Determination of Antidepressants and Antipsychotics in Dried Blood Spots (DBSs) Collected from Post-Mortem Samples and Evaluation of the Stability over a Three-Month Period.

An LC-MS/MS method for the identification and quantification of antidepressants and antipsychotics was developed on dried blood spots (DBSs). Moreover, analyte stability on DBSs within a 3-month period was monitored. Aliquots of 85 µL of blood from autopsy cases were pipetted onto DBS cards, which were dried and stored at room temperature. DBSs were analyzed in triplicate immediately, within the following 3 weeks, and after 3 months. For each analysis, a whole blood stain was extracted in phosphate buffer and purified using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) cartridges in order to avoid matrix effects and injected in the LC-MS/MS system. Thirty-nine molecules were screened. Limits of detection (LODs) ranged between 0.1 and 3.2 ng/mL (g) and 0.1 and 5.2 ng/mL (g) for antidepressants and antipsychotics, respectively. Limits of quantification (LOQs) varied from 5 to 10.0 ng/mL for both. Sixteen cases among the 60 analyzed resulted positive for 17 different analytes; for 14 of these the method was fully validated. A general good agreement between the concentrations on DBSs and those measured in conventional blood samples (collected concurrently and stored at -20 °C) was observed. The degradation/enhancement percentage for most of the substances was lower than 20% within the 3-month period. Our results, obtained from real post-mortem cases, suggest that DBSs can be used for routine sample storage.

Fatal methadone intoxication in an infant listed as a homicide.

Voluntary methadone administration for the purpose of sedation eventually resulting in the infant's death is extremely infrequent, though it has been observed. In this report, we describe an autopsy case pertaining to a 32-month-old infant who was repeatedly exposed to methadone by his parents. Autopsy revealed a coarctation of the aorta with a focal stenosis located at the junction of the distal aortic arch and the descending aorta. Left ventricular hypertrophy was also observed. Both these findings were considered to not have played a role in the child's death. Methadone was detected in the femoral blood (0.633 mg/l), urine (5.25 mg/l), bile (2.64 mg/l), and gastric contents (1.08 mg). A segmental hair analysis showed the presence of methadone and morphine in both the proximal and distal portion of the lock. Methadone was also detected in nail samples. A segmental hair analysis performed on the younger brother of the deceased revealed the presence of methadone and morphine in both the proximal and distal segments, as well as the presence of 6-monoacetylmorphine exclusively in the distal portion. Though the parents denied any involvement in methadone administration or exposure for the purpose of sedation, the manner of death was listed as homicide. The case emphasizes the usefulness of hair analysis to identify threatening situations for the children of drug-dependent parents and possibly support measures by the authorities to recognize and intervene in these potentially fatal situations.

Validation of a multi-analyte LC-MS/MS method for screening and quantification of 87 psychoactive drugs and their metabolites in hair.

A multi-analyte method for the detection and quantification of 87 psychoactive drugs (antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and z-drugs) in human hair has been developed and fully validated using the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system. Due to the remarkable increase in requests of hair sample tests (such as for driver's license renewals, child custody, DFA cases, and postmortem toxicology), we focused on the development of a rapid sample preparation. About 20 mg of hair samples, previously washed and cut into snippets, was ultrasonicated with 700 µl of methanol. Samples were then directly analyzed using a 4000 QTRAP (AB SCIEX, Foster City, CA, USA) with an electrospray ionization (ESI) Turbo V(TM) Ion Source. The validation criteria parameters were satisfactory and in accordance with the international guidelines. All the compounds tested were successfully detected. One important aspect is the LODs in the low picogram per milligram concentration which may suggest a potential use of this method in cases of detection of single drug exposure. However, the LC-MS/MS method has been successfully applied for the analysis of postmortem cases (n = 9).

Testing ethylglucuronide in maternal hair and nails for the assessment of fetal exposure to alcohol: comparison with meconium testing.

BACKGROUND: The deleterious effects exerted by prenatal ethanol exposure include physical, mental, behavioral, and/or learning disabilities that are included in the term fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. The measurement of ethylglucuronide (EtG) in alternative biological matrices, including neonatal and maternal hair, neonatal meconium, and maternal nails, is receiving increasing interest for the accurate evaluation of the in utero exposure to alcohol. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between EtG in maternal hair and nails with EtG in neonatal meconium to further explore the suitability of these biomarkers in disclosing prenatal exposure to ethanol. METHODS: A total of 151 maternal hair strands (0-6 cm), nail clips (2-6 mm), and corresponding neonatal meconium and nails samples were obtained from neonatal wards of 4 Mediterranean public hospitals: Rome, Florence, and Belluno in Italy and Barcelona in Spain. Hair, nails, and meconium were analyzed for the presence of EtG by validated liquid chromatography mass spectrometry assay. Meconium was also analyzed for the presence of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) as a complementary biomarker of potential in utero exposure to alcohol. RESULTS: Eighteen newborns resulted in utero exposed to maternal alcohol consumption by FAEE testing in meconium with EtG values between 0.5 and 1.5 nmol/g. Unfortunately, none of these cases were confirmed by the presence of EtG in maternal hair and nails samples, which resulted all negative to this biomarker. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm that FAEEs and EtG in meconium are the best biomarkers to assess in utero exposure to maternal alcohol. EtG in hair and nails are not good biomarkers to disclose alcohol consumption lower than on daily basis and lower than 1-2 alcoholic units per day.

Determination of ethyl glucuronide in nails by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry as a potential new biomarker for chronic alcohol abuse and binge drinking behavior.

A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for ethyl glucuronide (EtG) detection and quantification in nails was developed and fully validated. Nails were extracted in 700 µL double-distilled water. EtG-d(5) was used as an internal standard. Reversed-phase separation was obtained with an isocratic mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile (99:1) for 10 min. Quantification was performed by multiple reaction monitoring of two transitions per compound (EtG and internal standard). The assay was linear from 10 to 500 pg/mg. Validation parameters were studied at three different quality control levels (10, 50, and 300 pg/mg). Intraday, interday, and total imprecision had a coefficient of variation of less than 9.5%. Ion suppression and ion enhancement were negligible (less than 20%). No carryover was detected. The method was applied to several real cases, among teetotalers, social drinkers, and heavy drinkers. A questionnaire, together with the informed consent form, was given to all the participants in order to evaluate alcohol intake in the one month before sample collection. Nail EtG levels in a social drinker were much higher than the concentrations of EtG in hair provided by the same subject, thus suggesting potential high sensitivity in evaluating both chronic excessive alcohol consumption and binge drinking habits.

Ethyl-glucuronide and ethyl-sulfate in placental and fetal tissues by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.

The aim of this study was to develop a method for the determination of ethyl-glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl-sulfate (EtS), two direct ethanol metabolites, in early placental and fetal human tissues, as potential biomarkers of transplacental ethanol transfer from the mother to the fetus. Placental and fetal tissue samples were obtained from women undergoing voluntary termination of pregnancy at 12 weeks of gestation. Samples were deproteinized and directly injected into a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system. Limits of detection of 13.0 and 23.0 pmol/g and lower limits of quantification of 22.0 and 40.0 pmol/g were reached for EtG and EtS, respectively. Inter- and intraday imprecision and accuracy were always lower than 15%. The method was applied to 70 samples (35 placentas and 35 fetal tissues). Of 35 samples, 4 samples collected from 4 women tested positive for EtG and EtS, always showing higher concentrations for EtG. The placenta/fetal tissue ratio for EtG was 2.9 ± 0.9, whereas EtS showed a ratio of 1.7 ± 0.7. Preliminary results suggest that these metabolites are present in both tissues. Further studies should now corroborate the hypothesis, not yet confirmed, that transplacental transfer of ethanol takes place not only for the parent compound but also for EtG and EtS.

Chronic excessive alcohol consumption diagnosis: comparison between traditional biomarkers and ethyl glucuronide in hair, a study on a real population.

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of chronic alcohol misuse diagnosis by comparing traditional biomarkers with ethyl glucuronide (EtG), an ethanol direct metabolite, detected in the keratinic matrix. METHODS: Seventy-six subjects tested for chronic alcohol abuse for different purposes were recruited. EtG was detected in hair, whereas the analyses of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were performed in serum samples. RESULTS: Of the 76 patients examined, 26 were judged by the medical doctors as subjects with alcohol abuse problems and, therefore, not eligible for driving license renewal or liver transplant. EtG in hair (SE = 0.68, SP = 1.00) showed the best diagnostic SE and SP compared with the other biomarkers investigated. Among the traditional biomarkers, only CDT proved to be suitable for forensic purposes because of the high diagnostic specificity (SP = 1.00) although it showed poor diagnostic SE (0.27). The percentage of positive samples decreased for all the biomarkers by excluding the subjects with hepatic diseases, except for EtG and CDT, suggesting that these 2 biomarkers could be less affected by false positive results, because of hepatic diseases. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that when EtG in hair and CDT results are combined, diagnostic SE in chronic alcohol abuse diagnosis clearly improved, suggesting that complementary analysis of both these biomarkers provides the best diagnostic tool in suspected cases of chronic excessive alcohol consumption.

Population Baseline of Meconium Ethyl Glucuronide and Ethyl Sulfate Concentrations in Newborns of Nondrinking Women in 2 Mediterranean Cohorts.

The detection of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) in meconium has been investigated recently as an alternative to meconium fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) measurement as an objective estimate of prenatal alcohol exposure, independent of maternal self-reporting. We report the results of the first study conducted to investigate the concentrations of EtG and EtS in meconium from newborns with and without intrauterine exposure to ethanol, defined by questionnaire and meconium FAEEs concentration. FAEEs, EtG, and EtS were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in meconium samples obtained from the Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy (n = 80) and from the Hospital del Mar in Barcelona, Spain (n = 105). Median EtG and EtS values in meconium from newborns without intrauterine exposure to ethanol varied between 0.100 and 0.140 nmol/g and 0.010 and 0.020 nmol/g in Reggio Emilia and Barcelona samples, respectively. In meconium from newborns with uncertain prenatal ethanol exposure, the EtG median value was 0.160 nmol/g in the Italian cohort and 0.250 nmol/g in the Spanish one. The median EtS concentration was 0.020 in both cohorts. EtG and EtS median values in 5 meconium samples from newborns of heavily drinking mothers were 7.240 nmol/g and 0.033 nmol/g, respectively. A positive cutoff of 2.0 nmol/g for EtG yielded the best sensitivity and specificity (100%) to discriminate for true prenatal exposure to ethanol. It was not possible to establish a proper cutoff for EtS because of the low number of positive samples. Based on our results, meconium EtG can be proposed as an alternate biomarker for intrauterine alcohol exposure. In contrast to the 7 FAEEs, EtG is just one molecule that could be screened in meconium samples from all newborns by a simple, low-cost, easy-to-perform immunoassay, which can be routinely applied in neonatology wards for the early diagnosis of prenatal exposure to ethanol.

Distribution of quetiapine and metabolites in biological fluids and tissues.

Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug, frequently found in post-mortem samples. The quantitative determination of active metabolites may help in the interpretation of the potential toxic effects of the parent drug and its role in death. A fully validated LC-MS/MS method was developed for the identification and quantification of quetiapine and two main metabolites (N-desalkylquetiapine and 7-hydroxyquetiapine) in blood, biological fluids and tissues. Then, the distribution of analytes in different matrices was evaluated. LODs of 0.9, 0.3 and 0.3ng/mL were calculated for quetiapine, N-desalkylquetiapine and 7-hydroxyquetiapine respectively; while a LOQ at the concentration of 10.0ng/mL was defined for the three analytes. 13 post-mortem positive real cases have been included in the experiment. The results revealed that quetiapine and N-desalkylquetiapine might undergo a significant post-mortem redistribution, while 7-hydroxyquetiapine is less affected by this factor. N-desalkylquetiapine could be found in blood in relatively high concentrations in comparison to those of quetiapine; therefore, it should be always advisable to measure both the analytes. The analysis of tissues could provide additional data on potential intoxication with quetiapine.

Distribution of the Synthetic Cathinone α-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone in Biological Specimens.

We report the analysis of the synthetic cathinones α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone (α-PHP) and α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP), both pyrovalerone derivatives, in blood, urine, gastric contents, main tissues and hair of a deceased person. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed by LC-MS-MS. All the biological samples were collected during autopsy and extracted/purified onto a solid phase extraction cartridge before instrumental analysis. The method was validated for blood and urine and proved to be highly sensitive and specific for both the synthetic cathinones (limit of detection: 0.2 ng/mL and limit of quantification: 0.5 ng/mL). Analyses provided negative results for α-PVP in all biological samples except for the 2-cm proximal hair segment, confirming that the young man had consumed in the last 2 months this compound; instead hair analysis proved that the man was a heavy α-PHP user. α-PHP was identified and quantified in biological fluids and tissues. Interestingly, bile and urine concentrations (1.2 and 5.6 ng/mL, respectively) were fairly lower than blood collected into the thoracic cavity (15.3 ng/mL). The highest concentrations were measured for lung (71.1 ng/mL) and spleen (83.8 ng/mL). Concentrations of 3.5, 7.9, 4.7 and 23.6 ng/mL were measured in liver, kidney, brain and heart, respectively. Even if it is not possible to evaluate the presence of this drug in biological samples as a cause of death, to our knowledge, this is the first case of α-PHP finding in postmortem samples, and its potential toxic effects should be elucidated in the future.

A multi-analyte LC-MS/MS method for screening and quantification of 16 synthetic cathinones in hair: Application to postmortem cases.

A multi-analyte method for detection and quantification of 16 synthetic cathinones (known also as "bath salts") in human hair has been developed and fully validated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system. About 20 mg of hair samples, previously washed and homogenized, were ultrasonicated with 1 mL HCl 0.1 M solution. Samples were then extracted using a solid phase extraction procedure (SPE), taken to dryness and reconstituted in 100 µL mobile phase. Finally, they were directly injected into a liquid chromatographic system, coupled with tandem mass spectrometer detector. The validation criteria parameters were satisfactory according with the international guidelines. A LOQ of 5 pg/mg was obtained for 4-fluoromethcathinone (4-FMC), buphedrone, ethcathinone, methcathinone, mephedrone and naphyrone, while the method proved to be more sensitive for 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC), methedrone, alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP), alpha-pyrrolidinohexiophenone (α-PHP), methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), butylone, ethylone, 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone (3,4-DMMC), pentedrone and pentylone, reaching a LOQ of 1 pg/mg. Potential use of bath salts was investigated in postmortem cases of young subjects previously tested positive at least to one traditional drug of abuse. Two samples out of 17 cases analyzed provided positive results for synthetic cathinones. One sample has been divided in two segments of 2.5 cm length each. Both segments were positive for 8 different cathinone derivatives, namely: 3,4-DMMC, 4-FMC, 4-MEC, α-PHP, α-PVP, methcathinone, methedrone and pentedrone. The second case provided positive results for ethcathinone.

A case report on potential postmortem redistribution of furanyl fentanyl and 4-ANPP.

Fatal intoxications due to accidental or voluntary intake of synthetic opioids represent an actual emerging issue. We report a case where we have analyzed furanyl fentanyl and its metabolite 4-anilino-N-phenetyl-piperidine (4-ANPP) in blood, urine, gastric content, bile and cerebrospinal fluid. In this case, a 53-year-old man was found dead at home with a needle still inserted in a vein; a plastic bag containing a white powder (later identified as a furanyl fentanyl-based product) was discovered in the room. Biological samples were collected during autopsy and extracted/purified onto a SPE cartridge before instrumental analysis. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed by LC-MS/MS on peripheral and cardiac blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), bile and gastric content. Furanyl fentanyl was identified and quantified in all the biological fluids collected. Interestingly, gastric content revealed an unexpected high amount of furanyl fentanyl; yet, cardiac blood and femoral blood provided significantly different concentrations (11.8 and 2.7 ng/g respectively). The concentration of furanyl fentanyl in CSF was similar to that measured in femoral blood (2.6 ng/mL), thus confirming that CSF could be a good alternative biological fluid whenever a postmortem redistribution is suspected. Concentrations of 93.5, 50.4, 171.7, 41.9, 10.2 ng/mL(g) were measured for 4-ANPP in cardiac blood, femoral blood, urine, bile and cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. The outcomes from the presented case report suggest that the two substances have been not only injected intravenously, but probably also ingested by the man. Fentanyl derivative and its precursor seemed to undergo an extensive postmortem redistribution.

Determination of benzodiazepines in blood and in dried blood spots collected from post-mortem samples and evaluation of the stability over a three-month period.

We successfully developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method for the identification of 27 and quantification of 9 benzodiazepines and metabolites in whole blood and DBSs. The results provided a good qualitative and quantitative correlation between DBSs stored at room temperature and whole blood stored at -20°C. A good stability for a three-month period was observed for most of the compounds detected in real post-mortem samples.

Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection for the measurement of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in meconium: new biomarkers of gestational ethanol exposure?

A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method with postcolumn addition of acetonitrile for the determination of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) in meconium was developed and validated using pentadeuterated EtG and pentadeuterated EtS as internal standards. The analytes were extracted from the matrix by acetonitrile, concentrated by solid phase extraction, separated using a reversed-phase chromatographic column, and quantified within 9 minutes. Lower limits of quantification were 5 and 1 ng/g meconium for EtG and EtS, respectively. Calibration curves were linear from lower limits of quantifications to 500 ng/g, with a minimum r > 0.999. At 3 concentrations spanning the linear dynamic range of the assay, mean recoveries ranged between 78.7% and 96.8% for EtG and between 72.1% and 95.6% for EtS. Inaccuracy was better than 8.1%, with intra-assay and interassay imprecision better than 7.2% and 10.5%, respectively. Matrix effects (ion suppression/enhancement) were found to be negligible. The analytes of interest were stable at room temperature, at 4 degrees C, when exposed to 3 freeze-thaw cycles, and when stored at -20 degrees C for up to 6 months. This sensitive and specific method was used to assess the presence of these alcohol biomarkers in meconium samples from 2 different city cohorts.

Evaluation of benzodiazepines and zolpidem in nails and their stability after prolonged exposure to chlorinated water.

The study aims the development and validation of a LC-MS/MS method for the identification and quantification of benzodiazepines and zolpidem in nails as alternative keratinized matrix to hair in long-term monitoring of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs. Both fingernail and toenail samples (1-2 mm) were collected by clipping the excess overhang of the nail from volunteers and from postmortem cases. They were washed twice with organic solvents, dried under nitrogen stream, pulverized, immersed in a methanol solution (internal standard: diazepam-D5) and sonicated up to two hours. The solution was then direct injected in the LC-MS/MS system. Mass spectrometry was set in MRM mode, selecting two transitions for each substance. 32 analytes among benzodiazepines, metabolites and hypnotics were included in the list. The method fulfilled the internationally required criteria for validation. Limits of detection ranged from 0.03 pg/mg (zolpidem) to 13.1 pg/mg (bromazepam). 9 subjects under therapy were positive at 7 different benzodiazepines and/or metabolites (lorazepam, desalkylflurazepam, bromazepam, diazepam, alprazolam, lormetazepam and prazepam), while 5 molecules were measured in 4 postmortem cases (diazepam, desmethyldiazepam, delorazepam, 7-aminoclonazepam and zolpidem). In vitro experiments on eight authentic samples suggested that benzodiazepines in nails are influenced by the prolonged exposure to chlorinated water.

Two Fatal Cases Involving Cardiovascular Drugs Diltiazem and Amlodipine.

A liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric method for the identification and quantification of 18 cardiovascular drugs was developed in order to evaluate two cases of fatal intoxication involving diltiazem and amlodipine respectively. Samples were simply diluted and centrifuged using a three-steps procedure with methanol, acetonitrile and mobile phase. The method proved to be selective and all the validation parameters fulfilled the acceptance criteria. In particular, linearity was studied in the range limits of quantitation (LOQ)-1,000 ng/mL (LOQ ranging from 0.8 to 33.3 ng/mL for urine and from 0.7 to 41.3 ng/mL for whole blood). The method was successfully applied to two real cases involving diltiazem and amlodipine fatal intoxications, respectively. Though the subject intoxicated by diltiazem did survive several hours after drug intake, central and peripheral blood levels at autopsy were extremely high (23.4 and 13.4 mg/L, respectively); the cause could be due to the formation of a pharmacobezoar that was found in the duodenum and that could have delayed the drug absorption. Moreover, diltiazem showed postmortem redistribution. On the contrary, the amlodipine peripheral blood level in the second case was relatively low (0.17 mg/L), thus confirming that even the uncontrolled intake of a less toxic calcium channel blocker can lead to death. Furthermore, blood samples were analyzed after 2 years of storage at -20°C: both diltiazem and amlodipine showed a significant degradation (70 and 99%, respectively).

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THC-A) in urine of a 15-month-old child: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: The acidic forms of cannabinoids, THC-A and CBD-A are naturally present in cannabis plants and preparations and are generally decarboxylated to the active compounds before the use (e.g. thermally decarboxylated through smoking). Hence, the identification of the acidic compounds in urine could be an evidence of cannabis ingestion rather than a passive exposure to smoke. This case report described a 15-month-old child that suffered an acute intoxication by accidental cannabis ingestion. It is important to assess the ingestion and to discriminate it from a passive exposure to better interpret the clinical findings and to establish the correct therapeutic procedure. METHODS: Urine samples were simply diluted in deionized water and directly injected in the LC-MS/MS system. D3-THCCOOH was used as internal standard. Chromatographic separation of THCCOOH, THC-A and CBD-A was carried out in reversed phase on a c18 column. A triple quad in MRM negative mode was used to monitor the three analytes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The developed LC-MS/MS method was simple and fast. A LOD of 3.0ng/mL and a LOQ of 10.0ng/mL were measured for the three compounds. The analytical procedure was validated accordingly to international guidelines. The two urine samples collected from the 15-month-old child at the hospitalization and after three days provided positive results for THCCOOH (130.0 and 10.0ng/mL respectively). THC-A was found only in the urine sample collected at the hospitalization (concentration: 70.0ng/mL). CONCLUSION: THC-A was detected and quantitated in a urine sample of a 15-month-old child.

Variability on ethyl glucuronide concentrations in hair depending on sample pretreatment, using a new developed GC-MS/MS method.

Quantitative determination of ethyl glucuronide in keratin matrix, particularly in hair samples, provides a significant contribution to the evaluation of the extent of ethanol intake. The first-choice method to carry out this analysis is LC-MS/MS, but other techniques may be used. The aim of this work is: a) to develop and validate a GC-MS/MS method for ethyl glucuronide determination in hair; b) to compare GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS in analysis of real samples; c) to compare EtG concentration obtained after hair cutting and pulverization. About 30 mg hair samples were washed, pulverized and soaked in 1 ml deionized water. After incubation, the solution was purified through a SPE anion exchange cartridge; the eluate was dried under nitrogen stream, derivatized with PFPA and reconstituted in n-hexane. Then, the sample was injected in the GC-MS/MS system, operating in negative chemical ionization mode and in selected reaction monitoring. The two most intense transitions were used to monitor ethyl glucuronide and deuterated internal standard. All the validation parameters fulfilled the international acceptance criteria. LOD and LOQ were set at 2.0 and 3.0 pg/mg respectively. This method was applied to 194 hair samples collected from teetotallers and alcohol consumers and represents a suitable alternative to LC-MS/MS for the determination of EtG in hair samples, in particular when scarce quantity of hair is available. This study confirmed that pulverization of hair increases the concentration of EtG, but some variability of EtG levels remains probably due to the presence of non-homogeneous material even though pulverization.

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of cocaine and metabolites in blood and in dried blood spots collected from postmortem samples and evaluation of the stability over a 3-month period.

The aims of this study were (1) to identify and quantify cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE), ecgonine methyl ester (EME), and cocaethylene (CE) in DBS; (2) to compare dried blood spots (DBSs) analytical results with the routine blood analyses; (3) to monitor analytes stability on DBS within a 3-month period. Eighty-five µL of blood from postmortem cases were put on a card for DBS analysis and kept in the dark, at room temperature. Samples were extracted through solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges and injected in the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system. The analytical procedure is simple, sensitive, and specific. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were calculated at 1.0 and 5.0 ng/mL(g) for COC and CE, and at 0.5 and 2 ng/mL for EME and BE, respectively. Validation parameters fulfilled all the acceptance criteria. Fifty-five postmortem cases were evaluated. Eighteen cases were positive for COC (44-2456 ng/mL) and BE (228-4700 ng/mL), 12 for EME (92-1500 ng/mL), and 11 cases for CE (11-273 ng/mL). Stability was evaluated on 8 cases collected in the period January 2017-January 2018. For each case, 5 DBSs were collected at T0. Four DBSs were analyzed within the 4 following weeks and 1 sample was analyzed after 3 months. The concentrations on DBSs, stored at room temperature, always matched the ones obtained on blood samples kept at -20°C (<20% variation, both at T0 and after 3 months). BE and COC concentrations remained stable after a 3-month storage, EME concentrations slightly increased after 3 weeks in the 2 analyzed samples, while CE provided a less homogeneous stability depending on the sample.

Stability of benzodiazepines in hair after prolonged exposure to chlorinated water.

INTRODUCTION: An in vitro study on authentic positive samples was carried out, aiming the evaluation of the effect of chlorinated water on benzodiazepines in hair. Two subjects exposed to chlorinated water for several consecutive times were also investigated. METHOD: Seven hair samples collected from autopsy cases, previously tested positive for benzodiazepines, were washed with dichloromethane and methanol. They were longitudinally divided in six aliquots of about 30mg. An aliquot was processed without treatment while other five ones were soaked in chlorinated water (0.1% sodium dichloroisocyanurate and 0,1M sulfuric acid at pH 5.5) for 4, 20, 24 and 30h respectively. Hair samples were then processed following a fully validated and previously published method. Briefly hair samples were sonicated in 600 microliters methanol containing halazepam (IS) up to two hours. Ten microliters were injected in a liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) system. Analytes were eluted from a C18 reversed-phased column. Two transitions on multiple reaction monitoring and positive ionization mode were monitored for each compound. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS: Six compounds among benzodiazepines and metabolites were identified and quantified in the seven hair samples: diazepam (575pg/mg), desmethyldiazepam (562pg/mg), chlordesmethyldiazepam (173pg/mg), desalkylflurazepam (320pg/mg), clonazepam (three cases-195, 119 and 111pg/mg respectively), lormetazepam (two cases-182 and 416pg/mg respectively). Traces of 7-aminoclonazepam were identified into 2 samples. Stability of benzodiazepines in water was evaluated by soaking an aliquot of hair for up to 30h in deionized water. No significant degradation was observed. Samples soaked in chlorinated water showed considerable decreasing from the initial concentration even after the 4-h treatment: the fastest degradation was provided by clonazepam that showed a 61% loss. The greatest loss was measured for diazepam (86% loss after 30-h soaking). CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge this is the first in vitro study that evaluated benzodiazepines stability in hair after prolonged exposure to chlorinated water. The results showed that the longer the exposure the higher the degradation. Prolonged exposure to chlorinated water and sunlight must be always taken into account as possible causes of false negative results.