Clinical presentation and long-term outcome of 144 patients with microscopic polyangiitis in a monocentric German cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical presentation and long-term outcome of a vasculitis centre cohort of patients with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) with respect to organ manifestations, treatment, chronic damage and mortality. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review at our vasculitis referral centre. MPA patients admitted between 1991 and 2013 classified by a modified European Medicines Agency algorithm were diagnosed and treated according to a standardized interdisciplinary approach. RESULTS: Comprehensive data from standardized interdisciplinary workups was available for 144 patients (median follow-up 72 months). The overall standardized mortality ratio was 1.40 (95% CI 0.91, 2.07; P = 0.13). We observed a higher mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 4.04 (95% CI 1.21, 13.45), P = 0.02] in 17 patients with MPA-associated fibrosing interstitial lung disease (ILD) and 56 patients with peripheral nervous system involvement [HR 5.26 (95% CI 1.10, 25.14), P = 0.04] at disease onset. One hundred and fifteen patients (79.9%) responded to the initial treatment. Sixty-one (42.3%) achieved complete remission and 54 (37.5%) achieved partial remission. Twenty (13.9%) showed a refractory disease course. CONCLUSION: MPA patients at our tertiary rheumatology referral centre seemed to have a less severe phenotype resulting in a less severe disease course and better outcome than reported in other cohorts. Fibrosing ILD was significantly associated with mortality in this cohort.

Genetically distinct subsets within ANCA-associated vasculitis.

BACKGROUND: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis is a severe condition encompassing two major syndromes: granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis) and microscopic polyangiitis. Its cause is unknown, and there is debate about whether it is a single disease entity and what role ANCA plays in its pathogenesis. We investigated its genetic basis. METHODS: A genomewide association study was performed in a discovery cohort of 1233 U.K. patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis and 5884 controls and was replicated in 1454 Northern European case patients and 1666 controls. Quality control, population stratification, and statistical analyses were performed according to standard criteria. RESULTS: We found both major-histocompatibility-complex (MHC) and non-MHC associations with ANCA-associated vasculitis and also that granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis were genetically distinct. The strongest genetic associations were with the antigenic specificity of ANCA, not with the clinical syndrome. Anti-proteinase 3 ANCA was associated with HLA-DP and the genes encoding α(1)-antitrypsin (SERPINA1) and proteinase 3 (PRTN3) (P=6.2×10(-89), P=5.6×10(-12,) and P=2.6×10(-7), respectively). Anti-myeloperoxidase ANCA was associated with HLA-DQ (P=2.1×10(-8)). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that the pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis has a genetic component, shows genetic distinctions between granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis that are associated with ANCA specificity, and suggests that the response against the autoantigen proteinase 3 is a central pathogenic feature of proteinase 3 ANCA-associated vasculitis. These data provide preliminary support for the concept that proteinase 3 ANCA-associated vasculitis and myeloperoxidase ANCA-associated vasculitis are distinct autoimmune syndromes. (Funded by the British Heart Foundation and others.).

Pathogenesis of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: challenges and solutions 2014.

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) with specificity for proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA) or myeloperoxidase (MPO-ANCA) are a defining feature of ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV). They play a pivotal role in disease pathophysiology and have strongly improved early diagnosis and treatment of these infrequent, but potentially fatal diseases. Neutrophils and their products are major players in initiating the autoimmune response and tissue destruction in vasculitic as well as granulomatous inflammation. This review highlights recent findings on old and novel players (ANCA, neutrophils, neutrophil extracellular traps, fibroblasts, immune cells and complement) and puts them into context with the current understanding of disease mechanisms in AAV.

Doubled prevalence rates of ANCA-associated vasculitides and giant cell arteritis between 1994 and 2006 in northern Germany.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the period prevalences of ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV), including granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), eosinophilic GPA (EGPA)/Churg-Strauss and GCA, in an urban and rural population in northern Germany in 2006 and to compare the data with our previous study performed in 1994. METHODS: We identified of all patients with AAV or GCA via questionnaires to all hospital departments, physicians, health insurance providers, pension funds, reference laboratories for autoimmune diseases and death registries in Luebeck (city) and the rural region of Segeberg (population 468 962) between January and December 2006. The type of vasculitis, gender, year of birth, postal code and death were documented and re-evaluated. RESULTS: One-hundred and fifty patients were identified, indicating a prevalence of 320 per million inhabitants for the complete catchment area (95% CI 285, 355). GCA was more prevalent than AAV: 171 (146, 197) vs 149 (126, 174). GCA and AAV have almost doubled since 1994. GCA increased from 240 (164, 315) to 440 (399, 481) per million in the population ≥ 50 years of age and AAV increased from 74 to 149 cases per million. GCA and AAV were more prevalent in the urban compared with the rural region. CONCLUSION: The prevalence rates of AAV and GCA almost doubled from 1994 to 2006 for this region with a stable population and using an identical study design. Increased awareness has led to an earlier diagnosis of systemic vasculitis and improved activity-adapted treatment mostly based on randomized controlled trials has led to longer survival. Aspects such as environmental factors and exposure to certain substances need further research.

A vasculitis centre based management strategy leads to improved outcome in eosinophilic granulomatosis and polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss, EGPA): monocentric experiences in 150 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a vasculitis centre based management strategy for eosinophilic granulomatosis and polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss, EGPA). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study at a vasculitis referral centre was performed. All EGPA patients admitted from 1990 to 2009 were included. A structured interdisciplinary work-up for proof of diagnosis, Disease Extent Index and Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score was performed. Immunosuppressive therapy was initiated and regularly adapted. Treatment targets were induction and maintenance of remission according to definitions given by the European League Against Rheumatism and the European Vasculitis Study Group. Outcomes were mortality, rate of remission, relapses, adverse events and prednisolone-dose. RESULTS: Out of 269 patients with suspected EGPA 150 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of those, 104 had more than one follow-up visit resulting in a mean follow up of 53±4.9 months. By using additional data sources the follow-up concerning survival was extended to 92±5 month. Severe organ manifestations occurred at heart (46%), kidney (18%) and lungs (10%). Cyclophosphamide was used in 107 patients (71%). The prednisolone-doses of all patients were within the targeted range (i.e. ≤7.5 mg) in 69% of the total follow-up time; the median dose at end of follow-up was 5mg/d. The 10-year survival rate was 89% resulting in mortality comparable to the general population (SMR 1.29). Only patients with cardiac failure associated with EGPA had an increased mortality (SMR 3.06). CONCLUSIONS: Regular re-evaluation and target-orientated adaption of therapy may lead to normalization of life expectancy and attenuation of disease progression. Continued centre based interdisciplinary treatment should be standard of care.

Cartilage destruction in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) is mediated by human fibroblasts after transplantation into immunodeficient mice.

A key feature of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA; or Wegener's granulomatosis) is the granulomatous inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, which leads to the subsequent destruction of adjacent tissues. The aim of our work was to study the histopathological and cellular components of tissue destruction of human GPA tissue transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Biopsy specimens from patients with active GPA (n = 10) or sinusitis (controls, n = 6) were s.c. co-implanted with healthy allogeneic human nasal cartilage into immunodeficient pfp/rag2(-/-) mice. Transplants were examined for their destructive capability of the allografted human cartilage. In addition, nasal fibroblasts from patients with GPA (n = 8) and control healthy nasal fibroblasts (n = 5) were cultured, and cell proliferation and apoptosis were quantified. mRNA and protein levels of matrix metalloproteinases and cytokines were evaluated at baseline and after proinflammatory stimulation. GPA implants showed massive destruction of the co-implanted human cartilage, whereas cartilage destruction was only marginal in control samples. Destruction was mediated by human fibroblasts and could be inhibited by corticoid treatment. The up-regulated production of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 3, and 13 and cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 was found in vivo and in vitro. Although proliferation of isolated fibroblasts was comparable between GPA and controls, GPA samples showed a significant delay of apoptosis. The destruction of nasal cartilage in GPA is mainly mediated by fibroblasts that can be blocked by corticosteroids, and this tissue destruction is not dependent on the influx of leukocytes.

Progranulin antibodies in autoimmune diseases.

Systemic vasculitides constitute a heterogeneous group of diseases. Autoimmunity mediated by B lymphocytes and their humoral effector mechanisms play a major role in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) as well as in non-ANCA associated primary systemic vasculitides and in the different types of autoimmune connective tissue disorders and rheumatoid arthritis. In order to detect autoantibodies in systemic vasculitides, we screened protein macroarrays of human cDNA expression libraries with sera from patients with ANCA-associated and ANCA-negative primary systemic vasculitides. This approach led to the identification of antibodies against progranulin, a 88 kDA secreted glycoprotein with strong anti-inflammatory activity in the course of disease of giant-cell arteritis/polymyalgia rheumatica (14/65), Takayasu's arteritis (4/13), classical panarteritis nodosa (4/10), Behcet's disease (2/6) and in the course of disease in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (31/75), Churg-Strauss syndrome (7/23) and in microscopic polyangiitis (7/19). In extended screenings the progranulin antibodies were also detected in other autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (39/91) and rheumatoid arthritis (16/44). Progranulin antibodies were detected only in 1 of 97 healthy controls. Anti-progranulin positive patients with systemic vasculitides, systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis had significant lower progranulin plasma levels, indicating a neutralizing effect. In light of the anti-inflammatory effects of progranulin, progranulin antibodies might exert pro-inflammatory effects thus contributing to the pathogenesis of the respective autoimmune diseases and might serve as a marker for disease activity. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that a positive progranulin antibody status was associated with active disease in granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Toll-like receptor TLR2 and TLR9 ligation triggers neutrophil activation in granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to characterize the expression of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 in PMNs of patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and to elucidate the role of these receptors in GPA with respect to neutrophil activation. METHODS: The expression of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 was determined on ex vivo PMNs in whole blood samples of GPA patients (n = 35) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 24). Isolated PMNs were stimulated in vitro with TLR agonists and assessed for degranulation, membrane proteinase 3 (mPR3) expression, soluble l-selectin shedding and cytokine production (IL-8) in five GPA patients and five HCs. The priming effects of TLR2 and TLR9 ligation were assessed by measurement of serine protease activity after stimulation with PR3-ANCA. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the ex vivo expression of TLRs on PMNs in HCs and GPA patients. Stimulation of TLR4 and TLR9 induced MPO release, stimulation with TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 ligands elicited IL-8 production and stimulation of TLR2 and TLR9 led to an upregulation in mPR3 expression on PMNs with no significant differences between GPA and HC after 1 or 24 h stimulation. Priming of PMNs with TLR2 and TLR9 ligands induced degranulation after subsequent stimulation with PR3-ANCA, which was comparable to priming with TNF-α. CONCLUSION: Expression of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 in PMNs and the TLR-induced activation of PMNs was comparable in GPA and HC. mPR3 upregulation by TLR2 and TLR9 stimulation and the priming effect of TLR ligands on PMNs may have a potential implication for triggering disease activity during infection in GPA.

Orbital masses in granulomatosis with polyangiitis are associated with a refractory course and a high burden of local damage.

OBJECTIVES: To identify and characterize patients with orbital masses in a monocentric cohort of 1142 GPA patients followed up from 1990 until the end of 2010 with regard to disease stage, local orbital inflammation, course of disease and outcome and to assess the efficacy of immunosuppressive treatment. METHODS: All GPA patients fulfilling ACR criteria or Chapel Hill Consensus Conference definitions or who had localized GPA and who developed orbital masses were evaluated regarding the course and outcome of the orbital masses (assessed by MRI, ophthalmologist and ENT specialist), all other clinical manifestations, disease stages, ANCA status, immunosuppression and its side effects and surgical procedures. RESULTS: Of 1142 GPA patients 58 developed orbital masses during a median follow-up of 101.5 months (range 23-255 months). Forty patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and had complete clinical assessments [44% females, median age 43 (20-74) years, 85% ANCA positive]. Seventy-five per cent (29/40) had systemic disease when orbital masses occurred; both orbits were affected in 30%. Seventy-two per cent had evidence of infiltration from paranasal sinuses. Under highly potent immunosuppression (mostly CYC and glucocorticoids), 41% were refractory, 24% had unchanged activity, 24% showed a response and 8.1% had complete remission. Forty-four per cent had relapses of orbital masses. Seventy-two per cent developed visual impairment, 19% suffered blindness. Blindness was associated with a longer time to remission and a relapsing and refractory course. CONCLUSION: Orbital masses are a rare manifestation of GPA and are characterized by a refractory course and by a high rate of local damage. Patients with a refractory or relapsing course are at higher risk of developing blindness.

Granuloma in ANCA-associated vasculitides: another reason to distinguish between syndromes?

The 2012 renewed Chapel Hill Consensus Conference (CHCC) officially named three clinicopathological entities, i.e. granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), as major variants of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV). Recent genetic and cohort studies revealed the need for further differentiation between the entities, for example regarding differences in outcome. As well as ANCA reactivity, upper and lower airway disease were found to be differentiating factors for AAV variants, improving prognostic ability regarding relapse prediction and associated clinical features. Extravascular granulomatosis, or "granuloma", which describes both clinically relevant granulomatous manifestations and histopathologically documented granulomatous inflammation, is characteristic of localized and systemic GPA, but not MPA. This review summarizes new knowledge regarding granuloma in the head and neck region of AAV, its histomorphological equivalents in the upper and lower respiratory tract, and evidence for a granulomatous phenotype of a persistent localized GPA variant. This comprises the development of disease activity and damage scores for extravascular lesions in the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) regions, and imaging techniques. In addition, findings linking extravascular manifestations to granulomatous inflammation are described. We hypothesize that, as for ANCA, necrotizing granulomatous inflammation and its clinical manifestations are discriminators, assisting subclassification of AAV and/or GPA subphenotypes which will be useful both for designing clinical trials and for treating patients successfully.

Rituximab for refractory granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis): comparison of efficacy in granulomatous versus vasculitic manifestations.

OBJECTIVE: First, to investigate the overall efficacy and safety of rituximab (RTX) in refractory granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) in a tertiary referral centre. Second, to compare the efficacy of RTX in granulomatous and vasculitic manifestations in GPA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study comprised a retrospective, standardised data collection from all patients who received RTX for refractory Wegener's granulomatosis from 2002 to 2010. Patients were assessed by a standardised interdisciplinary diagnostic procedure (including ear, nose and throat and ophthalmology assessment, MRI, immunodiagnostics, B-cell levels and Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score) and were treated by standardised therapeutic regimens according to available evidence. RESULTS: 59 patients received 75 cycles of RTX. 9.3% achieved complete remission. A response was documented in 61.3% (improvement in 52%, unchanged disease activity in 9.3%), 26.7% had refractory disease. Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score, disease extent index, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and prednisolone demand decreased significantly. All patients achieved B-cell depletion. Granulomatous manifestations such as orbital granuloma and pachymeningitis were more frequently refractory to RTX than vasculitis or other granulomatous manifestations. Thus, for example, complete remission/improvement was found in 89.2% of patients with renal disease and in only 44.4% of those with orbital masses (p=0.003). The relapse rate was 44.4% after a median period of 13.5 months. Adverse events occurred in 29%, pneumonia in 15% and death in 3%. CONCLUSION: The overall response rate of refractory GPA to RTX was high (61.3% complete remission or improvement). Response rates of vasculitic manifestations were excellent; failure of response/progress was mostly due to granulomatous manifestations, especially orbital masses. Relapse rates were high (40%) despite maintenance treatment.

Comparative analysis of different commercial ELISA systems for the detection of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies in ANCA-associated vasculitides.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic performance of 11 commercial PR3- and MPO-ANCA ELISA systems (direct, capture and high sensitive [hs] ELISA). METHODS: Sera from 90 patients with AAV (GPA, MPA and CSS) and 20 disease controls (SLE; RA) and healthy individuals were tested for the presence of ANCA by IFT and by different ELISAs for the presence of PR3-and MPO-ANCA, respectively. Furthermore, the binding capacity of the IUIS-CDC reference sera for PR3-/MPO-ANCA in different commercial assays was analysed. RESULTS: Commercial ELISA kits for PR3-ANCA differed moderately in their sensitivity (from 45% to 62.5%). The highest sensitivity for PR3-ANCA was obtained with hs ELISA (kit A) and capture ELISA (kit N). Testing for MPO-ANCA the highest sensitivity (85%) was obtained with direct ELISA (kit D and I). Specificity was high in all kits. Only three PR3-ANCA commercial kits and three MPO-ANCA kits produced binding at the expected value for the IUIS-CDC reference sera (100 U/ml). In all of the kits, serial dilutions of the reference sera did not yield linearity. CONCLUSIONS: Second (capture) and third (high sensitivity) generation PR3-ANCA ELISA kits are superior to conventional ELISAs. Direct and capture MPO-ANCA ELISAs showed a good overall performance in all kits. Most of the kits have not been standardised to allow their results to be compared.

Treatment of refractory giant cell arteritis with cyclophosphamide:a retrospective analysis of 35 patients from three centres.

UNLABELLED: Patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) refractory to standard immunosuppressive therapy may constitute a significant clinical problem with a high risk of glucocorticoid-related adverse effects. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate efficacy and safety of cyclophosphamide for remission induction in GCA patients with persistent disease activity despite standard immunosuppressive treatment. METHODS: Thirty-five individuals from 3 tertiary rheumatological centres treated for persistently active GCA unresponsive to treatment with glucocorticoids plus at least either methotrexate or azathioprine for a minimum of 3 months and unable to reduce daily glucocorticoid dose to <10 mg prednisolone equivalent. We recorded signs of disease activity (clinical, laboratory, imaging); course of glucocorticoid doses during cyclophosphamide treatment and follow-up; relapse rate; treatment-related adverse events; and survival. Since all patients had been refractory to standard therapy, a matched control group could not be defined. RESULTS: Data from 31 patients completing cyclophosphamide treatment were available for analysis. Twenty-eight patients (90.3%) responded with improved disease activity and sustained reduction of daily prednisolone intake to <10 mg (mean reduction -13.1 mg or -51.6%, p<0.001). Twelve months later, doses <7.5 or <5 mg were achieved in 89.3% and 67.7% of these patients on maintenance immunosuppressive treatment, respectively. Relapses occurred in 12 patients after a median of 20.5 months. Survival over 5 years was similar to expected rates of the general population. Adverse events comprised transient leucopenia, infections and 1 case of haemorrhagic cystitis. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclophosphamide can be considered a therapeutic option with an acceptable safety profile for remission induction in GCA refractory to standard immunosuppressive treatment.

Does glucocorticosteroid-resistant large-vessel vasculitis (giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis) exist and how can remission be achieved? A critical review of the literature.

OBJECTIVES: The mainstay in the treatment of the large-vessel vasculitides giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TA) are glucocorticosteroids (GC) for induction of remission as well as for its maintenance in low doses for 1 to 2 years. However, clinical practice includes GC-resistant cases without sufficient response to standard GC for induction of remission and GC-dependent cases where a dose reduction of GC without relapse is impossible after successful induction of remission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the data on treatment options in these situations. METHODS: A literature search in PubMed matching the terms TA and GCA as well as temporal arteritis with all possible immunosuppressive and biological agents as well as with the terms 'treatment, therapy and management' was performed. RESULTS: Sixty-four publications were found. Five case series described large cohorts of patients with GCA (n=2) or TA (n=3) showing that 40.8% to 48% of GCA patients and 46% to 84% of TA patients require additional immunosuppressive agents to achieve remission and taper GC. Most were on biologic agents (mainly infliximab, 24 publications/123 patients), followed by methotrexate (MTX) (14/113), cyclophosphamide (CYC) (9/27), azathioprine (AZA) (8/51), cyclosporine A (CSA) (6/47), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (3/32), leflunomide (LEF) (2/2), chlorambucil (1/1) and antimalarials (1/36). There were also 2 case reports on autologous stem cell transplantation. The distribution of the two entities TA and GCA was as follows: MTX: 98% GCA, 2% TA; IFX: 26.8% GCA, 73.2% TA; CYC: 70.4% GCA, 29.6% TA; AZA: 100% GCA; LEF: 100% TA; MMF: 100% TA; antimalarials: 100% GCA, autologous stem cell transplantation: 100% TA. A distinction between GC-resistant and GC-dependent cases could not be made from the data available. However, 50 (79%) of the publications described GC-resistant cases. Whereas almost all case reports and retrospective case series (with the exception of CSA) revealed steroid-sparing effects, the 3 prospective randomised trials and 2 open prospective controlled trials on MTX gave conflicting results. However, a recent meta-analysis which recalculated the original data resulted in superiority of MTX after 24 months, there were less relapses and lower GC doses in the MTX group. The prospective controlled IFX trial where IFX was randomised against placebo after GC-induced remission of GCA did not show advantages for IFX over GC alone for maintenance of remission. The prospective controlled ETA trial, which comprised 17 GCA patients, showed small, non-significant advantages but was too small to draw definite conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: Although GCA is the commonest systemic vasculitis, prospective randomised trials on steroid sparing agents are rare and mostly included only small patient numbers. Inclusion and response criteria were heterogeneous, and observation periods and follow-up were often short. Criteria for GC-resistance or GC-dependence and for disease remission have not been uniformly defined. There is still an urgent need for prospective randomised trials with larger patient groups, longer follow-up and well defined inclusion criteria and criteria for response and relapse, using standardised disease activity scoring systems, in order to be able to give evidence-based recommendations for patients not responding to GC alone in the future.

Intra- and inter-rater reliability of endonasal activity estimation in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener´s).

OBJECTIVES: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) frequently starts with an affection of the nasal and paranasal mucosa. Localised GPA of the nasal mucosa or persistent disease activity ('grumbling disease') is often encountered even under immunosuppressive therapy. Necessity for reconstructive surgery is common and careful scheduling to prevent failure and minimise revision rates is crucial. Therefore, reliable estimation of GPA activity in the upper airways using a score is mandatory for diagnosis, follow-up and scheduling reconstructive surgery. METHODS: Fifty endoscopic, endonasal images of 45 patients with GPA were used. Twelve (4 German, 8 Mexican) experienced (n=7) and inexperienced (n=5) physicians assessed GPA-activity at two times (T1/T2) in dichotomy and in a grading approach (none, mild, moderate and high activity) using the novel ENT Activity Score (ENTAS). All documents were written in English. RESULTS: Estimation of activity in dichotomy (none vs. mild/moderate/high): Cohen's Kappa (κ) for intra-rater reliability T1/T2 in inexperienced and experienced physicians was κ=0.58 (agreement 85%) and κ=0.72 (agreement 91%). The inter-rater reliability (Fleiss's κ) T1/T2 for inexperienced and experienced physicians was κ=0.62/κ=0.59 and κ=0.50/κ=0.58 respectively. Estimation of activity in grading approach (none, mild, moderate, high): for inexperienced physicians the intra-rater reliability T1/T2 was κ=0.67 (agreement 56%) and the inter-rater reliability at T1/T2 was κ=0.29 (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC=0.69) and κ=0.27 (ICC=0.59). For experienced physicians the intra-rater reliability T1/T2 was κ=0.80 (agreement 67%) and the inter-rater reliability at T1 and T2 was κ=0.41 (ICC=0.77) and κ=0.39 (ICC=0.75) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-rater reliability is high in decision in dichotomy and even in grading activity. There is no difference for experienced or inexperienced physicians. Inter-rater reliability is high in dichotomy, but low for activity grading. Thus, the ENTAS provides a reliable instrument for assessing, documenting and following GPA-related disease activity in the upper respiratory tract. The relationship of activity and following damage needs to be investigated in further studies.

Improved outcome in 445 patients with Wegener's granulomatosis in a German vasculitis center over four decades.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term outcome in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) over 4 decades in an academic hospital unit specializing in rheumatology. METHODS: We included 290 patients, divided them into 2 cohorts, and compared them with the historical cohort of 155 patients. Comparisons were retrospective regarding disease manifestations, therapy, mortality, and incidence of malignancies. The historical cohort (cohort 1) included 155 patients diagnosed between 1966 and 1993, cohort 2 included 123 patients diagnosed between 1994 and 1998, and cohort 3 included 167 patients diagnosed between 1999 and 2002. RESULTS: Over time, the interval between first symptoms and diagnosis was reduced by half (from 8 months to 4 months). Organ manifestations were similar in the 3 cohorts, and more than 80% of patients still required cyclophosphamide (CYC); however, the median cumulative dose was reduced significantly (from 67 gm in cohort 1 to 36 gm in cohort 2 and to 24 gm in cohort 3). The standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) declined (from 2.1 in cohort 1 to 1.41 in cohort 2 and to 1.03 in cohort 3), with fewer deaths related to WG and/or therapy (86.4% in cohort 1, 76.9% in cohort 2, 50% in cohort 3), decreasing relapse rates (63.9% in cohort 1, 51.2% in cohort 2, 35.3% in cohort 3), and no increased rate of malignancies. Compared with young females, young males had a considerably higher SMR (8.87 [95% confidence interval 4.05-16.8]) and more frequent renal manifestations (54.4% versus 33.8%). CONCLUSION: Mortality of WG patients declined over the last 4 decades, probably due to improved diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and increased awareness of WG, which led to earlier diagnosis and therapy, reduction in relapse rates, and lower cumulative CYC dose with fewer deaths related to therapy.

Neurological involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Wegener's granulomatosis is a rare autoimmune disease associated with granulomatous inflammation and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vessel vasculitis. Most commonly, upper and lower respiratory tract and kidneys are involved: alveolar hemorrhage and necrotizing glomerulonephritis are hallmarks of full-blown disease; yet, a significant proportion of patients presents with peripheral nervous system (PNS) involvement due to vasculitis or with central nervous system (CNS) involvement due to infiltrating granulomatous manifestations (10-45%). The purpose of this review is to give a systematic overview on Wegener's granulomatosis manifestations of the PNS and CNS and to highlight new findings regarding manifestations, diagnosis and therapy. RECENT FINDINGS: So far, peripheral neuropathy has been recognized as a severe and frequently occurring organ manifestation in Wegener's granulomatosis which requires early introduction of highly potent immunosuppression to induce remission. Recently, the impact of granulomatous manifestations originating from the ear-nose-throat tract and frequently affecting CNS structures has moved into the focus of attention, first, because they are not uncommon (occurring in 10-45% of patients) and, second, because they are associated with a high frequency of refractory disease courses. For both CNS and PNS involvement, rituximab and infliximab have emerged as potential treatment options for refractory disease. SUMMARY: CNS and PNS manifestation in Wegener's granulomatosis are less frequent than classical manifestations such as lung and kidney involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis; however, neurological manifestations - not only peripheral neuropathy but also granulomatous manifestations affecting CNS structures - necessitate a fast diagnostic work-up and therapeutic intervention in order to prevent or reduce potential damage.

Wegener's granuloma harbors B lymphocytes with specificities against a proinflammatory transmembrane protein and a tetraspanin.

Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a severe autoimmune disorder ranging from localized granulomatous disease to generalised anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. A previous analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes derived from tissue, i.e. Wegener's granuloma indicated selection and affinity maturation towards local antigen(s). The current study focused on determining the specificity of immunoglobulins from distinct B lymphocytes out of Wegener's granuloma. Four pairs of variable region immunoglobulin light and heavy chain genes, isolated before, were recombinantly expressed using the baculovirus/insect cell system. These immunoglobulins were then analysed for their antigenic target employing a protein macroarray based upon a human fetal brain tissue cDNA expression library. The lysosomal transmembrane protein 9B, a key regulator for TNFα activation, was identified as the putative antigenic target of two immunoglobulins and a tetraspanin, which might play a role in leukocyte activation and motility, was identified as the putative antigenic target of another one. Recombinant monoclonal antibodies out of Wegener's granuloma represent a new tool aiding in elucidation of its and WG immunopathogenesis.

Unclassified vasculitis.

Vasculitides are a heterogeneous group of inflammatory disorders of the blood vessels. The etiology and pathogenesis of vasculitides is incompletely understood, and the nomenclature and classification of vasculitides remains a challenge. A number of vasculitides were not included in the Chapel Hill Consensus (CHC) Conference definitions, thus, have remained 'unclassified', but may be included in a revised version of the nomenclature, e.g. Goodpasture's syndrome. In other cases the term 'unclassified' implies 'unclassifiable', i.e. a vasculitis cannot be assigned to any of the known entities. Vasculitis-induced acral necrosis including giant cell arteritis of small arteries as well as isolated forms of intestinal vasculitis including granulomatous giant cell polyphlebitis may belong to this category of rare 'unclassified' vasculitides. In some entities the relationship between vasculitis and other manifestations remains unclear, e.g. in Behçet's disease and IgG4-related systemic disease. In this review the clinical and pathological aspects of 'unclassified' vasculitides are briefly discussed.

Distinct proteinase 3-induced cytokine patterns in Wegener´s granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, and healthy controls.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse whether a specific cytokine pattern is elicited in response to the autoantigen proteinase 3 (PR3) in active Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). METHODS: Six-colour flow cytometry was used to analyse cytokine production and surface markers of the total CD4+ T-cell population ex vivo and in PR3-stimulated T-cell lines of patients with active PR3-ANCA-positive WG, PR3-ANCA-negative Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS), and healthy controls (HC). RESULTS: The cytokine response of the total PB CD4+ T cell population was skewed towards distinct pro-inflammatory cytokine patterns in WG (Th1-type) and CSS (Th17, Th1-/Th2-type). Th2-type as well as Th17 cell populations including Th17/Th1, Th17/Th2 and Th22 cells were elicited in response to PR3 stimulation in WG. In contrast, CSS patients displayed a Th2-type dominated response following PR3 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the cytokine response of the total CD4+ T-cell population and PR3-specific cells is influenced by the underlying disorder.