distinction of the performed arthroscopic procedure in terms of evaluating outcomes and complications.

Consensus Report and Recommendations on the Management of Late-stage Internal Derangement of the Temporomandibular Joint.

Introduction: This report investigates late-stage internal derangement (ID) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with the aim of establishing a more effective and personalized treatment protocol to improve patients' quality of life (QoL). Material and methods: A consensus was reached among maxillofacial surgeons specializing in LSID, based on a literature research and collective expert experience following the Delphi method. Consensus was considered to be achieved when a response received at least 80% of votes. Results: Four expert groups were established, respectively, focusing on diagnosis, minimally invasive surgery (MIS), open surgery and joint replacement. A comprehensive approach to late-stage ID of the TMJ requires a consensus report. This underscores the need for a personalized treatment plan, considering the variability in clinical presentations and progression of this pathology. Our recommendations aim to optimize clinical outcomes and enhance patient QoL.

The reliability of cone-beam computed tomography to assess bone density at dental implant recipient sites: a histomorphometric analysis by micro-CT.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to objectively assess the reliability of the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) as a tool to pre-operatively determine radiographic bone density (RBD) by the density values provided by the system, analyzing its relationship with histomorphometric bone density expressed as bone volumetric fraction (BV/TV) assessed by micro-CT of bone biopsies at the site of insertion of dental implants in the maxillary bones. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-nine bone biopsies of the maxillary bones at the sites of 39 dental implants from 31 edentulous healthy patients were analyzed. The NobelGuide™ software was used for implant planning, which also allowed fabrication of individual stereolithographic surgical guides. The analysis of CBCT images allowed pre-operative determination of mean density values of implant recipient sites along the major axis of the planned implants (axial RBD). Stereolithographic surgical guides were used to guide implant insertion and also to extract cylindrical bone biopsies from the core of the exact implant site. Further analysis of several osseous micro-structural variables including BV/TV was performed by micro-CT of the extracted bone biopsies. RESULTS: Mean axial RBD was 478 ± 212 (range: 144-953). A statistically significant difference (P = 0.02) was observed among density values of the cortical bone of the upper maxilla and mandible. A high positive Pearson's correlation coefficient (r = 0.858, P < 0.001) was observed between RBD and BV/TV, with the regression equations: (1) Axial RBD = -19.974 + 10.238·BV/TV; (2) BV/TV = 14.258 + 0.72·Axial RBD. RBD was also positively correlated with the trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and trabecular number (Tb.N), but negatively correlated with trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), structural model index, and inverse connectivity (Tb.Pf). Density values upper than 450 were associated with BV/TV upper than 50%, mean Tb.Th upper than 0.2 mm, mean Tb.Sp lower than 0.3 mm, and mean Tb.N upper than 2. CONCLUSION: RBD assessed by CBCT has a strong positive correlation with BV/TV assessed by micro-CT at the site of dental implants in the maxillary bones. Pre-operative estimation of density values by CBCT is a reliable tool to objectively determine bone density.

Is micro-computed tomography reliable to determine the microstructure of the maxillary alveolar bone?

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the reliability of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to assess bone density and the microstructure of the maxillary bones at the alveolar process in human clinics by direct comparison with conventional stereologic-based histomorphometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis of osseous microstructural variables including bone volumetric density (BV/TV) of 39 biopsies from the maxillary alveolar bone was performed by micro-CT. Conventional stereologic-based histomorphometry of 10 bone biopsies was performed by optic microscopy (OM) and low-vacuum surface electronic microscopy (SEM). Percentages of bone between micro-CT and conventional stereologic-based histomorphometry were compared. RESULTS: Significant positive correlations were observed between BV/TV and the percentage of bone (%Bone) analyzed by SEM (r = 0.933, P < 0.001), by toluidine blue staining OM (r = 0.950, P < 0.001) and by dark field OM (r = 0.667, P = 0.05). The high positive correlation coefficient between BV/TV and trabecular thickness illustrates that a value of BV/TV upper than 50% squares with a bone presenting most of their trabecules thicker than 0.2 mm. The high negative correlation between BV/TV and trabecular separation shows that values of BV/TV upper than 50% squares with a bone presenting most of their trabecules separated less than 0.3 mm each other. CONCLUSION: BV/TV assessed by micro-CT correlates with the percentage of bone assessed by conventional stereologic-based histomorphometry. Micro-CT is a reliable technique to determine the bone density and the microstructure of the maxillary alveolar bone at the site of dental implant insertion.

Characteristics of newly formed bone in sockets augmented with cancellous porous bovine bone and a resorbable membrane: microcomputed tomography, histologic, and resonance frequence analysis.

AIM: Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) has become a highly accurate and nonintrusive method for analysis of bone. This study aims to determine the microstructural characteristics of the bone formed in grafted extraction sockets. METHODS: This prospective study comprised 10 patients. Cancellous porous bovine bone (CPBB) was used for socket grafting. Ten bone samples were harvested from implant site 9 months after grafting, before implant placement, and histologic and microstructural characteristics were analyzed. Cone-beam computed tomography scans were performed, and implant stability was also determined. RESULTS: Four men and 6 women, with a mean age of 44 years, were included in the study. Micro-CT revealed a compact structure with high bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness and number, but a low trabecular separation and pattern factor, which made it an optimal structure that is expected to resist occlusal loads. Histologic examination revealed an abundant amount of CPBB particles (27.5%) and new bone formation (23.3%) 40.6 months after bone grafting surgery. Moreover, mean implant stability quotient was 75.7 units. CONCLUSION: This investigation demonstrated marked de novo bone formation after a healing period of 9 months. This trabecular bone had a compact structure with abundant thick trabeculae.

Comparison of implant primary stability between maxillary edentulous ridges receiving intramembranous origin block grafts.

PURPOSE: The purposes of the present study were: to compare the resonance frequency analysis (RFA) values of implant placed in either ramus or calvaria block grafts; and to determine if implant diameter influences RFA implant stability quotient (ISQ) value. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study that included 16 consecutives healthy patients treated with autogenous onlay block grafts for horizontal bone reconstruction in maxilla. Ten ramus and ten calvaria block graft treated patients were selected and compared. RESULTS: Totally, 59 implants were placed, 35 (59.3%) were placed on the calvaria bone grafts and the remaining 24 (40.7%) were on the ramus bone graft. Of all the implants studied, 13 (22%), 35 (59.3%), and 11 (18.6%) were 10 mm, 11.5 mm and 13 mm in length respectively. Regarding the diameter, 4 (7%) were 3.3 mm, 3 (5%) were 3.5 mm, 20 (34%) were 3.7 mm and 32 (54%) were 4 mm. Mean ISQ value obtained by RFA was 73.06 ± 6.08, being 72.19 ± 6 and 74.47 ± 6.06 for the calvaria and ramus treated group respectively. No significant differences were noted between the two groups (p= 0.154). Implants were pooled and divided by their diameter. Mean ISQ value obtained for 3.3 mm was 80 ± 5.09, while for 4.0 mm was 72.5 ± 7.19. Again, no significant differences were found among the groups (p= 0.138). CONCLUSION: For RFA ISQ value, the bone graft origins (calvaria or ramus) or implant diameters did not influence the outcome.

Osseointegrated implant rehabilitation of irradiated oral cancer patients.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to analyze implant survival in patients who received radiotherapy treatment for oral malignancies and in patients who had suffered mandibular osteoradionecrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively 225 implants placed in 30 patients who had received radiotherapy as part of the oncologic treatment. Radiation doses ranged between 50 and 70 Gy. 39 implants were placed after a combined treatment of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Data referred to tumour type and reconstruction, presence of osteoradionecrosis, region of implant installation and type of prostheses were recorded. Survival rates were calculated with cumulative Kaplan-Meier survival curves and compared between different groups with a log-rank test. RESULTS: 152 osseointegrated implants were placed in patients who presented previous reconstruction procedure. Five patients developed osteorradionecrosis as a complication of the radiotherapy treatment. Once osteoradionecrosis had healed in these patients, 41 implants were installed. The overall 5 year survival rate in irradiated patients was 92.6%. Irradiated patients had a marginally significantly higher implant loss than non-irradiated patients. (p = 0.063). The 5 year survival rate in the osteoradionecrosis group was of 48.3% and in the non-osteoradionecrosis group 92.3%, with a statistically significant difference between both groups. (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Osseointegrated implants enhance oral rehabilitation in most irradiated patients, even being an acceptable option for patients who had suffered osteoradionecrosis. Totally implant supported prostheses are recommended after irradiation providing functional, stable and aesthetically satisfactory rehabilitation.

Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis. Review of the literature.

The treatment of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is still controversial. TMJ arthrocentesis represents a form of minimally invasive surgical treatment in patients suffering from internal derangement of the TMJ, especially closed lock. It consists of washing the joint with the possibility of depositing a drug or other therapeutic substance. Resolution of symptoms is due to the removal of chemical inflammatory mediators and changes in intra-articular pressure. Numerous clinical studies regarding this technique have been published. The goal of this paper is to review all clinical articles that have been published with regard to the critique of this technique. 19 articles with different designs fulfilling selection guidelines were chosen. A series of clinical and procedure variables were analyzed. Although the mean of improvement was higher that 80%, further research is needed to determine more homogeneous indications for TMJ athrocentesis.

Arthroscopic Disc Repositioning Techniques of the Temporomandibular Joint Part 2: Resorbable Pins.

Arthroscopic rigid fixation (ARF) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with resorbable pins and other advanced arthroscopic disc repositioning (ADR) techniques by sutures has provided a renewed interest in the role played by the disc in the treatment of the most severe cases of TMJ ID with anterior disc displacement with severe limitation of mouth opening. These techniques may be the last step prior to open TMJ surgery, if other less complex operative arthroscopic techniques (OAT) have previously failed, or for those cases in which no predictable results are expected with simpler OAT due to the presence of a severe displaced disc or closed lock. In this article, ARF with resorbable pins is being approached, with a special focus on describing the technique while reporting its advantages and disadvantages. Also, potential complications and postoperative management and recovery, together with some advice in terms of pearls and pitfalls will be exposed.

Evaluation of Two Active System Encapsulant Matrices with Quercetin and Bacillus clausii for Functional Foods.

Currently, demand for functional foods is increasing in the public interest in order to improve life expectations and general health. Food matrices containing probiotic microorganisms and active compounds encapsulated into carrier agents are essential in this context. Encapsulation via the lyophilisation method is widely used because oxidation reactions that affect physicochemical and nutritional food properties are usually avoided. Encapsulated functional ingredients, such as quercetin and Bacillus clausii, using two carrier agents' matrices-I [inulin (IN), lactose (L) and maltodextrin (MX)] and II [arabic (A), guar (G), and xanthan (X) gums)]-are presented in this work. A D-optimal procedure involving 59 experiments was designed to evaluate each matrix's yield, viability, and antioxidant activity (AA). Matrix I (33.3 IN:33.3 L:33.3 MX) and matrix II (33.3 A:33.3 G:33.3 X) exhibited the best yield; viability of 9.7 log10 CFU/g and 9.73 log10 CFU/g was found in matrix I (using a ratio of 33.3 IN:33.3 L:33.3 MX) and matrix II (50 G:50 X), respectively. Results for the antioxidant capacity of matrix I (100 IN:0 L:0M X) and matrix II (0 A:50 G:50 X) were 58.75 and 55.54 (DPPH* scavenging activity (10 µg/mL)), respectively. Synergy between matrices I and II with use of 100IN:0L:OMX and 0A:50G:50X resulted in 55.4 log10 CFU/g viability values; the antioxidant capacity was 9. 52 (DPPH* scavenging activity (10 µg/mL). The present work proposes use of a carrier agent mixture to produce a functional ingredient with antioxidant and probiotic properties that exceed the minimum viability, 6.0 log10 CFU/g, recommended by the FAO/WHO (2002) to be probiotic, and that contributes to the recommended daily quercetin intake of 10-16 mg/day or inulin intake of 10-20 g/day and dietary fibre intake of 25-38 g per day.

Evaluation of a biocoagulant from devilfish invasive species for the removal of contaminants in ceramic industry wastewater.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a biocoagulant produced from the devilfish invasive species and its combination with two chemical coagulants (aluminum sulfate and ferric sulfate) to remove turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids in ceramic industry wastewater using a combined experimental design of Mixture-Process. This design optimized the coagulation process and evaluated the effects and interactions between mixture components and coagulant doses. An analysis of variance was used to analyze the experimental data obtained in the study, and the response surface plots by response type (turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids) were obtained. Results showed that the coagulation treatment could be technically and economically feasible since efficiencies of turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids removal of 74, 79, and 94% could be achieved using an optimal coagulant dose of 800 mg/L with a mixture of 35% biocoagulant and 65% ferric sulfate. Analysis of variance results showed that the models are significant, and the lack of fit is not required according to the probability value (p value), which were < 0.0001, and > 0.05, respectively. Hence, the experimental data were fitted to a combined reduced special cubic x linear model. These results support the use of devilfish meal as a biocoagulant, being more feasible in dual systems when mixed with ferric sulfate.

Hyperplasia of the mandibular condyle: clinical, histopathologic, and treatment considerations in a series of 36 patients.

PURPOSE: Mandibular condylar hyperplasia (CH) is a rare entity that causes overdevelopment of the mandible, creating functional and esthetic problems. The aim of this article was to describe demographic and clinical characteristics of CH, analyze histopathologic features and their association with scintigraphic and clinical findings, and evaluate esthetic and functional results after treatment by high condylectomy during the active phase. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 36 patients whose condyles were removed because of excessive unilateral growth resulting in facial asymmetry and occlusal disturbance. Of the 36 patients, 13 had had symptoms related to the temporomandibular joint, such as pain or clicking. In all the cases, high condylectomy was performed, and surgical specimens were sent for histologic examination and divided into 4 histologic types as described by Slootweg and Müller. Statistical analysis was performed by use of R software (version 2.10.1; R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) and SPSS software for Windows (version 15.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL) to evaluate our results. A χ(2) test was carried out to assess the possible association between gender and involved side. The association of histologic appearance with clinical symptoms was estimated by use of the Fisher exact test. An analysis of variance test was performed to evaluate a possible association between patient age and histologic type according to the Slootweg and Müller classification and between histologic type and uptake on bone single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). RESULTS: We could not find a relationship between histologic type and uptake of the affected condyle on bone SPECT or between age and histologic type. However, our statistical analysis revealed an association between histologic appearance and the presence of joint symptoms (P = .0049). Clinically, occlusion and facial symmetry improved in all patients postoperatively, and no recurrence was noted in any patient. Six patients required secondary surgery. CONCLUSION: We could not find any significant association between age and histologic type or between bone SPECT and histologic type. However, a significant association between histologic type and temporomandibular joint symptoms was observed. High condylectomy combined with orthodontics achieved optimal esthetic and functional results and constituted the unique and definitive treatment in 30 of 36 patients.